Background: Despite the high prevalence of mental illness in forcibly displaced people, their utilization of mental health services is low. Major barriers to seeking mental health services include mental health self-stigma. To address this issue, the psychoeducational short film 'Coping with Flight and Trauma' was developed as a brief online intervention. Objective: The present study aims to evaluate the feasibility and acceptance of the newly developed 10â min film, and to assess changes in self-stigma and help seeking. Method: The evaluation of the film was conducted using a mixed-methods design with an online survey including the Self-Stigma of Mental Illness Scale, help seeking, and mental health variables at baseline, postintervention, and 3â month follow-up, in addition to telephone interviews postintervention with a randomly selected volunteer subsample. Results: A total of 134 participants with a forced displacement history within the past 8â years took part in the study, of whom 66% scored as having probable post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and/or anxiety. The results revealed emotional, cognitive, and behavioural changes postintervention. Directly after watching the film, participants reported reduced self-stigma and increased openness towards accessing mental health services. At follow-up, precisely 3.8â months later, these changes were no longer significant, yet 11% of participants reported having started psychotherapy since watching the film. Probable PTSD was associated with higher self-stigma at all three time-points. The majority (90%) would recommend watching the film to other forcibly displaced people. Conclusions: Self-stigma was shown to be a robust and persistent issue, which tends to be underestimated by individuals not affected by mental illness. Low-threshold psychoeducational online interventions may be a promising tool to reduce barriers to accessing mental health services for forcibly displaced people, e.g. by being implemented in stepped-care models. HIGHLIGHTS: Mental health self-stigma was shown to be a persistent and underestimated burden in forcibly displaced people.Psychoeducational online interventions are promising for addressing the burden of self-stigma and reducing barriers to seeking mental health services.
Antecedentes: A pesar de la alta prevalencia de enfermedades mentales en las personas desplazadas por la fuerza, la utilización que hacen de los servicios de salud mental es baja. Las principales barreras en la búsqueda de servicios de salud mental incluyen el autoestigma en salud mental. Para abordar este tema, se desarrolló el cortometraje psicoeducativo 'Afrontando la huida y el trauma' como una breve intervención en línea.Objetivo: El presente estudio pretende evaluar la viabilidad y la aceptación del nuevo cortometraje de 10 minutos con personas desplazadas por la fuerza y evaluar los cambios en el autoestigma y la búsqueda de ayuda.Método: La evaluación de la película se llevó a cabo mediante un diseño de métodos mixtos con una encuesta en línea que incluía la Escala de Autoestigma sobre la Enfermedad Mental, la búsqueda de ayuda y las variables de salud mental al inicio, después de la intervención y a los 3 meses de seguimiento, además de entrevistas telefónicas individuales cualitativas después de la intervención con una submuestra de voluntarios seleccionados al azar.Resultados: N = 134 participantes con una historia de desplazamiento forzado en los últimos ocho años tomaron parte en el estudio, de los cuales el 66% puntuó como probable trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT), depresión y/o ansiedad. Los resultados revelaron cambios emocionales, cognitivos y conductuales tras la intervención. Inmediatamente después de ver la película, los participantes informaron de una reducción del autoestigma y una mayor apertura para acceder a los servicios de salud mental. En el seguimiento, precisamente 3,8 meses después, estos cambios ya no eran significativos, pero el 11% de los participantes declararon haber iniciado una psicoterapia desde que vieron la película. El probable TEPT se asoció con un mayor autoestigma en las tres mediciones. La mayoría (90%) recomendaría ver la película a otras personas desplazadas por la fuerza.Conclusiones: El autoestigma demostró ser un fuerte problema y persistente que tiende a ser subestimado por los individuos no afectados por la enfermedad mental. Las intervenciones psicoeducativas en línea de bajo umbral podrían ser una herramienta prometedora para reducir las barreras de acceso a los servicios de salud mental para las personas desplazadas por la fuerza, por ejemplo, mediante su aplicación en modelos de atención escalonada.
