Receipt of high-frequency ventilation is associated with acute kidney injury in very preterm neonates.

BACKGROUND: High-frequency ventilation (HFV) is frequently used in critically ill preterm neonates. We aimed to determine the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in neonates less than 29 weeks gestation who received HFV in the first week of life and to determine if the rates of AKI differed in those who received other forms of respiratory support. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study of 24 international, level III/IV neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) included neonates less than 29 weeks gestation from the AWAKEN study database. Exclusion criteria included the following: no intravenous fluids ≥ 48 h, admission ≥ 14 days of life, congenital heart disease requiring surgical repair at < 7 days of life, lethal chromosomal anomaly, death within 48 h, severe congenital kidney abnormalities, inability to determine AKI status, insufficient data on ventilation, and when the diagnosis of early AKI was unable to be made. Subjects were grouped into three groups based on ventilation modes (CPAP/no ventilation, conventional ventilation, and HFV). RESULTS: The incidence of AKI was highest in the CPAP/no ventilation group, followed by HFV, followed by conventional ventilation (CPAP/no ventilation 48.5% vs. HFV 42.6% vs. conventional ventilation 28.4% (p = 0.009). An increased risk for AKI was found for those on HFV compared to CPAP/no ventilation (HR = 2.65; 95% CI:1.22-5.73). CONCLUSIONS: HFV is associated with AKI in the first week of life. Neonates on HFV should be screened for AKI. The reasons for this association are not clear. Further studies should evaluate the relationship between ventilator strategies and AKI in premature neonates. A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.

A Further Examination of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS) in Italy and U.S: Measurement Equivalence, Convergent, Discriminant, and Predictive Validity.

In the current study we replicated and extended the validation of the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale through: 1) the examination of the relationship between the MWS and the Bergen Work Addiction Scale; 2) the test of measurement invariance of the U.S. and the Italian versions; and 3) the analysis of predictive validity of the MWS through a series of cross-lagged panel models on a two-wave Italian sample (N = 304), including work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion. Configural, metric and partial scalar invariance was achieved on a sample of 591 Italian and 313 U.S. workers. Results supported convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity of the Italian version. Evidence of the predictive role of workaholism was found in relation to work-family conflict and emotional exhaustion. Finally, the different dimensions demonstrated some incremental validity in the prediction of specific outcomes over and above other dimensions of the MWS. In sum, we provided additional evidence of the validity of the MWS, which represents a tool for researchers and practitioners, validating its use in Italy to better understand the workaholism phenomenon.

The theoretical and empirical utility of dimension-based work-family conflict: A meta-analysis.

Most work-family conflict (WFC) research does not theorize, hypothesize, or empirically test phenomena at the dimension level. Instead, researchers have predominantly used composite-level approaches based on the directions of WFC (work-to-family and family-to-work conflict). However, conceptualizing and operationalizing WFC at the composite level instead of at the dimension level has not been confirmed as a well-founded strategy. The goal of the current research is to explore whether there is theoretical and empirical evidence in the WFC literature to support the importance of dimension-level theorizing and operationalization when compared to composite-level approaches. To advance theory related to the dimensions of WFC, we begin by reviewing WFC theories and then demonstrate the relevance of resource allocation theory to the time-based dimension, spillover theory to the strain-based dimension, and boundary theory to the behavior-based dimension. From this theorizing, we highlight and meta-analytically test the relative importance of specific variables from the WFC nomological network that are theoretically connected to each dimension: time and family demands for the time-based dimension, work role ambiguity for the strain-based dimension, and family-supportive supervisor behaviors and nonwork support for the behavior-based dimension. Reviewing and drawing from bandwidth-fidelity theory, we also question whether composite-based WFC approaches are more appropriate for broad constructs (i.e., job satisfaction and life satisfaction). The results of our meta-analytic relative importance analyses generally support a dimension-based approach and overall follow the pattern of results expected from our dimension-level theorizing, even when broad constructs are considered. Theoretical, future research, and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Evaluating the impact of the live healthy, work healthy program on organizational outcomes: A randomized field experiment.

