Eutrichophilus cordiceps Mjöberg, 1910 (Ischnocera: Trichodectidae) in Spiny Tree Porcupines (Coendou villosus): New locality records and the first molecular evidence of association with Bartonella sp.

The chewing louse genus Eutrichophilus Mjöberg has 19 species only associated with porcupines (Rodentia: Erethizontidae). Of these species, E. cercolabes, E. cordiceps, E. emersoni, E. minor, E. moojeni, and E. paraguayensis have been recorded in Brazil. In the present study, we report E. cordiceps for the first time in the São Paulo State (Bauru Municipality) and for the second time in the Santa Catarina State (Lages Municipality), providing scanning electron images and light microscopy for the eggs, as well as the first molecular data (18S rRNA) for the genus. Additionally, Bartonella sp. was detected for the first time in this chewing lice species.

Intake and digestibility of two diets for nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus: Linnaeus, 1758) kept under human care.

The study aimed to evaluate metabolic parameters, nutrient intake, and absorption of two diets formulated for Dasypus novemcinctus armadillos under human care. Were studied two diets: D1-a diet with dry dog food, ground beef, and boiled chicken egg with shells; D2-a diet with the same ingredients as D1, with added banana and papaya. Both are mixed in water. The parameters analyzed were body weight (BW), weight gain (WG), maintenance energy requirement (MER), Lee index, biometrics, body condition score, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and cholesterol fractions for eight male armadillos. Dietary intake (DI) and efficiency, nutrient intake, metabolizable energy, and digestibility coefficient for the diets were evaluated in six male armadillos. The diet that included fruits showed higher BW, WG, MER, Lee index, and better glucose metabolism. Both diets promoted increases in WG and Lee Index, as well as improvements in glucose metabolism. The diet without fruit improved the lipid profile of the animals. D2 presented the highest DI, better dietary efficiency, and higher energy intake but also a lower crude fiber intake. However, it showed the best utilization of gross fiber and all other nutrients. In conclusion, the diets constituted an adequate nutritional option for captive armadillos and can be used in malnutrition and pathological processes recovery. Although both diets were adequate, the nonfruit diet was preferable due to the improved lipid profile.

Intake and digestibility of two diets for nine-banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus: Linnaeus, 1758) kept under human care

The study aimed to evaluate metabolic parameters, nutrient intake, and absorption oftwo diets formulated forDasypus novemcinctusarmadillos under human care. Werestudied two diets: D1­a diet with dry dog food, ground beef, and boiled chicken eggwith shells; D2­a diet with the same ingredients as D1, with added banana andpapaya. Both are mixed in water. The parameters analyzed were body weight (BW),weight gain (WG), maintenance energy requirement (MER), Lee index, biometrics,body condition score, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and cholesterol fractionsfor eight male armadillos. Dietary intake (DI) and efficiency, nutrient intake,metabolizable energy, and digestibility coefficient for the diets were evaluated in sixmale armadillos. The diet that included fruits showed higher BW, WG, MER, Lee index,and better glucose metabolism. Both diets promoted increases in WG and Lee Index,as well as improvements in glucose metabolism. The diet without fruit improved thelipid profile of the animals. D2 presented the highest DI, better dietary efficiency, andhigher energy intake but also a lower crude fiber intake. However, it showed the bestutilization of gross fiber and all other nutrients. In conclusion, the diets constituted anadequate nutritional option for captive armadillos and can be used in malnutrition andpathological processes recovery. Although both diets were adequate, the nonfruit dietwas preferable due to the improved lipid profile

Food preference of nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, Linnaeus, 1758) under human care.

This study aims to evaluate the food preference of nine banded armadillos kept in captivity, exposed to four different diets: Diet 1 (D1) - dry dog food and ground beef; Diet 2 (D2) - dry dog food, ground beef, and chicken eggs; Diet 3 (D3) - dog food, ground beef, bananas, and papaya; Diet 4 (D4) - dog food, ground beef, chicken eggs, banana, and papaya. To this end, an experiment was carried out for five weeks, the first four of which were for preliminary management and the fifth week for data collection. Frequency of consumption, total intake for each diet, and intake ratio were evaluated. The dietary preference was higher for the diets with a higher protein percentage (D1 and D2), mainly D2, which presented increased demand and intake starting on the fourth day of observation. In second day of observation, D1 presented the higher intake ratio, but D2 gradually replaced it. The diet containing the lowest protein rate (D3) was the least favored on all observation days and evaluations. In conclusion, the food preference of ex-situ armadillos seems to be related to the inclusion of greater amounts of protein, particularly that of animal origin, with eggs being the most appreciated ingredient in this study.

