Introduction of the Simple One-Step stool Xpert Ultra method to detect TB in children and adults.

SETTING: In 2020, the National TB Programme (NTP) of Vietnam conducted an implementation pilot of the Simple One-Step (SOS) stool processing method using Xpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (Ultra) among children and people living with HIV (PLHIV) with signs and symptoms of TB.DESIGN and OBJECTIVES: Using data from this pilot and collecting information on healthcare workers´ (HCWs) perceptions, we assessed the feasibility, acceptability and potential impact of routine stool testing for TB.RESULTS: HCWs perceived collection of stools from children as least stressful of all sample types, stool processing as acceptable and the SOS stool method as easy to perform. After a 3-month induction period, the proportion of initial non-determinate Ultra stool tests was less than 5%. Combined Ultra testing of a respiratory sample and stool resulted in an increase in the proportion of bacteriologically confirmed TB among PLHIV and children by respectively 4.1% (95% CI 1.6-6.6) and 3.9% (95% CI 1.6-6.2). Among children, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more often detected in stool (26.1%) than in respiratory samples (23.4%) (P = 0.06), including one child with rifampicin resistance.CONCLUSION: Stool testing can be feasibly implemented both in adult PLHIV and in children in routine settings, providing a non-invasive alternative sample type for the diagnosis of TB for patients who cannot produce sputum.

National tuberculosis patients cost survey: research findings lead to change in policy and practice, Viet Nam.

In 2016, the Viet Nam National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) conducted the first national TB patients cost survey to identify the main cost drivers to help guide cost mitigation policies and reduce financial barriers to the treatment of TB patients. The survey findings were widely disseminated and the NTP defined a roadmap. The major components of the roadmap included 1) advocating for patients to be covered by social health insurance; 2) creating a charity fund for TB patients; 3) strengthening the collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs; and 4) advocating for donor support. The first national TB patients cost survey has shown that a high proportion of TB patients incurred costs that were classed as 'catastrophic'. The survey findings led to policy changes and new practices in Viet Nam.

En 2016, le Programme National de lutte contre la Tuberculose (PNT) du Viet Nam a mené la première enquête nationale sur les coûts des patients avec la tuberculose (TB) afin d'identifier les principaux inducteurs de coûts permettant d'orienter les politiques de réduction des coûts et de réduire les obstacles financiers des patients tuberculeux. Les résultats de l'enquête ont été largement diffusés et le PNT a défini une feuille de route. Les principales composantes de la feuille de route étaient les suivantes : 1) plaider pour que les patients soient couverts par une assurance maladie sociale ; 2) créer un fonds de charité pour les patients avec la TB; 3) renforcer la collaboration avec le ministère du Travail et des Affaires sociales ; et 4) plaider pour le soutien des donateurs. La première enquête nationale sur les coûts des patients tuberculeux a montré qu'une forte proportion des patients tuberculeux ont encouru des coûts catastrophiques. Les résultats de la recherche ont conduit à des changements de politiques et à de nouvelles pratiques au Viet Nam.

En el 2016, el Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis (PNT) de Viet Nam realizó la primera encuesta nacional sobre los costos que conlleva la tuberculosis (TB) para los pacientes a fin de definir los factores que los determinan, con el propósito de orientar las políticas de mitigación de costos y reducir los obstáculos económicos de los pacientes con TB. Se dio amplia difusión a los resultados de la encuesta y el PNT definió una hoja de ruta. Los principales componentes de la hoja de ruta incluían las siguientes medidas: 1) preconizar la cobertura de los pacientes por parte del seguro social de enfermedad; 2) crear una institución de beneficencia destinada a recaudar fondos para los pacientes con TB; 3) fortalecer la colaboración entre el Ministerio del Trabajo y el Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales; y 4) fomentar el respaldo de los donantes. La primera encuesta nacional sobre los costos sufragados por los pacientes con TB puso en evidencia que estos hacen frente a gastos catastróficos relacionados con la enfermedad. Los resultados de la investigación dieron lugar a modificaciones normativas y nuevas prácticas en Viet Nam.