Mental Health Services , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Humans , Mental Health , Motion Pictures , Social Stigma , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy
Since the first publication of the guideline in 2012, which included critically reviewed evidence up to 2010, several hundred articles with new evidence were published and some topics of the clinical consensus needed to be reconsidered. Therefore, it was urgently necessary to revise the guideline to bring them up to date. In this article important revisions and updates are presented and the chances and limitations of the development of the guidelines and their implementation are discussed.
Bipolar Disorder , Guidelines as Topic , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/therapy , Germany , Guidelines as Topic/standards , Humans
OBJECTIVE: Despite attempts to increase calmness in the Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU), preterm neonates still experience stress. The question arises how to further promote the infants' wellbeing. Therefore, the immediate effects of pentatonic live music on preterm infants and their mothers were examined. DESIGN AND METHODS: In a two-centre randomized controlled trial with crossover design preterm infants were exposed sequentially to two conditions: live pentatonic harp music (LPHM) used in Anthroposophic Medicine or standard care. The order of the conditions was randomized within each subject. The primary outcome was change of the number of oxygen desaturations < 90%/h, whereas secondary outcomes were: heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, heart rate variability (HRV), the perfusion index, pulse-transit-time and maternal anxiety and others not reported on in this article. RESULTS: 21 preterm infants were randomized (14 girls), mean gestational age at measurement 35 + 0 weeks (SD 1 week). The primary outcome parameter showed no significant changes. Regarding the secondary outcomes the comparison of the pre-post-differences between the conditions showed significant effects for the HRV parameters pNN50 (ΔpNN50 = 1.46%, z = -2.47, p = .001) and SDNN (ΔSDNN=-0.06 ms, z = -2.25, p = .002). The music intervention significantly increased the values of pNN50 (Mdn 1.2% vs. 2.6%, p = 0.04) and marginally those of SDNN (Mdn 31.7 ms vs. 36.4 ms, p = 0.05). No changes were found in the other parameters. CONCLUSIONS: While the use of music in the NICU had no effect on the number of oxygen desaturations, it increased two HRV parameters indicative of infants' parasympathetic tone.
Infant, Newborn/physiology , Intensive Care, Neonatal/methods , Mothers/psychology , Music Therapy , Stress, Psychological/therapy , Anxiety/therapy , Female , Germany , Heart Rate , Humans , Male , Oxygen/blood , Respiratory Rate
BACKGROUND: Depressive disorders are associated with a high burden of suffering and significantly reduce the well-being and the self-esteem of affected patients. Psychotherapy is one of the main treatment options for depressive disorders. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to present the current evidence for antidepressive psychotherapeutic treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the revision of the German S3- and National Disease Management Guideline (NDMG) on unipolar depression in 2015, a comprehensive and systematic evidence search was conducted. The results of this search along with a systematic update are summarized. RESULTS: The most intensively investigated psychotherapeutic method is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which proved to be effective in many trials. Evidence also exists for psychodynamic psychotherapy and interpersonal therapy (IPT), followed by systemic therapy and client-centered psychotherapy; however, the evidence is less robust. CONCLUSION: Psychotherapy alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy was shown to be an effective treatment option. Psychotherapy represents a key element in the treatment of depressive disorders.
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Psychotherapy/methods , Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Combined Modality Therapy , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Diagnosis, Differential , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Psychotherapy, Psychodynamic/methods , Quality of Life/psychology , Self Concept , Social Adjustment
BACKGROUND: Psychotherapy has been shown to be an effective treatment option for depressive disorders; however, its effectiveness varies depending on patient and therapist characteristics and the individual form of the depressive disorder. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this article is to present the current evidence for psychotherapeutic antidepressive treatments for patients with chronic and treatment-resistant depression as well as for patients with mental and somatic comorbidities. MATERIAL AND METHODS: During the revision of the currently valid German S3- and National Disease Management Guideline (NDMG) on unipolar depression published in 2015, a comprehensive and systematic evidence search including psychotherapy for specific patient groups was conducted. The results of this search along with a systematic update are summarized. RESULTS: Psychotherapy has been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms in patients suffering from chronic and treatment-resistant depression and in patients with mental and somatic comorbidities. The evidence is insufficient particularly for patients with mental comorbidities. CONCLUSION: Based on the current evidence and clinical expertise the NDMG recommends psychotherapy alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy to treat most of these depressive patient groups. Evidence gaps were identified, which highlight the need for further research.
