Draft genome sequencing of Enterococcus avium strains isolated from bovine mastitis.

We performed whole-genome sequencing of four multidrug-resistant Enterococcus avium strains isolated from milk (4M1), feces (4F1 and 4F2), and farm soil (4S1) of mastitic dairy cows. The draft genomes of E. avium strains 4M1, 4F1, 4F2, and 4S1 were approximately 4.2 Mbp, with 39.1% GC content and 66.5× coverage.

Unveiling the gut bacteriome diversity and distribution in the national fish hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) of Bangladesh.

The field of fish microbiome research has rapidly been advancing, primarily focusing on farmed or laboratory fish species rather than natural or marine fish populations. This study sought to reveal the distinctive gut bacteriome composition and diversity within the anadromous fish species Tenualosa ilisha (hilsa), which holds the status of being the national fish of Bangladesh. We conducted an analysis on 15 gut samples obtained from 15 individual hilsa fishes collected from three primary habitats (e.g., freshwater = 5, brackish water = 5 and marine water = 5) in Bangladesh. The analysis utilized metagenomics based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 regions. Our comprehensive identification revealed a total of 258 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The observed OTUs were represented by six phyla, nine classes, 19 orders, 26 families and 40 genera of bacteria. Our analysis unveiled considerable taxonomic differences among the habitats (freshwater, brackish water, and marine water) of hilsa fishes, as denoted by a higher level of shared microbiota (p = 0.007, Kruskal-Wallis test). Among the identified genera in the gut of hilsa fishes, including Vagococcus, Morganella, Enterobacter, Plesiomonas, Shigella, Clostridium, Klebsiella, Serratia, Aeromonas, Macrococcus, Staphylococcus, Proteus, and Hafnia, several are recognized as fish probiotics. Importantly, some bacterial genera such as Sinobaca, Synechococcus, Gemmata, Serinicoccus, Saccharopolyspora, and Paulinella identified in the gut of hilsa identified in this study have not been reported in any aquatic or marine fish species. Significantly, we observed that 67.50% (27/40) of bacterial genera were found to be common among hilsa fishes across all three habitats. Our findings offer compelling evidence for the presence of both exclusive and communal bacteriomes within the gut of hilsa fishes, exhibiting potential probiotic properties. These observations could be crucial for guiding future microbiome investigations in this economically significant fish species.

Draft genome sequencing of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains isolated from cow milk.

We sequenced the genomes of Pediococcus pentosaceus strains MBBL4 and MBBL6, isolated from raw milk samples of healthy cows. The draft genomes of the MBBL4 and MBBL6 were 1,896,831 bp and 1,849,397 bp, respectively, and were fragmented into 58 and 42 contigs, with coverages of 118.2× and 128.7×, respectively.

Genome-Wide Investigation Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets in Shigella spp.

Shigella stands as a major contributor to bacterial dysentery worldwide scale, particularly in developing countries with inadequate sanitation and hygiene. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains exacerbates the challenge of treating Shigella infections, particularly in regions where access to healthcare and alternative antibiotics is limited. Therefore, investigations on how bacteria evade antibiotics and eventually develop resistance could open new avenues for research to develop novel therapeutics. The aim of this study was to analyze whole genome sequence (WGS) of human pathogenic Shigella spp. to elucidate the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and their mechanism of resistance, gene-drug interactions, protein-protein interactions, and functional pathways to screen potential therapeutic candidate(s). We comprehensively analyzed 45 WGS of Shigella, including S. flexneri (n = 17), S. dysenteriae (n = 14), S. boydii (n = 11), and S. sonnei (n = 13), through different bioinformatics tools. Evolutionary phylogenetic analysis showed three distinct clades among the circulating strains of Shigella worldwide, with less genomic diversity. In this study, 2,146 ARGs were predicted in 45 genomes (average 47.69 ARGs/genome), of which only 91 ARGs were found to be shared across the genomes. Majority of these ARGs conferred their resistance through antibiotic efflux pump (51.0%) followed by antibiotic target alteration (23%) and antibiotic target replacement (18%). We identified 13 hub proteins, of which four proteins (e.g., tolC, acrR, mdtA, and gyrA) were detected as potential hub proteins to be associated with antibiotic efflux pump and target alteration mechanisms. These hub proteins were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in biological process, molecular function, and cellular components. Therefore, the finding of this study suggests that human pathogenic Shigella strains harbored a wide range of ARGs that confer resistance through antibiotic efflux pumps and antibiotic target modification mechanisms, which must be taken into account to devise and formulate treatment strategy against this pathogen. Moreover, the identified hub proteins could be exploited to design and develop novel therapeutics against MDR pathogens like Shigella.