Prevalence and associated factors of diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients in Hanoi, Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognized as an important comorbidity for the development of tuberculosis (TB). With the increase of DM burden globally, concerns have been raised about the emerging co-epidemics of DM and TB, especially in low- and middle-income countries. METHODS: A facility-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in all 30 district TB units in Hanoi, Vietnam. All eligible, diagnosed TB patients aged 15 years old or older were asked to provide consent and were screened for diabetes using fasting blood glucose (FBG). Pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires were used for collecting demographic data, lifestyle habits and clinical data. Identification of pre-diabetes or diabetes in TB patients was done in accordance to parameters set by the American Diabetes Association (2016). RESULTS: Of 870 eligible TB patients, 831 (95.5%) participated in the study. Of those, 241 (29%; 95%CI: 25.9-32.1%) were prediabetic and 114 (13.7%; 95%CI: 11.4-16.1%) were found to have DM. The risk of DM was higher in patients belonging to the age group 40-64 years (OR 6.09; 95%CI 2.81-13.2); or the age group 65 years or older (OR 2.65; 95%CI 1.65-4.25) or who have a family history of DM (OR 2.71; 95%CI 1.33-5.50). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated high prevalence of DM and prediabetes among TB patients in Hanoi, Vietnam. National Tuberculosis Programme needs to establish a systematic screening process for DM among TB patients.

Measuring catastrophic costs due to tuberculosis in Viet Nam.

INTRODUCTION: Progress towards ending tuberculosis (TB) in Viet Nam includes monitoring the costs borne by patients through periodic facility-based surveys. OBJECTIVE: To document the magnitude of costs incurred by TB-affected households and establish a baseline for the top End TB indicator in Viet Nam. METHODS: A national survey with retrospective data collection and projection among 735 participants in 20 stratified clusters was conducted in 2016. Each patient was interviewed on costs, time loss, coping measures and asset ownership. Total costs were expressed as a proportion of annual household income. RESULTS: In Viet Nam, 63% of households affected by TB or multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) experienced costs that were >20% of their annual household income. The mean patient costs were respectively US$1054 and US$4302 per episode of TB and MDR-TB. The most significant drivers of mean costs were income loss reported and purchase of special foods, nutritional supplements, travel and accommodation. CONCLUSION: The proportion of households experiencing catastrophic total costs due to TB in Viet Nam is high, which poses a barrier to TB diagnosis and treatment. Based on study results, programme and partners need to identify key areas for policy action and work towards a national policy guide on intervention to reduce TB patient costs.

Economic burden of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: a multicenter study across Vietnamese regions.

SETTING: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a major worldwide health problem. Various studies have been conducted on the cost of MDR-TB treatment; however, this has remained largely unexplored in Viet Nam. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the total cost of MDR-TB treatment at several health care facilities in Viet Nam. DESIGN: A prospective, prevalence-based study was conducted at three selected centers from March to June 2016 in 204 patients, 102 of whom were treated for 9 months and 102 for 20 months. Direct medical costs were calculated using electronic hospital databases, while a questionnaire was used to interview participants for evaluating direct non-medical and indirect costs. Total costs were estimated from a societal perspective in 2017 USD. RESULTS: Patients were mostly males aged 25-44 years. The average length of hospitalization in the 9-month treatment group was 168 ± 127 days; in the 20-month group, it was 671 ± 119 days. The average treatment cost for MDR-TB was respectively US$1480.34 ± 211.61 and US$2695.58 ± 294.98 for the 9- and 20-month treatment groups. Direct medical costs generally accounted for the highest proportion of the total costs, while the cost of pharmaceuticals and materials comprised the highest direct cost. CONCLUSION: There was a significant difference in total costs among the three hospitals in the 9- and 20-month treatment groups.

Prevalence of latent tuberculous infection among adults in the general population of Ca Mau, Viet Nam.

SETTING: The study was conducted in a randomly selected sample of persons aged 15 years living in Ca Mau Province, southern Viet Nam. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) in the general adult population of this province of Viet Nam. The secondary objective was to examine age and sex differences in prevalence. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a cluster-random sample of the population. Clusters were subcommunes. The presence of LTBI was assessed using the QuantiFERON®-TB Gold In-Tube test system. RESULTS: QuantiFERON tests were performed among 1319 persons aged 15 years (77.7% of those selected). The overall prevalence of positive tests was 36.8% (95%CI 33.4-40.3). The prevalence of a positive test was lower in females than in males (31.0% vs. 44.7%, OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.45-0.72, P < 0.0001). The prevalence of positive tests increased with increasing age quintile (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: More than one third of the general adult population in a province in southern Viet Nam have evidence of LTBI. Although LTBI prevalence is higher in males, the sex difference is not as great as that for TB notification rates.