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Evidence-Based Medicine , Psychotherapy/methods , Chronic Disease , Comorbidity , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant/psychology , Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant/therapy , Guideline Adherence , Humans , Mental Disorders/diagnosis , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/therapy , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care
BACKGROUND: Even though the intervention effects on cognitively impaired care recipients are of interest, the evaluation in dementia caregiver studies on caregiver outcomes is often limited. Furthermore, the comparison of studies and interventions is difficult because of the large variance of endpoints and assessments used in this field. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to give an overview on the most prevalent outcomes for cognitively impaired care recipients and expert based recommendations for assessment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A written Delphi survey was carried out on 16 assessments from 5 dimensions with 14 experts working in different disciplines in German healthcare and research institutes. RESULTS: The most important outcomes and best rated assessments were 1) for problem behavior: revised memory and behavior problem checklist and neuropsychiatric inventory Q, 2) for depressive symptoms: geriatric depression scale, 3) for quality of life: quality of life in Alzheimer's disease, 4) for cognition: mini mental state examination and 5) for ADL/IADL: Katz activities of daily living and Lawton instrumental activities of daily living. CONCLUSION: Due to the varying experiences of the experts with particular assessments, the ratings were in some cases relatively heterogeneous. Overall previous international recommendations could be confirmed. There is particular need of German validation studies on internationally used instruments within the dimensions of problem behavior and quality of life.
Alzheimer Disease , Caregivers , Activities of Daily Living , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/nursing , Humans , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Quality of Life
BACKGROUND: This article focusses on the possibilities, varieties, indications, and benefits of psychotherapy with elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: Which basic principles can be differentiated, what theoretical rationales are helpful for psychotherapy with the elderly and what kind and forms of psychotherapy are available? MATERIAL AND METHODS: Based on relevant references and research, clinically relevant and evidence-based psychotherapies are described, to understand the theoretical rationale, the goals, the procedure and main strategies. RESULTS: Cognitive behavior therapy, problem solving therapy, life review therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, and psychodynamic psychotherapy are available to treat various psychological and somatic problems in elderly patients. In particular, cognitive behavior therapy, problem solving therapy, and life review therapy are evidence-based and empirically validated. Evidence for interpersonal psychotherapy is mixed and for psychodynamic psychotherapy is missing. CONCLUSION: Psychotherapy with old and very old patients is possible, well received, and successful. Age per se is no longer considered to be a relevant variable for indications of psychotherapy.
Psychotherapy/methods , Aged , Cognitive Behavioral Therapy/methods , Depressive Disorder , Evidence-Based Medicine , Humans , Interpersonal Relations , Life Change Events , Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care , Problem Solving
Violence, flight, famine, and natural disasters as well as the absence of a psychosocial healthcare system are major psychological burdens for refugees. The level of provision of mental healthcare is particularly low in developing countries. Internally displaced people and refugees place high demands on the healthcare system because they often suffer from psychiatric disorders, such as depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and substance use disorders. We present first initiatives to improve psychiatric care in refugee camps in Ethiopia, Kenya, and Sudan. Moreover, we provide first insights into a project based in Northern Iraq and Germany aimed at the treatment of people who were severely traumatized by the terror regime of the so-called Islamic State (IS).
Depressive Disorder/therapy , Developing Countries , Refugees/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy , Substance-Related Disorders/therapy , Africa/ethnology , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/ethnology , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Forecasting , Health Services Accessibility/trends , Health Services Needs and Demand/trends , Humans , Mental Health Services/trends , Middle East/ethnology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/ethnology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/diagnosis , Substance-Related Disorders/ethnology , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
In this article the guideline-adherent psychiatric psychotherapeutic treatment of patients with bipolar disorders is outlined and the required resources are estimated. Based on the core recommendations of the S3 guidelines for diagnostics and treatment of bipolar disorders published in 2012, inpatient treatment needs in hours per week and per patient are determined for both manic and bipolar depressive episodes. The resulting staffing requirements are estimated on this basis. In summary, for guideline-adherent inpatient psychiatric psychotherapeutic treatment the additional needs regarding the physician/psychotherapeutic domain add up to 44 min per patient and week during a manic episode and 88 min for patients with bipolar depression when compared to current psychiatry staffing regulations.
