Exercise-Induced Transient Oxidative Stress Is Mitigated in Down Syndrome: Insights About Redox Balance and Muscle Strength.

ABSTRACT: Reis, AL, Deus, LA, Neves, RVP, Corrêa, HL Reis, TL, Aguiar, LS Honorato, FS, Barbosa, JMS, Araújo, TB, Palmeira, TRC, Simões, HG, Prestes, J, Sousa, CV, Ide, BN, and Rosa, TdS. Exercise-induced transient oxidative stress is mitigated in Down syndrome: insights about redox balance and muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e125-e34, 2024-This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a session of resistance exercise (RE) performed with elastic tubes on the redox balance and inflammatory profile in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Subjects ( n = 23) were allocated into 2 groups: individuals with DS (DS; n = 11) and individuals without DS (WDS; n = 12), who performed an acute RE session. Diagnostic assessment included medical history, anthropometric measures (body height, body mass, body mass index, and body composition assessment), biological collections, muscle strength assessments (handgrip and maximal voluntary isometric contraction tests), and exercises. The redox balance and inflammatory profile were assessed in urine and saliva samples before and after an acute RE session. There were no differences between WDS and DS groups for body composition ( p > 0.05). The DS group presented higher values pre and post an acute RE session with elastic tubes for oxidative and proinflammatory markers compared with WDS ( p < 0.05). Uric acid values increased from pre-acute RE session to post-acute RE session for WDS ( p < 0.0001). No differences were identified within groups for the delta analysis ( p > 0.05). Inverse correlations were found between total force and F2-isoprostane, 8OHdG, uric acid, allantoin, IL-6, TNF-α, and the TNF-α:IL-10 ratio. A positive correlation was found between IL-10 and total force. The DS group presented increased peak force in the knee extension and elbow flexion exercises (∼25 and 12%, respectively) but decreases in handgrip strength of ∼7%. The WDS group showed higher peak force values for knee extension, elbow flexion, and handgrip (∼16, 10, and 14%, respectively). The DS group had lower transient elevation of oxidative stress after an acute RE session compared with WDS. Oxidative stress and inflammation responses of DS to an acute RE session with elastic tubes may be insufficient to induce health adaptations for the same relative load compared with WDS.

Could cardiac autonomic modulation be an objective method to identify hypobaric hypoxia symptoms at 25.000ft among Brazilian military airmen?

Hypobaric hypoxia during a flight can cause accidents, resulting in deaths. Heart rate variability may be more sensitive than self-reported hypoxia symptoms to the effects of HH. The level of physical fitness can contribute to efficient cardiac autonomic modulation. However, no studies have examined the association between fitness, heart rate variability, and the time of onset of hypobaric hypoxia symptoms. To analyze the influence of hypobaric hypoxia on cardiac autonomic function at the time of onset of the first symptoms and its association with physical fitness. Male airmen trained and belonging to the staff of the Brazilian Air Force (n = 23; 30 ± 6.7 years) participated in a flight simulation in a 25.000 ft hypobaric chamber. Heart rate variability was recorded with a Polar® cardiac monitor. Data were analyzed in the time-domain method using Kubios software. We evaluated pulse oximetry with the Mindray PM-60 oximeter. Physical fitness assessment test results were collected from the archive. At moments rest vs. hypoxia revealed a decrease in heart rate variability indices iRR and RMSSD (p < 0.001). The individual analysis of hypoxia-rest variation showed that 100% of the airmen had a negative delta for both iRR and RMSSD indices. The time of onset of hypoxia symptoms was not associated with body composition, physical fitness, oxygen saturation, and HRV indices. Also, we suggest that cardiac autonomic modulation seems to be more sensitive to the effects of hypobaric hypoxia at 25.000 ft than the self-reported subjective perception of symptoms. Further devices that alert to a hypoxic condition during a flight should consider heart rate variability allowing more time and security to reestablish control of the flight.

A systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrating Klotho as an emerging exerkine.