Latent tuberculous infection in household contacts of multidrug-resistant and newly diagnosed tuberculosis.

BACKGROUND: Differences in the prevalence of latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and tuberculosis (TB) disease among contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) and drug-susceptible TB are not well understood. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity in household contacts of patients with MDR-TB and in contacts of patients never previously treated for TB ('new TB'). DESIGN: Consecutive patients with MDR-TB and their household contacts at nine urban district clinics in Viet Nam were screened for TB and LTBI, and followed up for 6 months. LTBI was defined as a TST result of at least 10 mm. RESULTS: A total of 167 patients with TB and their 337 household contacts were recruited. A total of 167/180 (25.8%) contacts of new TB patients and 60/147 (40.8%) contacts of MDR-TB patients were TST-positive (odds ratio [OR] 2.0, 95%CI 1.3-3.2). Contacts of MDR-TB patients were more likely to have baseline chest radiograph findings consistent with TB (OR 2.6, 95%CI 1.4-5.0). CONCLUSION: Contacts of MDR-TB patients have a high risk of developing TB. Measures to reduce Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission and accelerate the detection of disease among high-risk contacts should be prioritised to curb the MDR-TB epidemic.

The effect of household poverty on tuberculosis.

pSETTING: Households in Malawi, Mongolia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Rwanda, Tanzania, Viet Nam and Zambia.OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between household socio-economic level, both relative and absolute, and individual tuberculosis (TB) disease. DESIGN: We analysed national TB prevalence surveys from eight countries individually and in pooled multicountry models. Socio-economic level (SEL) was measured in terms of both relative household position and absolute wealth. The outcome of interest was whether or not an individual had TB disease. Logistic regression models were used to control for putative risk factors for TB disease such as age, sex and previous treatment history. RESULTS: Overall, a strong and consistent association between household SEL and individual TB disease was not found. Significant results were found in four individual country models, with the lowest socio-economic quintile being associated with higher TB risk in Mongolia, Myanmar, Tanzania and Viet Nam. CONCLUSIONS: TB prevalence surveys are designed to assess prevalence of disease and, due to the small numbers of cases usually detected, may not be the most efficient means of investigating TB risk factors. Different designs are needed, including measuring the SEL of individuals in nested case-control studies within TB prevalence surveys or among TB patients seeking treatment in health care facilities.

Successfully treated but not fit for purpose: paying attention to chronic lung impairment after TB treatment.

In 2013, 86% of patients with newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) successfully completed treatment and were discharged from care. However, long-term studies in industrialised and resource-poor countries all point to a higher risk of death in TB survivors than in the general population. The likely explanation is chronic restrictive and obstructive lung disease consequent to TB. We call for better linkages between TB control programmes and respiratory medicine services, a better understanding of the burden of respiratory disability at the end of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and political, programmatic, clinical and research action to improve the quality of life of affected patients.

Collaborative activities and treatment outcomes in patients with HIV-associated tuberculosis in Viet Nam.

SETTING: The National Tuberculosis (TB) Programme in Viet Nam and Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC). OBJECTIVES: To determine 1) at national level between 2011 and 2013, the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing, uptake of TB-HIV interventions and adverse treatment outcomes among TB-HIV patients; and 2) in HCMC in 2013, patient characteristics associated with adverse outcomes. DESIGN: An ecological study reviewing aggregate nationwide data and a retrospective cohort review in HCMC. RESULTS: Nationwide, from 2011 to 2013, HIV testing increased in TB patients from 58% to 68% and antiretroviral therapy (ART) increased in TB-HIV patients from 54% to 63%. Adverse treatment outcomes in TB-HIV patients increased from 24% to 27%, largely due to transfer out (5-9% increase) and death. The Northern and Highland regions showed poor uptake of TB-HIV interventions. In HCMC, 303 (27%) of 1110 TB-HIV patients had adverse outcomes, with higher risks observed in those with previously treated TB, those diagnosed as HIV-positive before TB onset and those never placed on cotrimoxazole or ART. CONCLUSION: Despite improving HIV testing rates and TB-HIV interventions, adverse outcomes in TB-HIV patients remain at about 26%. Characteristics predicting higher risk of adverse outcomes must be addressed if Viet Nam wishes to end the TB epidemic by 2030.