Bipolar Disorder/therapy , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/statistics & numerical data , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Psychotherapy/standards , Workload/statistics & numerical data , Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis , Bipolar Disorder/epidemiology , Germany/epidemiology , Guideline Adherence/standards , Guideline Adherence/statistics & numerical data , Humans , Inpatients/statistics & numerical data , Needs Assessment , Personnel Staffing and Scheduling/standards , Psychiatry/standards , Psychiatry/statistics & numerical data , Workload/standards
BACKGROUND: Frequent abdominal pain (AP) in childhood has been shown to be associated with elevated experience of stress and with deficits in stress coping, but psychophysiological stress reactivity has been studied rarely. METHODS: We examined whether children with frequent AP show altered reactions of the parasympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during and following an afternoon laboratory social stress task in comparison to healthy children and children with anxiety disorders. Twenty-four children with frequent AP (18 with functional AP and six with irritable bowel syndrome; M = 9.9 years), and 24 healthy controls underwent stressful free speech and arithmetic tasks. Twelve children with anxiety disorders served as second comparison sample. Groups were compared regarding parasympathetic reaction and saliva cortisol concentration. RESULTS: We found no differences in parasympathetic withdrawal between the groups. Concerning the HPA axis, we detected an attenuated cortisol reactivity in children with AP compared to both other groups. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides preliminary evidence that childhood AP is not associated with altered parasympathetic withdrawal during stress. It seems to be related to a down-regulated reactivity of the HPA axis. This pattern was ascertained in comparison to healthy children and also in comparison to children with anxiety disorders. SIGNIFICANCE: Childhood abdominal pain could be related to down-regulated HPA axis reactivity to stress but not to altered parasympathetic reaction. Children with abdominal pain and children with anxiety disorders exhibit a divergent stress-related HPA axis reaction.
Abdominal Pain/psychology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/psychology , Stress, Psychological/etiology , Abdominal Pain/metabolism , Abdominal Pain/physiopathology , Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Adolescent , Anxiety Disorders/complications , Anxiety Disorders/metabolism , Case-Control Studies , Child , Female , Humans , Hydrocortisone/metabolism , Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/physiopathology , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/metabolism , Irritable Bowel Syndrome/physiopathology , Male , Pituitary-Adrenal System/physiopathology , Stress, Psychological/metabolism , Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
BACKGROUND: In the context of new drug benefit assessments a list of outcome parameter are evaluated. Currently it is unclear, how different outcome parameters are weighed in the overall assessment. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the survey is to rank relevant outcome parameters in the treatment of depression, which may be considered in benefit the assessment of new antidepressants. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 2015 a Delphi panel survey with 30 general practitioners and specialists in Germany was performed regarding the benefit assessment of antidepressants. On the basis of two fictive casuistics (patients with depressive disorders) the physicians weighed a range of relevant outcome parameters regarding efficacy, quality of life, safety and tolerability according to their relevance to clinical practice. RESULTS: Regarding efficacy, response, remission and recovery were rated as the most important outcomes. Regarding quality of life, handling of the daily household activities and mental performance were rated as most important. Suicidality was rated as the most important outcome regarding safety and tolerability. CONCLUSIONS: Individual outcome parameters were rated differently by the physicians regarding their relevance to clinical practice. The results indicate that outcome parameters should be weighed differently when assessing the overall benefit of new antidepressants.