Klotho is an anti-aging protein with several therapeutic roles in the pathophysiology of different organs, such as the skeletal muscle and kidneys. Available evidence suggests that exercise increases Klotho levels, regardless of the condition or intervention, shedding some light on this anti-aging protein as an emergent and promising exerkine. Development of a systematic review and meta-analysis in order to verify the role of different exercise training protocols on the levels of circulating soluble Klotho (S-Klotho) protein. A systematic search of the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE through PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, CT.gov, and PEDro. Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials that investigated effects of exercise training on S-Klotho levels. We included 12 reports in the analysis, comprising 621 participants with age ranging from 30 to 65 years old. Klotho concentration increased significantly after chronic exercise training (minimum of 12 weeks) (Hedge' g [95%CI] 1.3 [0.69-1.90]; P < 0.0001). Moreover, exercise training increases S-Klotho values regardless of the health condition of the individual or the exercise intervention, with the exception of combined aerobic + resistance training. Furthermore, protocol duration and volume seem to influence S-Klotho concentration, since the effect of the meta-analysis changes when subgrouping these variables. Altogether, circulating S-Klotho protein is altered after chronic exercise training and it might be considered an exerkine. However, this effect may be influenced by different training configurations, including protocol duration, volume, and intensity.

Metabolic and hormonal responses to chronic blood-flow restricted resistance training in chronic kidney disease: a randomized trial.

Maintenance of glycemic and lipemic homeostasis can limit the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Resistance training (RT) is effective in controlling glycemia and lipemia in kidney disease; however, the effect of RT with blood flow restriction (RT+BFR) on these metabolic factors has not been investigated. We aimed to verify if chronic (6 months) RT and RT+BFR performed by patients with stage-2 chronic kidney disease (CKD) improves their glycemic homeostasis and immunometabolic profiles. Patients with CKD under conservative treatment (n = 105 (33 females)) from both sexes were randomized into control (n = 35 (11 females); age 57.6 ± 5.2 years), RT (n = 35 (12 females); age 58.0 ± 6.2 years), and RT+BFR (n = 35 (10 females); 58.0 ± 6.4 years) groups. Chronic RT or RT+BFR (6 months) was performed 3 times per week on non-consecutive days with training loading adjusted every 2 months, RT 50%-60%-70% of 1RM, and RT+BFR 30%-40%+50% of 1RM and fixed repetition number. Renal function was estimated with the glomerular filtration rate and serum albumin level. Metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory assessments were analyzed from blood samples. Six months of RT and RT+BFR were similarly effective in improving glucose homeostasis and hormone mediators of glucose uptake (e.g., irisin, adiponectin, and sirtuin-1), decreasing pro-inflammatory and fibrotic proteins, and attenuating the progression of estimated glomerular filtration rate. Thus, RT+BFR can be considered an additional exercise modality to be included in the treatment of patients with stage 2 chronic kidney disease. Trial registration number: U1111-1237-8231. URL: http://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-3gpg5w/, no. RBR-3gpg5w. Novelty: Glycemic regulation induced by resistance training prevents the progression of CKD. Chronic RT and RT+BFR promote similar changes in glycemic regulation. RT and RT+BFR can be considered as non-pharmacological tools for the treatment of CKD.

Modulus of Elasticity of Elastic Tubes Used in Neuromuscular Rehabilitation Programs.

CONTEXT: The elastic tubes have been used for clinical rehabilitation programs in which exercises are performed with submaximal intensities due to the difficulty in the measure the applied force. The authors aimed to quantify the elastic constant of elastic tubes used in neuromuscular rehabilitation programs predicting the force related to elastic tube elongation. A force test was performed by stretching the elastic tubes to determine the relationship between force and elongation. Eight elastic tubes with progressive levels of resistance represented by colors (yellow, red, blue, gray, black, grape, purple, and gold-low to higher resistance) were used. DESIGN: Experimental. METHODS: The test and retest were compared using the paired t test. The agreement and reliability between the test versus retest of pooled means colors were analyzed by plotting the Bland-Altman graph and intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of variation. Pearson correlation was used to verify the validity between measurements. RESULTS: The force values generated from the elastic tube elongation increase according to the color and thickness of elastic tubes with a strong and significant association between them (P < .0001). The elastic constant measurements were similar and presented high intraclass correlation coefficient values, low coefficient of variation values, and were reproducible (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: The force could be quantified according to elastic tube length variation by the linear regression equation with reproducibility. It gives greater measurement precision and better training load control when using elastic tubes in strength training programs.