Are echocardiographic parameters affected by body condition scores in blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758)?

This study aimed to determine the echocardiographic parameters of blue-fronted Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva, Linnaeus, 1758) with varying body condition scores. Thirty-five birds only grown in captivity were included in the study and allocated into three different groups according to their respective body condition scores: Lean, Ideal, and Obese. The group of obese parrots presented lower right ventricle dimensions in diastole than lean parrots. The fractional shortening was considerably lower in obese parrots than in parrots with lean and ideal body condition scores but without statistical significance. The flow rate and the aortic pressure gradient were lower in the lean group than in the ideal group. The alterations in the nutritional state of captive blue-fronted amazon parrots may lead to cardiovascular dysfunctions detected through an echocardiographic evaluation, which represents an important diagnostic tool for these animals. The description of the techniques and the measures obtained in this study can contribute to future research in the area.

Food preference of nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus, Linnaeus, 1758) under human care

This study aims to evaluate the food preference of nine banded armadillos kept in captivity, exposed to four different diets: Diet 1 (D1) - dry dog food and ground beef; Diet 2 (D2) - dry dog food, ground beef, and chicken eggs; Diet 3 (D3) - dog food, ground beef, bananas, and papaya; Diet 4 (D4) - dog food, ground beef, chicken eggs, banana, and papaya. To this end, an experiment was carried out for five weeks, the first four of which were for preliminary management and the fifth week for data collection. Frequency of consumption, total intake for each diet, and intake ratio were evaluated. The dietary preference was higher for the diets with a higher protein percentage (D1 and D2), mainly D2, which presented increased demand and intake starting on the fourth day of observation. In second day of observation, D1 presented the higher intake ratio, but D2 gradually replaced it. The diet containing the lowest protein rate (D3) was the least favored on all observation days and evaluations. In conclusion, the food preference of ex-situ armadillos seems to be related to the inclusion of greater amounts of protein, particularly that of animal origin, with eggs being the most appreciated ingredient in this study.

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.(AU)

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.(AU)

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus(Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desarrollo corporal de una cría de armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto “Lauro de Souza Lima”. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighing and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de una cría macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. La cría del armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals’ energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...

Medidas biométricas, avaliação do escore corporal e índice de massa corpórea em Quatis (Nasua nasua) de vida livre da região Centro Sul do estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Biometric measures, body score and body mass index evaluation in wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in the South-Central region of São Paulo State, Brazil

Background: Coatis (Nasua nasua) have easy interaction with man, besides being sociable and curious animals. Theproximity to urbanized areas encourages them to intake food from anthropogenic sources, and it can change their eatinghabits and make them prone to obesity. The body condition evaluates the animals energetic status and measures variations in their body fat reserves. There are direct-invasive methods and indirect methods that rely on size and body massto evaluate the body condition, like body condition score and body mass index. Thus, the aim of the present study was toassess different methods to determine the body condition of wild coatis (Nasua nasua) living in urban areas.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen wild coatis (Nasua nasua), nine females and seven males, were captured at Facultyof Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science (FMVZ) of São Paulo State University, Botucatu, in pitfalls. The animals wereanesthetized with ketamine and midazolam and subjected to biometric evaluation after physical exams proved normal. Thefollowing variables were analyzed: body weight, body condition score (BCS) based on the five-point scale for dogs, thoracicand abdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus. Two bodymass index (BMI) were calculated from these data, one was based on dogs (BMI1) and another one on cats (BMI2), as well asthe body fat percentage (%BF). Results showed that 25% of the assessed coatis were overweight. Body weight, thoracic andabdominal circumference, height at the withers, spine length and distance from the patella to the calcaneus were significantlyhigher in males than in females and the other assessed parameters did not present differences between sexes. The correlationbetween fat percentage and body weight was significant, and that between fat percentage and BCS was not. There was closer correlation...(AU)

Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (LINNAEUS, 1758) born under human care

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctusnascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie(AU).

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctusborn October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, threemore weighings and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species(AU).