Antidepressive Agents/therapeutic use , Delphi Technique , Depressive Disorder/drug therapy , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Activities of Daily Living/psychology , Adult , Aged , Antidepressive Agents/adverse effects , Comorbidity , Depressive Disorder/diagnosis , Depressive Disorder/psychology , Drug Interactions , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Patient Satisfaction , Quality of Life/psychology , Risk Factors , Suicide/psychology , Suicide Prevention
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe and highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 1%. Molecular genetic studies have identified the first BD susceptibility genes. However, the disease pathways remain largely unknown. Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs, a class of small noncoding RNAs, contribute to basic mechanisms underlying brain development and plasticity, suggesting their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric disorders, including BD. In the present study, gene-based analyses were performed for all known autosomal microRNAs using the largest genome-wide association data set of BD to date (9747 patients and 14 278 controls). Associated and brain-expressed microRNAs were then investigated in target gene and pathway analyses. Functional analyses of miR-499 and miR-708 were performed in rat hippocampal neurons. Ninety-eight of the six hundred nine investigated microRNAs showed nominally significant P-values, suggesting that BD-associated microRNAs might be enriched within known microRNA loci. After correction for multiple testing, nine microRNAs showed a significant association with BD. The most promising were miR-499, miR-708 and miR-1908. Target gene and pathway analyses revealed 18 significant canonical pathways, including brain development and neuron projection. For miR-499, four Bonferroni-corrected significant target genes were identified, including the genome-wide risk gene for psychiatric disorder CACNB2. First results of functional analyses in rat hippocampal neurons neither revealed nor excluded a major contribution of miR-499 or miR-708 to dendritic spine morphogenesis. The present results suggest that research is warranted to elucidate the precise involvement of microRNAs and their downstream pathways in BD.
Bipolar Disorder/genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics , Genome-Wide Association Study/statistics & numerical data , MicroRNAs/genetics , Animals , Disease Models, Animal , Humans , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley
BACKGROUND: Research evidence suggests that cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in social information processing may underlie the key aspects associated with the emergence of aggression and psychopathy. Despite extensive research in this field, it is unclear whether this deficit relates to general attentional problems or affects early stages of information processing. Therefore, the aim was to explore the link between aggression, psychopathic traits, and the early processing deficits in young antisocial violent offenders (YAVOs) and healthy controls (CTLs). METHOD: Participants were presented with rapidly changing Mondrian-like images in one eye, while a neutral or emotional (happy, angry, fearful, disgusted, surprised, sad) face was slowly introduced to the other eye. Participants indicated the location in which the face had appeared on the screen, reflecting the time when they became aware of the stimulus. The relative processing advantage was obtained by subtracting mean reaction times for emotional from neutral faces. RESULTS: The results indicated that individuals with higher levels of unemotional traits tended to exhibit an extensive early processing disadvantage for fearful facial expressions; this relationship was only evident in the YAVO as opposed to the CTL sample. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that an emotion processing deficit in antisocial individuals is present even at the most basic levels of processing and closely related to certain psychopathic traits. Furthermore, this early processing deficit appears to be highly specific to fearful expressions, which is consistent with predictions made by influential models of psychopathy. The clinical significance and potential implications of the results are discussed.
Aggression/psychology , Antisocial Personality Disorder/psychology , Criminals/psychology , Facial Expression , Fear/psychology , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Adolescent , Adult , Case-Control Studies , Germany , Humans , Male , Reaction Time , Surveys and Questionnaires , Violence , Young Adult
The universal prevention programme "Lifeskills with LARS&LISA" includes 10 sessions held in a regular school setting. We expected the programme to empower young people to improve their life skills, to foster their realistic thinking, to influence school behaviour and thus to prevent the development of depressive symptoms. The "Lifeskills with LARS&LISA" programme can be successfully delivered to a school-based population (grades 7-8) and integrated into the classroom curriculum. Our results demonstrate a prevention (less depressive symptoms) but also an intervention effect on social skills, school behaviour (more social, less aggressive).