Status of Serum Magnesium, Serum Zinc and C-reactive Protein in Hospitalized Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in Mymensingh Locality.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an important public health issue, with a leading cause of death and disability around the world. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2021 to December 2021 in the department of Biochemistry in Mymensingh Medical College in cooperation with the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The study was carried out to evaluate the status of serum magnesium, zinc and CRP in patients with CKD not on dialysis for monitoring the disease progression. For this purpose, 110 subjects were included, where 55 Hospitalized CKD patients were considered as Group I and 55 normal healthy individuals as Group II. Study subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. Serum magnesium and zinc were determined by colorimetric method while CRP was measured by CRP-Latex Test (Slide Agglutination Test) from each sample. SPSS windows package, version 21.0 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using student's unpaired 't'-test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Mean age of Group I was 52.65±4.93 and Group II was 51.15±6.32 years. P-value was 0.165 which is statistically insignificant. The mean ±SD of BMI was 24.46±1.84 Kg/m² for Group I and 24.50±1.05 Kg/m² for Group II. P-value was 0.886 which is statistically insignificant. Among the study groups the mean serum magnesium were 2.25±0.17 and 1.95±0.05mg/dl, zinc were 88.64±9.21 and 102.11±12.93µg/dl, CRP were 24.00±16.73 and <6.0±0.00mg/L in Group I and Group II respectively. Analysis showed that, the mean serum magnesium and CRP were significantly increased while serum zinc was significantly decreased in CKD patients in comparison to that of healthy individual. There was negative correlation between serum zinc and CRP. This study was done within the context of the facilities available to us.

Association of Serum Vitamin D level with Asthenozoospermic Male.

Although vitamin D deficiency is one of the most common health problems throughout the world, conflicting information exists on the potential association between serum vitamin D levels and semen quality. Currently available data identifies that vitamin D has a vital role in reproductive process as it affects sperm motility. This study was done with the rationality to evaluate the association between serum vitamin D levels with asthenozoospermic males. This cross-sectional analytic study was conducted on 314 men who attended the Department of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh July 2018 to June 2019. Considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria all participants were categorized into two groups; Group I included 157 asthenozoospermic male and Group II included 157 normozoospermic male according to World Health Organization 'strict' criteria 2010. Participants completed the questionnaires after they had agreed on a informed consent. Blood and semen samples were obtained for assessment and all data were adjusted for age, body mass index (BMI), total motility and progressive motility. Vitamin D levels were classified according to the Endocrine Society guideline. Statistical analyses were carried out by using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA). The results showed that the mean vitamin D level was 16.63±5.54ng/ml in asthenozoospermic group and 19.83±5.33ng/ml in normozoospermic group. The mean vitamin D level was significantly (p<0.05) lower in asthenozoospermic group. It was noticed that 86.6% patients had vitamin D deficiency (≤20ng/ml) in asthenozoospermic group compared to 56.7% in the normozoospermic group. The study found that low vitamin D was associated with a fivefold increased risk of developing asthenozoospermia at 95% CI (2.74-8.99). Moreover, there was a positive significant correlation (r=0.285; p<0.001) between serum vitamin D level with total motility and progressive motility (r=0.232; p<0.001). Hence, the study suggests a significant association between asthenozoospermia and low vitamin D levels. However, clinical trials are warranted to further reinforce the findings.

Dysfunction of Thyroid Hormones Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City.

In cardiovascular homeostasis thyroid hormone plays an important role. We planned to study the changes in thyroid hormone profile in acute coronary syndrome patients admitted in the coronary care unit and compare them between two groups: unstable angina/non-ST elevated Myocardial infarction (UA/NSTEMI) and ST elevated Myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study was a hospital based descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted from 01 March 2018 to 01 February 2019 in Coronary Care Unit of Bangladesh Medical College Hospital and laboratory tests were done in Microbiology Department of Bangladesh Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Eighty three cases of acute coronary syndromes were taken for the study. Troponin-I was measured as cardiac marker, Electrocardiogram, Complete blood count, blood glucose level, Blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes, Fasting lipid profile, Thyroid profile, Echocardiography 2D were done. Most of the respondents were distributed in age group 46-60 years where 34(64.15%) male and 19(35.85%) female. Out of 83 Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients, 27(32.53%) hypertensive, 22(26.50%) diabetic and 16(19.27%) were Chronic kidney disease (CKD). Abnormal lipid profile was present in 30(43.47%) patients. Among total 52 male and 31 female 9(17.30%) male and 6(19.35%) female had abnormal thyroid function. We further elaborated abnormal thyroid function tests in STEMI group and UA/Non STEMI group of ACS patients. We found 10 patients in STEMI group and 5 patients in UA/Non STEMI group with abnormal thyroid function 29.41% and 10.20% respectively which was not statistically significant (p=0.025). This study depicts abnormality in thyroid hormone profile in 18.07% patients of ACS. Abnormal thyroid function increases risk of coronary artery disease. TSH level of ACS patients on hospital admission could be helpful to evaluate further prognosis of the disease.