The prevalence of chronic health conditions is increasing, with over half the current workforce attempting to manage one or more chronic conditions. The Live Healthy, Work Healthy (LHWH) program is a version of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program translated to the workplace, with the goal of improving and sustaining the health, well-being, and productivity of employees living with chronic health conditions. Using organizational support theory as a theoretical framework and a clustered randomized controlled trial design, this article demonstrates how the LHWH program positively impacts work-related quality of life, orientations toward the organization, and organizational cognitions and behaviors. Participants in the program experienced increases in perceived organizational support (POS), with a large intervention effect. Direct intervention effects were also found for burnout, work engagement, work ability, affective organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Within-person changes in POS during the intervention was a key mechanism through which participants of the program experienced changes in organizationally relevant outcomes. Finally, offering the program on work time strengthened these effects indirectly through greater changes in POS during the intervention period. This article provides evidence to researchers and organizational decision-makers that offering the LHWH program not only improves the health and well-being of employees but also improves important organizational outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Translating CDSMP to the Workplace: Results of the Live Healthy Work Healthy Program.

PURPOSE: Report the results of a randomized, controlled trial of Live Healthy, Work Healthy (LHWH), a worksite translation of the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program (CDSMP). DESIGN: 14 worksites were randomly assigned to LHWH, standard CDSMP (usual care) or no-intervention (control) group. SETTING: The diverse set of work organizations centered around a rural community in SE US. SUBJECTS: 411 participants completed baseline data with 359 being included in the final analyses. INTERVENTION: LHWH had been adapted to fit the unique characteristics of work organizations. This translated program consists of 15 sessions over 8 weeks and was facilitated by trained lay leaders. MEASURES: The primary outcomes including health risk, patient-provider communication, quality of life, medical adherence and work performance were collected pretest, posttest (6 mos.) and follow-up (12 mos.). ANALYSIS: Analyses were conducted using latent change score models in a structural equation modeling framework. RESULTS: 79% of participants reported at least one chronic condition with an average of 2.7 chronic conditions reported. Results indicated that LHWH program demonstrated positive changes in a most outcomes including significant exercise (uΔ = 0.89, p < .01), chronic disease self-efficacy (uΔ = 0.63, p < .05), fatigue (uΔ = -1.45, p < .05), stress (uΔ = -0.98, p < .01) and mentally unhealthy days (uΔ = -3.47, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The translation of LHWH is an effective, low cost, embeddable program that has the potential to improve the health and work life of employees.

Workload, Workaholism, and Job Performance: Uncovering Their Complex Relationship.

The current study aimed to test how workload, via workaholism, impacts job performance along with the complex interplay of perfectionistic concerns and work engagement in this mediated relationship. A two-wave, first and second stage dual-moderated mediation model was tested in an SEM framework. Results based on a sample of 208 workers revealed a complex and nuanced relationship among the studied constructs, such that the simple mediation model was not significant, but the indirect effect was negative, nonsignificant, or positive conditional on both moderators. The results offer interesting theoretical and practical implications for future studies to be conducted in this area of research. In particular, lower levels of perfectionistic concerns were associated with a positive relationship between workload and workaholism, and lower levels of work engagement were related to a negative link between workaholism and job performance. Findings suggest work engagement should be monitored and promoted by managers, especially when workload, and consequently, the possible risk of workaholism, cannot be avoided.

The Multidimensional Workaholism Scale: Linking the conceptualization and measurement of workaholism.

Scholarly interest in workaholism has increased dramatically in recent years. This research has underscored the detrimental effects of workaholism for employees, their families, and the organizations that employ them. Despite drastic improvements in the quality of studies examining workaholism over the past several decades, researchers continue to almost exclusively rely on older measures of workaholism or new measures derived from these original measures. In the present study, we outline why a new measure is needed and propose a multidimensional conceptualization of workaholism that encompasses motivational, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral dimensions. We then develop and validate a new multidimensional measure of workaholism: the Multidimensional Workaholism Scale (MWS). Evidence from 5 samples representing individuals working in a wide variety of occupations and industries throughout the United States (total N = 1,252) provides support that (a) our proposed 4-factor structure replicates and fits better than alternative models; (b) the measure demonstrates high reliability and content validity; (c) the measure demonstrates evidence for convergent and discriminant validity with constructs in workaholism's nomological network; (d) the measure demonstrates incremental validity in the prediction of important outcomes over and above prior measures of workaholism; and (e) the different dimensions demonstrate incremental validity in the prediction of specific outcomes over and above other dimensions of the MWS. Overall, results from the present study suggest that the MWS is a reliable and valid measure that can advance a more nuanced approach to research and practice relating to workaholism. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

The workplace health group: A case study of 20 years of multidisciplinary research.