Contexte : Le programme national tuberculose (TB) au Viet Nam et à Ho Chi Minh ville (HCMC).Objectifs : Déterminer 1) au niveau national entre 2011 et 2013, la relation entre le test pour le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH), l'utilisation des interventions TB-VIH et les mauvais résultats du traitement de la TB parmi les patients TB-VIH, et 2) à HCMC en 2013, les caractéristiques des patients associées à un mauvais résultat.Schéma : Une étude écologique revoyant les données nationales agrégées et une étude de cohorte rétrospective dans HCMC.Résultats : Au niveau national, le test VIH est passé de 58% à 68% chez les patients tuberculeux et le traitement antirétroviral (ART) est passé chez les patients TB-VIH de 54% à 63% entre 2011 et 2013. Les mauvais résultats du traitement chez les patients TB-VIH ont augmenté de 24% à 27%, largement à cause des transferts (de 5% à 9%) et des décès. Les régions du Nord et des Highlands ont montré une faible utilisation des interventions TB-VIH. A HCMC, 303 (27%) patients TB-VIH sur 1110 ont eu un mauvais résultat avec un risque plus élevé observé parmi ceux qui avaient déjà eu un traitement de TB, ceux dont le diagnostic de VIH précédait l'apparition de la TB et ceux qui n'avaient jamais bénéficié du traitement par cotrimoxazole et de l'ART.Conclusion : En dépit de meilleurs taux de tests VIH et d'interventions TB-VIH, près de 26% des patients TB-VIH ont de mauvais résultats du traitement de la TB. Les facteurs de prédiction d'un risque plus élevé de mauvais résultats doivent être pris en compte si le Viet Nam souhaite mettre fin à l'épidémie de TB d'ici 2030.

Marco de referencia: El Programa Nacional contra la Tuberculosis (TB) en Viet Nam y la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh.Objetivos: 1) Definir a escala nacional la relación entre la aceptación de la prueba diagnóstica de la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), las intervenciones conjuntas contra la TB y el VIH y los desenlaces desfavorables del tratamiento antituberculoso en pacientes aquejados de esta coinfección, del 2011 y el 2013; y 2) determinar las características de los pacientes que se asocian con los desenlaces terapéuticos adversos en la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh.Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio ecológico, en el cual se examinaron los datos nacionales agregados y un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes en la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh.Resultados: A escala nacional, del 2011 al 2013 se observó un aumento de 58% a 68% en la práctica de la prueba del VIH a los pacientes con diagnóstico de TB y de 54% a 63% en la administración del tratamiento antirretrovírico (ART) a los pacientes coinfectados. Los desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables en los pacientes coinfectados aumentaron de 24% a 27%, debido sobre todo a las transferencias a otros centros (de 5% a 9%) y a los fallecimientos. En los regions del norte y Highland se observó una baja aceptación de las intervenciones conjuntas contra la TB y el VIH. En la ciudad de Ho Chi Minh, 303 de los 1110 pacientes coinfectados (27%) presentaron desenlaces adversos y el riesgo fue mayor en los pacientes con antecedente de tratamiento antituberculoso, en pacientes cuyo diagnóstico de infección por el VIH precedió el comienzo de la TB y en los pacientes que nunca se inscribieron al tratamiento con cotrimoxazol o ART.Conclusión: Pese a los progresos en la práctica de la prueba diagnóstica de la infección por el VIH y las intervenciones conjuntas contra la TB y el VIH, la tasa de desenlaces terapéuticos desfavorables alcanza un 26% en los pacientes coinfectados. Es preciso abordar los factores que favorecen el mayor riesgo de desenlaces adversos, si se desea poner fin a la epidemia de TB en el 2030 en Viet Nam.

Management and treatment outcomes of patients enrolled in MDR-TB treatment in Viet Nam.

SETTING: The programmatic management of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) in Viet Nam has been rapidly scaled up since 2009. OBJECTIVES: To document the annual numbers of patients enrolled for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) treatment during 2010-2014 and to determine characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients initiating treatment during 2010-2012. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study using national reports and data from the national electronic data system for drug-resistant TB. RESULTS: The number of patients enrolled annually for MDR-TB treatment increased from 97 in 2010 to 1522 in 2014. The majority of patients were middle-aged men who had pulmonary disease and had failed a retreatment regimen; 77% had received ⩾2 courses of TB treatment. Favourable outcomes (cured and treatment completed) were attained in 73% of patients. Unfavourable outcomes included loss to follow-up (12.5%), death (8%) and failure (6.3%). Having had ⩾2 previous treatment courses and being human immunodeficiency virus-positive were associated with unfavourable outcomes. CONCLUSION: Increasing numbers of patients are being treated for MDR-TB each year with good treatment outcomes under national programme management in Viet Nam. However, there is a need to increase case detection-currently at 30% of the estimated 5100 MDR-TB cases per year, reduce adverse outcomes and improve monitoring and evaluation.