Symptom Analysis of Early Parkinson's Disease and its Correlation with High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein.

Parkinson's disease is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease for which there is no cure. It is characterized by bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, due to impairment of function of the basal ganglia which is involved in the coordination of body movement. Neuro-inflammation is pathogenesis of development in early Parkinson's disease. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein level is a useful non-specific biochemical marker of inflammation. Objective of this study was to analyze the symptoms of Parkinson disease and it's correlation with high sensitive CRP. Seventy-six Parkinson's disease patients were enrolled in this Cross-sectional observational study that was attended in the Department of Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Bangladesh from September 2014 to March 2016. Analysis of the symptoms of Parkinson disease and it's correlation with high sensitive CRP were done among these patients. This study was performed on 76 Parkinson disease patients with presented early with symptoms. a positive and highly significant correlation were seen in between duration of tremor and High sensitivity CRP (r=0.430, p<0.001) and between duration of bradykinesia and High sensitivity CRP (r=0.426, p<0.001) which indicate increase duration causes increase level of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein value. The neuro-inflammation plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of symptoms development in early Parkinson's disease.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy and Clinical Outcomes of Triphala and 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite as Intraradicular Irrigants in Pulpectomy of Primary Teeth.

A natural irrigation solution with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial coverage, triphala was selected for the pulpectomy procedure. Because of its natural ingredients, it is well-known for promoting tissue healing. It also supposedly has certain additional qualities as compared to usual irrigation solutions that are made chemically. Although 2.5% NaOCl is thought to be perfect since it meets most of the requirements for an irrigation solution but it cannot be optimized for pulpectomy procedure. Primary teeth that were recommended for pulpectomy underwent this randomized controlled experiment. Two groups of eighty-four primary teeth were randomly assigned to receive irrigations: triphala in Group A; 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite in Group B. Sample were taken from infected primary root canals. A sterile test tube with bhi broth as the transport media was used to collect pre- and post-irrigation samples using sterile absorbent paper tips. On agar media, microorganisms were cultivated and their mean colony count was assessed. Following the procedure, the patient's follow-up visits at one, two and three months were used to evaluate the clinical result. The post-microbial colony count was dramatically reduced (p<0.001) by both irrigation treatments. Triphala in Group A is demonstrating desirable efficacy. Clinical success was found satisfactory in both the groups studied (p<0.001). But statistically significant difference was not found (p=0.175). Considering undesirable properties of sodium hypochlorite triphala can be a better alternative as a root canal irrigants in pulpectomy of primary teeth.

Characterization of ß-lactamase and virulence genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical, environmental and poultry sources in Bangladesh.

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa are major concerns for public health worldwide. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of P. aeruginosa in clinical, environmental, and poultry sources in Bangladesh, along with their antibiotic susceptibility and the profiling of ß-lactamase and virulence genes using standard molecular and microbiology techniques. We collected 110 samples from five different locations, viz., BAU residential area (BAURA; n = 15), BAU Healthcare Center (BAUHCC; n = 20), BAU Veterinary Teaching Hospital (BAUVTH; n = 22), Poultry Market (PM; n = 30) and Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MCCH; n = 23). After overnight enrichment in nutrient broth, 89 probable Pseudomonas isolates (80.90%) were screened through selective culture, gram-staining and biochemical tests. Using genus- and species-specific PCR, we confirmed 22 isolates (20.0%) as P. aeruginosa from these samples. Antibiogram profiling revealed that 100.0% P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 22) were multidrug-resistant isolates, showing resistance against Doripenem, Penicillin, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Imipenem. Furthermore, resistance to aztreonam was observed in 95.45% isolates. However, P. aeruginosa isolates showed a varying degree of sensitivity against Amikacin, Gentamicin, and Ciprofloxacin. The blaTEM gene was detected in 86.0% isolates, while blaCMY, blaSHV and blaOXA, were detected in 27.0%, 18.0% and 5.0% of the P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. The algD gene was detected in 32.0% isolates, whereas lasB and exoA genes were identified in 9.0% and 5.0% P. aeruginosa isolates. However, none of the P. aeruginosa isolates harbored exoS gene. Hence, this study provides valuable and novel insights on the resistance and virulence of circulating P. aeruginosa within the clinical, environmental, and poultry environments of Bangladesh. These findings are crucial for understanding the emergence of ß-lactamase resistance in P. aeruginosa, highlighting its usefulness in the treatment and control of P. aeruginosa infections in both human and animal populations.