The Workplace Health Group (WHG) was established in 1998 to conduct research on worker health and safety and organizational effectiveness. This multidisciplinary team includes researchers with backgrounds in psychology, health promotion and behavior, and intervention design, implementation, and evaluation. The article begins with a brief history of the team, its guiding principles, and stages of team formation and development. This section provides examples of the roles, team composition, structure, processes, cognition, leadership, and climate played in the various stages of team development, as well as how they influenced team effectiveness. The WHG formed with functional diversity-variety in knowledge, skills, and abilities-in mind, and the impact of this diversity is discussed throughout the article. Illustrations of how the functional diversity of the WHG has led to real-world impact are provided. The article concludes with some lessons learned and recommendations for creating and sustaining multidisciplinary teams based on the WHG's 20 years of experience and the team science literature. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of adenosine A2A receptor antagonists on cocaine-induced locomotion and cocaine seeking.

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Adenosine signaling through adenosine A2A receptors (A2ARs) is known to influence cocaine-induced behaviors. These studies sought to elucidate how two A2AR antagonists distinguished by their antagonist effects at presynaptic and postsynaptic A2AR influence cocaine-induced locomotion and cocaine seeking. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess the differential effects of SCH 442416 and istradefylline that antagonize presynaptic and postsynaptic A2AR, respectively. We evaluated the effects of these antagonists on both basal and cocaine-induced locomotion in cocaine-naïve rats and rats that received seven daily cocaine treatments. The effects of SCH 442416 or istradefylline on cocaine seeking were measured in animals extinguished from cocaine self-administration. We assessed the effects of the A2AR antagonists to induce cocaine seeking when administered alone and their effects on cocaine seeking induced by a cocaine-priming injection. Lastly, we evaluated the effects of the antagonists on sucrose seeking in animals extinguished from sucrose self-administration. RESULTS: Neither istradefylline nor SCH 442416 significantly altered basal locomotion. Istradefylline enhanced acute cocaine-induced locomotion but had no effect on the expression of locomotor sensitization. SCH 44216 had no effect on acute cocaine-induced locomotion but inhibited the expression of locomotor sensitization. Istradefylline was sufficient to induce cocaine seeking and augmented both cocaine-induced seeking and sucrose seeking. SCH 442416 inhibited cocaine-induced seeking, but had no effect on sucrose seeking and did not induce cocaine seeking when administered alone. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate differential effects of two A2AR antagonists distinguished by their effects at pre- and postsynaptic A2AR on cocaine-induced behaviors.

A Low Dose Caffeine and Carbohydrate Supplement does not Improve Athletic Performance during Volleyball Competition.

Dietary supplements are widely used to enhance sport performance and the combination of carbohydrate and caffeine (CHO+CAF) has yielded particularly high performance gains. Though the effects of a CHO+CAF supplement have been studied in a laboratory environment, little research exists on the effects of supplementation during competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a CHO+CAF supplement on athletic performance in competition. Eight female collegiate volleyball players completed three testing sessions under three different conditions separated by approximately one week each: CHO+CAF supplement, placebo (PBO), and control (CTL) using a randomized, cross-over design. Blood glucose (BG) was assessed prior to supplementation and immediately after set three. The supplement and PBO were administered prior to play and between sets two and three. Following three sets of play, three performance tests were completed: vertical jump (VJ), agility (AGL), and repeated 30-m sprint ability (RSA). While CHO+CAF supplementation significantly increased BG, the performance tests were not different (p>.05) among the testing conditions. These findings suggest that the amount of the supplement used in this study is not beneficial to VJ, AGL, and RSA in female volleyball players. As these performance tests were largely anaerobic and non-glycolytic in nature, the ergogenicity of the supplement may have been underutilized. Additionally, coaches and athletes should not only be aware of what ingredients are in the supplements they choose, but the amount of those ingredients as they may modify the efficacy of the supplement to impact performance.