Are Resistance Training-Induced BDNF in Hemodialysis Patients Associated with Depressive Symptoms, Quality of Life, Antioxidant Capacity, and Muscle Strength? An Insight for the Muscle-Brain-Renal Axis.

BACKGROUND: Hemodialysis patients are suffering from depressive symptoms. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels are negatively associated with depressive symptoms and decrease during a single hemodialysis session. Resistance training (RT) might be an additional non-pharmacological tool to increase BDNF and promote mental health. METHODS: Two randomized groups of hemodialysis patients: control (CTL, n = 76/F36; 66.33 ± 3.88 years) and RT (n = 81/F35; 67.27 ± 3.24 years). RT completed six months of training thrice a week under the supervision of strength and conditioning professional immediately before the dialysis session. Training loads were adjusted using the OMNI rating of perceived exertion. The total antioxidant capacity (TROLOX), glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), and BDNF levels were analyzed in serum samples. Quality of life (assessed through Medical Outcomes-SF36), and Beck Depression Inventory was applied. RESULTS: RT improved handgrip strength (21.17 ± 4.38 vs. 27.17 ± 4.34; p = 0.001) but not for CTL (20.09 ± 5.19 vs. 19.75 ± 5.54; p = 0.001). Post-training, RT group had higher values as compared to CTL related to TROLOX (RT,680.8 ± 225.2 vs. CTL,589.5 ± 195.9; p = 0.001) and GSH (RT, 9.33 ± 2.09 vs. CTL,5.00 ± 2.96; p = 0.001). RT group had lower values of TBARS as compared to CTL at post-training (RT, 11.06 ± 2.95 vs. CTL, 13.66 ± 2.62; p = 0.001). BDNF increased for RT (11.66 ± 5.20 vs. 19.60 ± 7.23; p = 0.001), but decreased for CTL (14.40 ± 4.99 vs. 10.84 ± 5.94; p = 0.001). Quality of life and mental health increased (p = 0.001) for RT, but did not change for CTL (p = 0.001). BDNF levels were associated with emotional dimensions of SF36, depressive symptoms, and handgrip (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: RT was effective as a non-pharmacological tool to increased BDNF levels, quality of life, temper the redox balance and decrease depressive symptoms intensity in hemodialysis patients.

Does the Combined Effect of Resistance Training with EPO and Iron Sulfate Improve Iron Metabolism in Older Individuals with End-Stage Renal Disease?

We sought to investigate the effects of resistance training (RT) combined with erythropoietin (EPO) and iron sulfate on the hemoglobin, hepcidin, ferritin, iron status, and inflammatory profile in older individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ESRD patients (n: 157; age: 66.8 ± 3.6; body mass: 73 ± 15; body mass index: 27 ± 3), were assigned to control (CTL; n: 76) and exercise groups (RT; n: 81). The CTL group was divided according to the iron treatment received: without iron treatment (CTL-none; n = 19), treated only with iron sulfate or EPO (CTL-EPO or IRON; n = 19), and treated with both iron sulfate and EPO (CTL-EPO + IRON; n = 76). The RT group followed the same pattern: (RT-none; n = 20), (RT-EPO or IRON; n = 18), and (RT-EPO + IRON; n = 86). RT consisted of 24 weeks/3 days per week at moderate intensity of full-body resistance exercises prior to the hemodialysis section. The RT group, regardless of the iron treatment, improved iron metabolism in older individuals with ESRD. These results provide some clues on the effects of RT and its combination with EPO and iron sulfate in this population, highlighting RT as an important coadjutant in ESRD-iron deficiency.