Contexte : La prise en charge de la tuberculose (TB) pharmacorésistante au Viet Nam a bénéficié d'une accélération considérable depuis 2009.Objectifs : Documenter le nombre annuel de patients enrôlés pour un traitement de TB multirésistante (TB-MDR) entre 2010 et 2014, et déterminer les caractéristiques et les résultats du traitement des patients qui l'out commencé entre 2010 et 2012.Schéma : Etude rétrospective de cohorte basée sur les rapports nationaux et les données du système national de données électroniques pour la TB pharmacorésistante.Résultats : Le nombre de patients enrôlés chaque année pour traitement de TB-MDR a augmenté de 97 en 2010 à 1522 en 2014. La majorité des patients étaient des hommes d'âge moyen qui avaient une atteinte pulmonaire et chez qui un protocole de retraitement avait échoué ; 77% d'entre eux avaient reçu au moins deux traitements de TB. De bons résultats (guérison et achèvement du traitement) ont été obtenus chez 73% des patients. Les résultats défavorables incluaient les sujets perdus de vue (12,5%), les décès (8%) et les échecs (6,3%). Avoir eu plus de deux traitements préalables et être positif pour le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine étaient associés à des résultats défavorables.Conclusion : Un nombre croissant de patients est traité pour TB-MDR chaque année dans le cadre du programme national de prise en charge au Viet Nam, avec de bons résultats. Cependant, il est nécessaire d'augmenter la détection des cas (actuellement seulement 30% des 5100 cas de TB-MDR estimés par an), de réduire la proportion de résultats défavorables et d'améliorer le suivi et l'évaluation.

Marco de referencia: Desde el 2009, se ha ampliado rápidamente la escala del tratamiento de la tuberculosis (TB) farmacorresistente en el marco del programa nacional de Viet Nam.Objetivos: Documentar el número de pacientes inscritos cada año en el tratamiento de la TB multidrogorresistente (TB-MDR) del 2010 al 2014 y determinar los desenlaces terapéuticos y sus características en los pacientes que iniciaron tratamiento del 2010 al 2012.Método: Fue este un estudio retrospectivo de cohortes a partir de los registros y los datos del sistema electrónico nacional de datos sobre la TB farmacorresistente.Resultados: El número de pacientes incorporados cada año al tratamiento de la TB-MDR aumentó de 97 en el 2010 a 1522 en el 2014. En su mayoría, se trató de hombres de mediana edad con afectación pulmonar, en quienes había fracasado una pauta de retratamiento y de los cuales el 77% había recibido dos o más ciclos de tratamiento antituberculoso. El 73% de pacientes alcanzó desenlaces favorables (curación y compleción del tratamiento). Los desenlaces desfavorables observados fueron la pérdida durante el seguimiento (12,5%), la muerte (8%) y el fracaso terapéutico (6,3%). El hecho de haber recibido dos o más ciclos de tratamiento antituberculoso y la positividad frente al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana se asociaron con los desenlaces desfavorables.Conclusión: Cada año, un mayor número de pacientes recibe tratamiento por TB-MDR en el marco del programa nacional contra la TB y alcanza desenlaces terapéuticos favorables en Viet Nam. Sin embargo, es preciso aumentar la detección de casos (que alcanza actualmente el 30% de los 5100 casos estimados de TB-MDR por año), disminuir los desenlaces desfavorables y mejorar el seguimiento y la evaluación.

The role of macroscopic sputum quality assessments to optimise sputum testing for tuberculosis.

SETTING: Community-wide active case finding for tuberculosis (TB) using Xpert® MTB/RIF as the primary screening tool, Ca Mau Province, Viet Nam. OBJECTIVES: To determine whether macroscopic sputum quality characteristics (sputum colour and volume) can be used to predict Xpert MTB-negative sputum and hence exclude sputum samples from testing. DESIGN: Field staff conducted household visits to approximately 51,200 adults in 58 villages randomly selected from throughout the province. Sputum samples from all screened participants who were able to produce ⩾1 ml sputum underwent macroscopic sputum assessment and were tested with Xpert. RESULTS: Of the 21,624 sputum samples tested, 159 (0.74%) were Xpert MTB-positive; 93% of the samples were 1-2 ml and nearly all were mucoid (93%) or mucopurulent (5.7%). One salivary sample was Xpert MTB-positive (2.0% of all salivary samples). The lowest positive predictive value for any sputum volume or colour characteristic was 0.66%. This was not substantially different from the overall prevalence of positive sputum Xpert MTB (0.74%). CONCLUSION: Sputum colour and volume cannot be used to predict the presence or absence of M. tuberculosis in sputum detected using Xpert. These sputum quality parameters cannot therefore be used to exclude sputum samples from testing for TB.