Depression/prevention & control , Depression/psychology , Primary Prevention/organization & administration , School Health Services/organization & administration , Adolescent , Adolescent Behavior , Adolescent Health , Depression/diagnosis , Female , Germany , Humans , Male , Power, Psychological , Primary Prevention/methods , Program Evaluation , Psychology, Adolescent , Risk Reduction Behavior , Social Skills , Treatment Outcome
BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have demonstrated a robust link between alexithymic traits and somatic complaints in patients suffering from psychosomatic disorders, while less is known about disease-related impairments in the processing of affective social information. Deficits in emotion recognition can lead to misinterpretations of social signals and induce distress in interpersonal interactions. This, in turn, might contribute to somatoform symptomatology in affected individuals. The aim of the present study was to investigate basal facial affect recognition as well as higher-order cognitive mind-reading skills in order to further clarify the association between alexithymia and the processing of social affective information in a homogenous sample of patients suffering from somatoform pain. METHODS: We employed a series of animated morph clips that gradually displayed the onset and development of the six basic emotional expressions to investigate facial affect perception in a female sample of patients diagnosed with persistent somatoform pain disorder (PSPD) and matched healthy controls. In addition, all participants were presented with the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition to explore mind-reading abilities. RESULTS: Specifically impaired mentalizing skills and increased alexithymic traits were observed in PSPD, while emotional facial expression recognition appeared to be intact in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: PSPD subjects tend to overattribute inappropriate affective states to others, which could be the consequence of the inability to adequately experience and express their own emotional reactions. This cognitive bias might lead to the experience of poor psychosocial functioning and has the potential to negatively impact the course and outcome of this psychopathology.
Affective Symptoms/psychology , Emotions/physiology , Facial Expression , Perception/physiology , Somatoform Disorders/psychology , Theory of Mind/physiology , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Recognition, Psychology/physiology
BACKGROUND: Although impaired recognition of affective facial expressions has been conclusively linked to antisocial behavior, little is known about the modifiability of this deficit. This study investigated whether and under which circumstances the proposed perceptual insensitivity can be addressed with a brief implicit training approach. METHOD: Facial affect recognition was assessed with an animated morph task, in which the participants (44 male incarcerated violent offenders and 43 matched controls) identified the onset of emotional expressions in animated morph clips that gradually changed from neutral to one of the six basic emotions. Half of the offenders were then implicitly trained to direct attention to salient face regions (attention training, AT) using a modified dot-probe task. The other half underwent the same protocol but the intensity level of the presented expressions was additionally manipulated over the course of training sessions (sensitivity to emotional expressions training, SEE training). Subsequently, participants were reassessed with the animated morph task. RESULTS: Facial affect recognition was significantly impaired in violent offenders as compared with controls. Further, our results indicate that only the SEE training group exhibited a pronounced improvement in emotion recognition. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that perceptual insensitivity to facial affect can be addressed by an implicit training that directs attention to salient regions of a face and gradually decreases the intensity of the emotional expression. Future studies should focus on the potential of this intervention to effectively increase empathy and inhibit violent behavior in antisocial individuals.
Antisocial Personality Disorder/therapy , Criminals/psychology , Emotions/physiology , Facial Expression , Psychotherapy/methods , Social Perception , Adult , Humans , Male , Random Allocation , Treatment Outcome , Violence/psychology
BACKGROUND: Memory disturbance is a common symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), but little is known about autobiographical memory deficits in the long-term course of different MS subtypes. Inflammatory activity and demyelination is pronounced in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) whereas, similar to Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration affecting autobiographical memory-associated areas is seen in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS). OBJECTIVE: In light of distinct disease mechanisms, we evaluated autobiographical memory in different MS subtypes and hypothesized similarities between elderly patients with SPMS and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS: We used the Autobiographical Memory Interview to assess episodic and semantic autobiographical memory in 112 education- and gender-matched participants, including healthy controls and patients with RRMS, SPMS, amnesic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and early Alzheimer's dementia (AD). RESULTS: Patients with SPMS, AD, and aMCI, but not with RRMS, exhibited a pattern of episodic autobiographical memory impairment that followed Ribot's Law; older memories were better preserved than more recent memories. In contrast to aMCI and AD, neither SPMS nor RRMS was associated with semantic autobiographical memory impairment. CONCLUSION: Our neuropsychological findings suggest that episodic autobiographical memory is affected in long-term patients with SPMS, possibly due to neurodegenerative processes in functional relevant brain regions.
Alzheimer Disease/psychology , Memory Disorders/psychology , Memory, Episodic , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/psychology , Aged , Alzheimer Disease/complications , Cognition/physiology , Cognitive Dysfunction/psychology , Data Interpretation, Statistical , Educational Status , Executive Function/physiology , Female , Humans , Male , Memory Disorders/etiology , Mental Recall , Middle Aged , Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive/complications , Neuropsychological Tests , Psychomotor Performance/physiology , Recognition, Psychology/physiology
