Focus on time: dynamic imaging reveals stretch-dependent cell relaxation and nuclear deformation.

Among the stimuli to which cells are exposed in vivo, it has been shown that tensile deformations induce specific cellular responses in musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and stromal tissues. However, the early response of cells to sustained substrate-based stretch has remained elusive because of the short timescale at which it occurs. To measure the tensile mechanical properties of adherent cells immediately after the application of substrate deformations, we have developed a dynamic traction force microscopy method that enables subsecond temporal resolution imaging of transient subcellular events. The system employs a novel, to our knowledge, tracking approach with minimal computational overhead to compensate substrate-based, stretch-induced motion/drift of stretched single cells in real time, allowing capture of biophysical phenomena on multiple channels by fluorescent multichannel imaging on a single camera, thus avoiding the need for beam splitting with the associated loss of light. Using this tool, we have characterized the transient subcellular forces and nuclear deformations of single cells immediately after the application of equibiaxial strain. Our experiments reveal significant differences in the cell relaxation dynamics and in the intracellular propagation of force to the nuclear compartment in cells stretched at different strain rates and exposes the need for time control for the correct interpretation of dynamic cell mechanics experiments.

Tendon response to matrix unloading is determined by the patho-physiological niche.

Although the molecular mechanisms behind tendon disease remain obscure, aberrant stromal matrix turnover and tissue hypervascularity are known hallmarks of advanced tendinopathy. We harness a tendon explant model to unwind complex cross-talk between the stromal and vascular tissue compartments. We identify the hypervascular tendon niche as a state-switch that gates degenerative matrix remodeling within the tissue stroma. Here pathological conditions resembling hypervascular tendon disease provoke rapid cell-mediated tissue breakdown upon mechanical unloading, in contrast to unloaded tendons that remain functionally stable in physiological low-oxygen/-temperature niches. Analyses of the stromal tissue transcriptome and secretome reveal that a stromal niche with elevated tissue oxygenation and temperature drives a ROS mediated cellular stress response that leads to adoption of an immune-modulatory phenotype within the degrading stromal tissue. Degradomic analysis further reveals a surprisingly rich set of active matrix proteases behind the progressive loss of tissue mechanics. We conclude that the tendon stromal compartment responds to aberrant mechanical unloading in a manner that is highly dependent on the vascular niche, with ROS gating a complex proteolytic breakdown of the functional collagen backbone.

The Protein Mat(ters)-Revealing the Biologically Relevant Mechanical Contribution of Collagen- and Fibronectin-Coated Micropatterns.

Understanding cell-material interactions requires accurate characterization of the substrate mechanics, which are generally measured by indentation-type atomic force microscopy. To facilitate cell-substrate interaction, model extracellular matrix coatings are used although their tensile mechanical properties are generally unknown. In this study, beyond standard compressive stiffness estimation, we performed a novel tensile mechanical characterization of collagen- and fibronectin-micropatterned polyacrylamide hydrogels. We further demonstrate the impact of the protein mat on the tensile stiffness characterization of adherent cells. To our knowledge, our study is the first to uncover direction-dependent mechanical behavior of the protein coatings and to demonstrate that it affects cellular response relative to substrate mechanics.

The relationship between metastatic potential and in vitro mechanical properties of osteosarcoma cells.

Osteosarcoma is the most frequent primary tumor of bone and is characterized by its high tendency to metastasize in lungs. Although treatment in cases of early diagnosis results in a 5-yr survival rate of nearly 60%, the prognosis for patients with secondary lesions at diagnosis is poor, and their 5-yr survival rate remains below 30%. In the present work, we have used a number of analytical methods to investigate the impact of increased metastatic potential on the biophysical properties and force generation of osteosarcoma cells. With that aim, we used two paired osteosarcoma cell lines, with each one comprising a parental line with low metastatic potential and its experimentally selected, highly metastatic form. Mechanical characterization was performed by means of atomic force microscopy, tensile biaxial deformation, and real-time deformability, and cell traction was measured using two-dimensional and micropost-based traction force microscopy. Our results reveal that the low metastatic osteosarcoma cells display larger spreading sizes and generate higher forces than the experimentally selected, highly malignant variants. In turn, the outcome of cell stiffness measurements strongly depends on the method used and the state of the probed cell, indicating that only a set of phenotyping methods provides the full picture of cell mechanics.

Biomaterial surface energy-driven ligand assembly strongly regulates stem cell mechanosensitivity and fate on very soft substrates.

Although mechanisms of cell-material interaction and cellular mechanotransduction are increasingly understood, the mechanical insensitivity of mesenchymal cells to certain soft amorphous biomaterial substrates has remained largely unexplained. We reveal that surface energy-driven supramolecular ligand assembly can regulate mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) sensing of substrate mechanical compliance and subsequent cell fate. Human MSCs were cultured on collagen-coated hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and hydrophilic polyethylene-oxide-PDMS (PEO-PDMS) of a range of stiffnesses. Although cell contractility was similarly diminished on soft substrates of both types, cell spreading and osteogenic differentiation occurred only on soft PDMS and not hydrophilic PEO-PDMS (elastic modulus <1 kPa). Substrate surface energy yields distinct ligand topologies with accordingly distinct profiles of recruited transmembrane cell receptors and related focal adhesion signaling. These differences did not differentially regulate Rho-associated kinase activity, but nonetheless regulated both cell spreading and downstream differentiation.

High-resolution traction force microscopy on small focal adhesions - improved accuracy through optimal marker distribution and optical flow tracking.

The accurate determination of cellular forces using Traction Force Microscopy at increasingly small focal attachments to the extracellular environment presents an important yet substantial technical challenge. In these measurements, uncertainty regarding accuracy is prominent since experimental calibration frameworks at this size scale are fraught with errors - denying a gold standard against which accuracy of TFM methods can be judged. Therefore, we have developed a simulation platform for generating synthetic traction images that can be used as a benchmark to quantify the influence of critical experimental parameters and the associated errors. Using this approach, we show that TFM accuracy can be improved >35% compared to the standard approach by placing fluorescent beads as densely and closely as possible to the site of applied traction. Moreover, we use the platform to test tracking algorithms based on optical flow that measure deformation directly at the beads and show that these can dramatically outperform classical particle image velocimetry algorithms in terms of noise sensitivity and error. We then report how optimized experimental and numerical strategy can improve traction map accuracy, and further provide the best available benchmark to date for defining practical limits to TFM accuracy as a function of focal adhesion size.