Vitamin K antagonist-associated microscopic hematuria.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are the most widely used anticoagulants for the prevention of thrombotic events. Several renal adverse effects have been associated with the use of VKA. The main aim of our study was to explore the association between international normalized ratio (INR) levels and microscopic hematuria in patients with VKA. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study of patients treated with VKA that attended the outpatient clinic for routine INR control. A simple urinalysis was performed on the day of the INR control and the precise number of red cells in the urine sediment was quantified. Demographic data, kidney function tests, comorbidities, anticoagulant dose and concomitant treatment were registered. RESULTS: A total of 337 patients were included with median INR levels of 2.6 (IQR 2.1-3.3). 11.9% of the patients presented microscopic hematuria (≥14 RBCs/µl). There was a significant correlation between INR levels and the number of red blood cells in the urine sediment (r = 0.201, p = 0.024). In the univariate analysis, microscopic hematuria was associated with having an INR >3.5 (19% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.046), bacteriuria (15.2% vs. 3.6%, p = 0.015), leukocyturia (14.8% vs. 6.6%, p =  0.026), hypertension (16.2% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.053), and the use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockers (6.9% vs. 17.2%, p = 0.004). Multivariate logistic regression showed an association between microscopic hematuria and RAS blockade (OR 0.38, CI 95% 0.163-0.886, p = 0.025), independent from INR levels, hypertension, leukocyturia or bacteriuria. CONCLUSIONS: INR overdose was significantly associated with the presence of microscopic hematuria. RAS blockade is an independent protective factor for the presence of microscopic hematuria in anticoagulated patients.

Autoeficacia y delincuencia / No disponible

1063 jóvenes entre 14 y 21 años de la ciudad de Salamanca son entrevistados sobre sus conductas delictivas siguiendo un modelo desarrollado en la Unión Europea. Además de preguntarles por sus conductas problemáticas y delictivas se les pregunta sobre su autoeficacia para cometer cada una de las conductas del cuestionario. En el estudio se demuestra a) que los sujetos que han entrado en la carrera delictiva cometen todo tipo de conductas delictivas y problemáticas. B) que existen variables socio-demográficas y ambientales que explican esa conducta delictiva c) pero que todas esas variables tienen poco valor de predicción cuando se comparan con la autoeficacia para delinquir. Tomada la decisión de desvincularse moralmente, el sujeto pasa al mundo de la desvinculación moral/legal en el que la conducta se explica por los mismos procesos que en la conducta no delictiva. Desde esta nueva explicación criminológica se interpretan las aportaciones de otras teorías el delito (AU)

Self-efficacy and delinquency. 1063 participant (age 14-21 yrs) from Salamanca were interviewed regarding their criminal behaviour according the model developed in European Union. In addition to problem and delinquent behaviour they recorded their perceived self-efficacy for committing the offenses described in the questionaire. This study reveals that (a) people who beging a “career” as a criminal continue to carry out all kinds of criminal and problem behaviours; (b) sociodemographic and enviromental variables are related to delinquent behaviour, and (c) nevertheless, those variables are of little predictive value compared to judgment of self-efficacy for delinquency. Once they make a decision on moral disengagement grounds they engage in activities in the moral/legal sphere so that transgressive behaviour is accounted for by the same processes as non-criminal behaviour. Thus contributions of other theories of crime are interpreted within a new criminological explanation (AU)

Los efectos de la violencia sobre sus víctimas / No disponible

Este artículo presenta una revisión de las principales líneas de investigación sobre los efectos de la violencia en sus víctimas. Más exactamente, se centrará en los efectos psicosociales de la denominada violencia criminal o delictiva. Se analiza su alcance y la diversidad de víctimas a las que afecta. A pesar de que han sido las víctimas de los delitos sexuales –generalmente mujeres- las que han suscitado mayor interés desde distintos ámbitos de investigación, se constata como las víctimas de otros delitos, así como las personas que las rodean, manifiestan una problemática importante. En el caso de los niños, además, la exposición a la violencia puede afectar su futuro desarrollo moral y sus logros académicos. Adoptando una perspectiva ecológica de la violencia se analizan los efectos comunes así como los factores que median o moderan tales efectos. Se plantea que el impacto del delito dependerá de las complejas interacciones que se establezcan entre las características de las personas victimizadas, las del hecho delictivo y las del ambiente social en el que el ajuste y la posible recuperación tienen lugar. Se muestra como, entre otros factores, el apoyo social recibido o percibido por las víctimas tiene consecuencias importantes para su ajuste (AU)

The effects of violence upon its victims.In this paper a review of the main areas of inquiry upon the effects that violence has on its victims is presented. More specifically, the focus will be upon the psychosocial effects of the so-called criminal violence. Its scope and the diversity of victims affected by it is analysed. Although those who have received most attention by researchers from several fields have been the victims of sexual offences –mostly womenó, it is apparent that victims of offences other than sexual abuse, as well as those people which are close to them, suffer from important consequences as well. In addition, when the victim is a child, exposure to violence have an influence upon his or her moral development and academic achievements. From an ecological standpoint, the common effects of violence upon its victims, as well as those factors which influence or moderate them, are examined. It is argued that the crime impact will be dependent on the complex interactions among the particular characteristics of the victims, the delictive act, and the social environment where the victims’s adjustment and their potential recovery shall take place. It is shown how, among other factors, the social support victims receive or perceive from others has important consequences on their adjustment (AU)