Desarrollo corporal de un hijo de armadillo dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nacido bajo cuidados humanos / Body development of a young armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) born under human care / Desenvolvimento corporal de um filhote de tatu verdadeiro Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) nascido sob cuidados humanos

El objetivo de este trabajo fue acompañar el desarrollo corporal de un hijo macho de Dasypus novencinctus nacido el 10 de octubre de 2017 en el Instituto "Lauro de Souza Lima". Entre 15 días y 200 días de vida, se realizaron pesajes y mediciones del animal cada 15 días. Entre 230 y 390 días de vida, se realizaron otros tres pesajes y mediciones. Se evaluaron ganancia de peso y crecimiento del armadillo. El hijo de armadillo presentó un desarrollo corporal lineal y una ganancia de peso adecuada, en todo el período evaluado, excepto por el período más frío del año, considerando los cuidados básicos y alimentación ofrecidos, correspondiendo a las expectativas de crecimiento de la especie.

This work aimed to follow the growth of a male Dasypus novemcinctus born October 10, 2017 at the "Lauro de Souza Lima" Institute. Between 15 days and 200 days of life, the animal was weighed and measured fortnightly. Between 230 and 390 days of life, three more weighings and measurements were performed. The pup presented a linear body development and an adequate weight gain, throughout the evaluated period, except for the coldest period of the year, considering the basic care and feeding offered, corresponding to the growth expectations of the species.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi acompanhar o crescimento de um filhote macho de Dasypus novemcinctus nascido em 10 de outubro de 2017 no Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima. Entre 15 dias e 200 dias de vida, foram realizadas pesagens e medições do animal a cada 15 dias. Entre 230 e 390 dias de vida, foram realizadas mais três pesagens e medições. Avaliou-se o ganho de peso e o crescimento do filhote. O filhote apresentou um desenvolvimento corporal linear e um ganho de peso adequado, em todo o período avaliado, exceto pelo período mais frio do ano, considerando os cuidados básicos e alimentação oferecidos, correspondendo às expectativas de crescimento da espécie.

A survey of hemoparasites and ectoparasites in Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766 with a redescription of Hepatozoon procyonis Richards, 1961 based on morphological and molecular data.

Hemoparasites are vector-borne parasites that infect wild carnivores worldwide. Since data on hemoparasite infections in Nasua nasua from Brazil are lacking, the aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of hemoparasites and ectoparasites in N. nasua from different areas of Brazil. Blood samples and ectoparasites from 83 N. nasua were collected in Botucatu, Palmital, and São Paulo municipalities. Samples were screened via microscopy and molecular methods to detect hemoparasites. Tissues from two N. nasua were obtained for histopathological and molecular analyses. All 83 samples were negative for piroplasms on morphological and molecular examination. Thin blood smears of nine animals were positive for Hepatozoon gamonts. The gamonts shared morphological characteristics of Hepatozoon procyonis. Meronts were detected in the liver and spleen tissue of one animal. Twenty-one blood samples and four tissue samples were PCR positive for Hepatozoon sp. The sequences obtained were 97% identical to those of Hepatozoon felis, Hepatozoon ursi, and Hepatozoon sp. Based on searches for similarity and morphology, we identified the sequences as belonging to H. procyonis. This study provides epidemiological data on hemoparasite infections and redescribe H. procyonis based on morphological, morphometrical, and molecular analyses.

Preferência alimentar de uma fêmea e um filhote de Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) em cativeiro / Feeding preference of a female and young Dasypus novemcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) in captivity

Em cativeiro, as dietas para Dasypus novemcinctus, em geral, constituem-se de proteína animal misturadas com frutas, verduras e suplemento vitamínico-mineral. Porém, não há estudos relacionados com a preferência alimentar de tatus em cativeiro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a preferência alimentar de uma fêmea adulta e de um filhote mantidos em cativeiro, expostos a quatro dietas com origem e porcentagens proteicas diferentes. Desta forma, o experimento foi realizado durante cinco semanas, sendo que as quatro primeiras semanas foi um período de manejo preliminar e a quinta semana foi realizada a coleta dos dados. A preferência alimentar, segundo a frequência de consumo, foi diferente para mãe e filhote, sendo que o filhote apresentou uma maior preferência pela dieta 1 e a mãe procurou igualmente as dietas. Quanto ao consumo, a dieta 1 apresentou maior ingestão. Assim, conclui-se que a preferência alimentar do filhote está em consonância ao requerimento proteico da espécie e a mãe apresentou um comportamento alimentar diverso, relacionado ao seu comportamento de espera de escolha do filhote. (AU)