The effects of placing an operational research fellow within the Viet Nam National Tuberculosis Programme.

In April 2009, an operational research fellow was placed within the Viet Nam National Tuberculosis Control Programme (NTP). Over the 6 years from 2010 to 2015, the OR fellow co-authored 21 tuberculosis research papers (as principal author in 15 [71%]). This constituted 23% of the 91 tuberculosis papers published in Viet Nam during this period. Of the 21 published papers, 16 (76%) contributed to changes in policy (n = 8) and practice (n = 8), and these in turn improved programme performance. Many papers also contributed important evidence for better programme planning. Highly motivated OR fellows embedded within NTPs can facilitate high-quality research and research uptake.

En avril 2009, un responsable de recherche opérationnelle (RO) a été placé au sein du Programme national de Lutte contre la Tuberculose (PNT) du Viet Nam. Au cours de 6 ans, de 2010 à 2015, ce responsable a été le co-auteur de 21 articles de recherche relative à la tuberculose (et comme auteur principal pour 15 articles [71%]), et ceci a constitué 23% des 91 articles publiés sur la tuberculose au Viet Nam pendant cette période. Sur les 21 articles publiés, 16 (76%) ont contribué à changer la politique (n = 8) et les pratiques (n = 8), et ceci à son tour a amélioré la performance du PNT. De nombreux articles ont également contribué dans une manière importante à une meilleure planification du PNT. Des responsables de RO très motivés incorporés au sein des PNT peuvent faciliter une recherche de qualité élevée et l'adoption de recherche.

En abril del 2009 se asignó un becario en investigación operativa al Programa Nacional de Control de la Tuberculosis (PNT) de Viet Nam. Durante un período de 6 años, del 2010 al 2015, el becario fue coautor de 21 artículos de investigación sobre tuberculose (primer autor en 15 de ellos [71%]), que representaron el 23% de los 91 artículos publicados sobre el tema en Viet Nam durante este período. De los 21 artículos publicados, 16 (76%) contribuyeron a una modificación de las políticas (n = 8) y las prácticas (n = 8) y estas innovaciones mejoraron el desempeño del PNT. Muchos artículos aportaron además datos importantes para optimizar la planeación del PNT. La incorporación a los PNT de becarios en investigación operativa, muy motivados, favorece la realización de investigaciones de gran calidad y la aplicación práctica de sus resultados.

The fourth national anti-tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Viet Nam.

SETTING: Viet Nam's Fourth National Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance Survey was conducted in 2011. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of resistance to the four main first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs in Viet Nam. METHODS: Eighty clusters were selected using a probability proportion to size approach. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) against the four main first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs was performed. RESULTS: A total of 1629 smear-positive tuberculosis (TB) patients were eligible for culture. Of these, DST results were available for 1312 patients, including 1105 new TB cases, 195 previously treated TB cases and 12 cases with an unknown treatment history. The proportion of cases with resistance to any drug was 32.7% (95%CI 29.1-36.5) among new cases and 54.2% (95%CI 44.3-63.7) among previously treated cases. The proportion of multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) cases was 4.0% (95%CI 2.5-5.4) in new cases and 23.3 (95%CI 16.7-29.9) in previously treated cases. CONCLUSIONS: The fourth drug resistance survey in Viet Nam found that the proportion of MDR-TB among new and previously treated cases was not significantly different from that in the 2005 survey. The National TB Programme should prioritise the detection and treatment of MDR-TB to reduce transmission of MDR-TB in the community.

The Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative for public health programmes.