Improving the prognosis of renal patients: The effects of blood flow-restricted resistance training on redox balance and cardiac autonomic function.

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? Can resistance training with and without blood flow restriction improve redox balance and positively impact the autonomic cardiac modulation in chronic kidney disease patients? What is the main finding and its importance? Resistance training with and without blood flow restriction improved antioxidant defence (paraoxonase 1), decreased the pro-oxidative myeloperoxidase, improved cardiac autonomic function and slowed the decrease in renal function. We draw attention to the important clinical implications for the management of redox balance and autonomic cardiac function in chronic kidney disease patients. ABSTRACT: Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are prone to cardiovascular diseases secondary to abnormalities in both autonomic cardiac function and redox balance [myeloperoxidase (MPO) to paraoxonase 1 (PON1) ratio]. Although aerobic training improves both autonomic balance and redox balance in patients with CKD, the cardioprotective effects of resistance training (RT), with and without blood flow restriction (BFR), remain unknown. We aimed to compare the effects of RT and RT+BFR on antioxidant defence (PON1), pro-oxidative status (MPO), cardiac autonomic function (quantified by heart rate variability analysis) and renal function. Conservative CKD (stages 1 to 5 who do not need hemodialysis) patients (n = 105, 33 female) of both sexes were randomized into three groups: control (CTL; 57.6 ± 5.2 years; body mass index, 33.23 ± 1.62 kg/m2 ), RT (58.09 ± 6.26 years; body mass index 33.63 ± 2.05 kg/m2 ) and RT+BFR (58.06 ± 6.47 years; body mass index, 33.32 ± 1.87 kg/m2 ). Patients completed 6 months of RT or RT+BFR on three non-consecutive days per week under the supervision of strength and conditioning professionals. Training loads were adjusted every 2 months. Heart rate variability was recorded with a Polar-RS800 and data were analysed for time and frequency domains using Kubios software. The redox balance markers were PON1 and MPO, which were analysed in plasma samples. Renal function was estimated as estimated glomerular filtration rate. The RT and RT+BFR decreased pro-oxidative MPO (RT, ∼34 ng/ml and RT+BFR, ∼27 ng/ml), improved both antioxidant defence (PON1: RT, ∼23 U/L and RT+BFR, ∼31 U/L) and cardiac autonomic function (R-R interval: RT, ∼120.4 ms and RT+BFR, ∼117.7 ms), and slowed the deterioration of renal function (P < 0.0001). Redox balance markers were inversely correlated with heart rate variability time-domain indices. Our data indicated that both training models were effective as non-pharmacological tools to increase the antioxidant defences, decrease oxidative stress and improve the cardiac autonomic function of CKD patients.

Resistance training improves sleep quality, redox balance and inflammatory profile in maintenance hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial.

Patients in maintenance hemodialisys (HD) present sleep disorders, increased inflammation, unbalanced redox profiles, and elevated biomarkers representing endothelial dysfunction. Resistance training (RT) has shown to mitigate the loss of muscle mass, strength, improve inflammatory profiles, and endothelial function while decreasing oxidative stress for those in HD. However, the relation between those factors and sleep quality are inadequately described. The aim of this study was to verify the effects of 3 months of RT on sleep quality, redox balance, nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, inflammation profile, and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in patients undergoing HD. Our primary goal was to describe the role of RT on sleep quality. Our secondary goal was to evaluate the effect of RT on NO, metabolism markers, and inflammatory and redox profiles as potential mechanisms to explain RT-induced sleep quality changes. Fifty-five men undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were randomized into either a control (CTL, n = 25) and RT group (RTG; n = 30). Participants in the RT group demonstrated an improvement in sleep pattern, redox, inflammatory profiles, and biomarkers of endothelial function (NO2- and ADMA). This group also increased muscle strength (total workload in RT exercises of upper and lower limbs). These findings support that RT may improve the clinical status of HD patients by improving their sleep quality, oxidative and inflammatory parameters.