Transient dynamics and their control in time-delay autonomous Boolean ring networks.

Biochemical systems with switch-like interactions, such as gene regulatory networks, are well modeled by autonomous Boolean networks. Specifically, the topology and logic of gene interactions can be described by systems of continuous piecewise-linear differential equations, enabling analytical predictions of the dynamics of specific networks. However, most models do not account for time delays along links associated with spatial transport, mRNA transcription, and translation. To address this issue, we have developed an experimental test bed to realize a time-delay autonomous Boolean network with three inhibitory nodes, known as a repressilator, and use it to study the dynamics that arise as time delays along the links vary. We observe various nearly periodic oscillatory transient patterns with extremely long lifetime, which emerge in small network motifs due to the delay, and which are distinct from the eventual asymptotically stable periodic attractors. For repeated experiments with a given network, we find that stochastic processes give rise to a broad distribution of transient times with an exponential tail. In some cases, the transients are so long that it is doubtful the attractors will ever be approached in a biological system that has a finite lifetime. To counteract the long transients, we show experimentally that small, occasional perturbations applied to the time delays can force the trajectories to rapidly approach the attractors.

Super-transient scaling in time-delay autonomous Boolean network motifs.

Autonomous Boolean networks are commonly used to model the dynamics of gene regulatory networks and allow for the prediction of stable dynamical attractors. However, most models do not account for time delays along the network links and noise, which are crucial features of real biological systems. Concentrating on two paradigmatic motifs, the toggle switch and the repressilator, we develop an experimental testbed that explicitly includes both inter-node time delays and noise using digital logic elements on field-programmable gate arrays. We observe transients that last millions to billions of characteristic time scales and scale exponentially with the amount of time delays between nodes, a phenomenon known as super-transient scaling. We develop a hybrid model that includes time delays along network links and allows for stochastic variation in the delays. Using this model, we explain the observed super-transient scaling of both motifs and recreate the experimentally measured transient distributions.

Reservoir computing with a single time-delay autonomous Boolean node.

We demonstrate reservoir computing with a physical system using a single autonomous Boolean logic element with time-delay feedback. The system generates a chaotic transient with a window of consistency lasting between 30 and 300 ns, which we show is sufficient for reservoir computing. We then characterize the dependence of computational performance on system parameters to find the best operating point of the reservoir. When the best parameters are chosen, the reservoir is able to classify short input patterns with performance that decreases over time. In particular, we show that four distinct input patterns can be classified for 70 ns, even though the inputs are only provided to the reservoir for 7.5 ns.

Transient scaling and resurgence of chimera states in networks of Boolean phase oscillators.

We study networks of nonlocally coupled electronic oscillators that can be described approximately by a Kuramoto-like model. The experimental networks show long complex transients from random initial conditions on the route to network synchronization. The transients display complex behaviors, including resurgence of chimera states, which are network dynamics where order and disorder coexists. The spatial domain of the chimera state moves around the network and alternates with desynchronized dynamics. The fast time scale of our oscillators (on the order of 100ns) allows us to study the scaling of the transient time of large networks of more than a hundred nodes, which has not yet been confirmed previously in an experiment and could potentially be important in many natural networks. We find that the average transient time increases exponentially with the network size and can be modeled as a Poisson process in experiment and simulation. This exponential scaling is a result of a synchronization rate that follows a power law of the phase-space volume.

Temperature-dependent Sellmeier equations for rare-earth sesquioxides.

High-power lasers are making increasing demands on laser hosts especially in the area of thermal management. Traditional hosts, such as YAG, are unsuitable for many high-power applications and therefore, new hosts are being developed including rare-earth sesquioxides. We report new measurements of the refractive indices of these materials as functions of wavelength and temperature, which will aid in the design of laser cavities and other nonlinear optical elements.