In 2009, the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union) and Médecins sans Frontières Brussels-Luxembourg (MSF) began developing an outcome-oriented model for operational research training. In January 2013, The Union and MSF joined with the Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) at the World Health Organization (WHO) to form an initiative called the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT). This integrates the training of public health programme staff with the conduct of operational research prioritised by their programme. SORT IT programmes consist of three one-week workshops over 9 months, with clearly-defined milestones and expected output. This paper describes the vision, objectives and structure of SORT IT programmes, including selection criteria for applicants, the research projects that can be undertaken within the time frame, the programme structure and milestones, mentorship, the monitoring and evaluation of the programmes and what happens beyond the programme in terms of further research, publications and the setting up of additional training programmes. There is a growing national and international need for operational research and related capacity building in public health. SORT IT aims to meet this need by advocating for the output-based model of operational research training for public health programme staff described here. It also aims to secure sustainable funding to expand training at a global and national level. Finally, it could act as an observatory to monitor and evaluate operational research in public health. Criteria for prospective partners wishing to join SORT IT have been drawn up.

En 2009, L'Union Internationale contre la Tuberculose et les Maladies pulmonaires (L'Union) et Médecins sans Frontières Bruxelles-Luxembourg (MSF) ont commencé à élaborer un modèle orienté par les résultats pour la formation en recherche opérationnelle. En janvier 2013, l'Union et MSF ont rejoint le Programme Spécial de Recherche et de Formation des Maladies Tropicales (TDR) à l'OMS pour former une initiative baptisée « The Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative (SORT IT) ¼ [Initiative structurée de recherche opérationnelle et de formation]. Celle-ci intègre la formation du personnel des programmes de santé publique et la conduite de recherche opérationnelle en fonction des priorités de leur programme. Les programmes SORT IT consistent en trois ateliers d'une semaine, étalés sur 9 mois, avec des étapes bien définies et des résultats attendus. Cet article décrit la vision, les objectifs et la structure des programmes SORT IT, notamment les critères de sélection des candidats, les projets de recherche qui peuvent être entrepris dans le temps imparti, la structure et les étapes du programme, le tutorat, le suivi et l'évaluation des programmes et les suites du programme en termes de recherche ultérieure, de publications et de conception/mise en œuvre de programmes de formation supplémentaire. Il y a un besoin croissant, national et international, de recherche opérationnelle et de renforcement des capacités dans ce domaine en santé publique. SORT IT vise à répondre à ce besoin en plaidant pour un modèle de formation en recherche opérationnelle basé sur les résultats du personnel de santé publique décrit ici. Il vise également à sécuriser un financement pérenne pour la formation des experts au niveau mondial et national. Enfin, il pourrait servir d'observatoire de suivi et d'évaluation de la recherche opérationnelle en santé publique. Les critères de recrutement de nouveaux partenaires potentiels qui souhaitent rejoindre SORT IT ont été élaborés.

En el 2009, La Unión contra la Tuberculosis y las Enfermedades Respiratorias (La Unión) y Médecins sans Frontières de Bruselas y Luxemburgo comenzaron a desarrollar un modelo de capacitación en investigación operativa orientada por los resultados. En enero del 2013, ambas organizaciones se unieron a un Programa Especial de Investigación y Capacitación en Enfermedades Tropicales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), con el fin de poner en marcha una iniciativa denominada SORT IT (acrónimo por the Structured Operational Research and Training Initiative, Iniciativa de Capacitación Estructurada en Investigación Operativa). Esta iniciativa articula la capacitación del personal del programa de salud pública con la realización de una investigación operativa a la cual su propio programa atribuye una prioridad. Los programas SORT IT consisten en tres talleres de una semana cada uno, durante un período de nueve meses, cuyos objetivos principales y productos se definen muy claramente. En el presente artículo se describen la visión, los objetivos y la estructura de los programas SORT IT, incluidos los criterios de selección de los solicitantes, los proyectos de investigación que se pueden emprender dentro del tiempo asignado, los objetivos principales y la estructura del programa, la tutoría, el seguimiento y la evaluación de los programas y lo que puede realizarse después del programa, como las futuras investigaciones, las publicaciones y la organización de otros programas de capacitación. Existe una necesidad creciente de investigación operativa y de creación de capacidades conexas en materia de salud pública a escala nacional e internacional. La iniciativa SORT IT busca satisfacer estas necesidades, mediante la promoción del modelo de capacitación en investigación operativa orientada por los resultados que dirige al personal del programa de salud pública descrito aquí. También busca lograr un financiamiento sostenible con el fin de ampliar la capacitación a escala nacional y mundial. Por último, la iniciativa podría tener una función de observatorio encargado de evaluar la investigación operativa en salud pública. Se redactaron asimismo los criterios dirigidos a los futuros asociados que deseen unirse a la iniciativa SORT IT.

First national tuberculin survey in Viet Nam: characteristics and association with tuberculosis prevalence.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the annual risk of tuberculous infection (ARTI) and to compare this with the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) over study clusters and households. METHODS: A nationwide, stratified cluster sample survey was carried out in 2006-2007 in Viet Nam to assess the prevalence of infection with M. tuberculosis. A representative sample of children aged 6-14 years underwent a tuberculin skin test (TST) using the Mantoux method. RESULTS: Of 23,160 children registered, 21,487 (92.8%) were tested and read and available for analysis. Using a cut-off point of 10 mm, the estimated prevalence of TST positivity was 16.7%, and the ARTI was 1.7% (95%CI 1.5-1.8). Higher infection rates were found in urban than in rural and remote areas, and infection rates increased with age. There was significant association between the prevalence of TB disease and infection at the cluster level (regression coefficient 0.54, 95%CI 0.06-1.01, P = 0.027, correlation coefficient R(2) 0.120). Children with a (recent) case of TB in the household were 1.6 times more likely to be TST-positive than children in households with no recent cases (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The estimated nationwide ARTI was 1.7%. TST positivity was associated with the presence of a TB case in the household.

Free tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment are not enough: patient cost evidence from three continents.

SETTING: The National Tuberculosis Programs of Ghana, Viet Nam and the Dominican Republic. OBJECTIVE: To assess the direct and indirect costs of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis and treatment for patients and households. DESIGN: Each country translated and adapted a structured questionnaire, the Tool to Estimate Patients' Costs. A random sample of new adult patients treated for at least 1 month was interviewed in all three countries. RESULTS: Across the countries, 27-70% of patients stopped working and experienced reduced income, 5-37% sold property and 17-47% borrowed money due to TB. Hospitalisation costs (US$42-118) and additional food items formed the largest part of direct costs during treatment. Average total patient costs (US$538-1268) were equivalent to approximately 1 year of individual income. CONCLUSION: We observed similar patterns and challenges of TB-related costs for patients across the three countries. We advocate for global, united action for TB patients to be included under social protection schemes and for national TB programmes to improve equitable access to care.

Changes in body weight and tuberculosis treatment outcome in Viet Nam.

SETTING: National Tuberculosis Programme, Viet Nam, 2008. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between changes in body weight and tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcome. METHODS: All treatment cards of patients from a sample of 30 randomly selected treatment units in the country were analysed. RESULTS: Of 2609 patients, 2506 (96.1%) had a successful treatment outcome. The median body weight of all patients at diagnosis was 46.0 kg (25th and 75th percentiles 41-51). New sputum smear-positive TB patients with a successful treatment outcome gained an average of 2.6 kg during treatment. Patients with weight loss during the first 2 months of treatment were more likely to have an unsuccessful outcome than patients without (OR 4.9, 95%CI 3.0-7.9). Patients weighing <40 kg at treatment start who gained more than 5% of their body weight after 2 months of treatment had a significantly smaller risk of an unsuccessful treatment outcome than patients who did not (OR 0.2, 95%CI 0.05-0.96). CONCLUSIONS: Patients failing to gain weight or losing weight, particularly during the first 2 months of treatment, require particular attention, as they appear to be at an increased risk of unsuccessful treatment outcome.

Yield of interview screening and chest X-ray abnormalities in a tuberculosis prevalence survey.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) prevalence surveys generally rely on a combination of screening methods to identify suspects eligible for sputum culture. OBJECTIVE: To assess the yield of screening methods applied in a recent prevalence survey in Viet Nam and estimate the proportion of TB cases missed due to incomplete participation. METHODS: TB suspects were identified based on self-reported TB history or productive cough by interview and chest X-ray (CXR). We calculated the case yield of these two screening methods by dividing the number of cases detected per method by the total number of cases detected. As not all participants underwent the full screening procedure, we recalculated the maximum yield of the screening methods using multiple imputation methods. RESULTS: The yield from screening by interview and CXR were respectively 38% and 91%. Adjusting for missing data by multiple imputation, we estimated that we missed 9.9% (95%CI 6.8-14.2) of expected TB cases. CONCLUSION: In prevalence surveys, screening by pre-structured interview is insufficient, and should be supplemented with CXR to achieve sufficient identification of TB cases. The effect of incomplete participation in the full screening procedure may be substantial and should be adjusted for in the analysis.