Draft genome sequence of Leuconostoc falkenbergense isolated from naturally fermented buffalo milk curd.

This study reports the draft genome of Leuconostoc falkenbergense strain BSMRAU-M1L5, isolated from artisanal buffalo milk curd in Bangladesh. The draft genome spans 1,776,471 bp, with 50× coverage and 96 contigs.

Unveiling distinct genetic features in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from mammary tissue and gut of mastitis induced mice.

Escherichia coli is one of the major pathogens causing mastitis in lactating mammals. We hypothesized that E. coli from the gut and mammary glands may have similar genomic characteristics in the causation of mastitis. To test this hypothesis, we used whole genome sequencing to analyze two multidrug resistant E. coli strains isolated from mammary tissue (G2M6U) and fecal sample (G6M1F) of experimentally induced mastitis mice. Both strains showed resistance to multiple (>7) antibiotics such as oxacillin, aztreonam, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, gentamicin, cefoxitin, ampicillin, tetracycline, azithromycin and nitrofurantoin. The genome of E. coli G2M6U had 59 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) and 159 virulence factor genes (VFGs), while the E. coli G6M1F genome possessed 77 ARGs and 178 VFGs. Both strains were found to be genetically related to many E. coli strains causing mastitis and enteric diseases originating from different hosts and regions. The G6M1F had several unique ARGs (e.g., QnrS1, sul2, tetA, tetR, emrK, blaTEM-1/105, and aph(6)-Id, aph(3″)-Ib) conferring resistance to certain antibiotics, whereas G2M6U had a unique heat-stable enterotoxin gene (astA) and 7192 single nucleotide polymorphisms. Furthermore, there were 43 and 111 unique genes identified in G2M6U and G6M1F genomes, respectively. These results indicate distinct differences in the genomic characteristics of E. coli strain G2M6U and G6M1F that might have important implications in the pathophysiology of mammalian mastitis, and treatment strategies for mastitis in dairy animals.

Genomic insights into antibiotic resistance genes in Leuconostoc citreum strains isolated from artisanal buffalo milk curd in Bangladesh through whole-genome sequencing.

We sequenced the genome of Leuconostoc citreum strains BSMRAU-M1L6 and BSMRAU-M1L13 isolated from artisanal buffalo milk curd in Bangladesh. The draft genomes of BSMRAU-M1L6 and BSMRAU-M1L13 are 1,869,891 and 1,890,611 bp, respectively, with 50.0× coverage (both) and 65 and 75 contigs, respectively.

Status of C-reactive protein, Serum Albumin and Serum Zinc in Hospital Admitted Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is one of the most concerned non-communicable diseases now a day. Multiple complications arise and different biochemical parameters change in this disease. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to December, 2021 in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College with the help of the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh. The motive of this study was to explore the status of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin and serum zinc in patients with CKD for monitoring the disease progression. In this study, 110 subjects were included, where 55 Hospital admitted CKD patients act as Group I and 55 normal healthy individuals act as Group II. The subjects were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria by purposive and convenient sampling method. In this study, CRP levels, serum albumin and serum zinc were measured. All values were expressed as Mean±SD. All statistical analysis was done by using SPSS (statistical package for social science) windows package version 21.0. Statistical significance of difference between Group I and Group II were evaluated by using Student's unpaired 't'-test and the significance was defined as p<0.05. Correlation was done by using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Mean age of Group I was 52.65±4.93 and Group II was 51.15±6.32. P value was 0.165 which is statistically insignificant. The mean±SD of BMI was 24.46±1.84 for Group I and 24.50±1.05 for Group II. P value was 0.886 which is statistically insignificant. The mean±SD values of CRP were 24.00±16.73mg/L and <6.0±0.00mg/L in Group I and Group II respectively. So, we found significant (p<0.05) increase in CRP levels. The mean±SD values of serum albumin were 3.62±0.26g/dl and 4.16±0.69g/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. We found highly significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum albumin. Among the study groups the mean serum zinc was 88.64±9.21µg/dl and 102.11±12.93µg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. The mean serum zinc was highly significantly (<0.001) decreased. There was negative correlation between CRP and serum albumin, CRP and serum zinc. There was positive correlation between serum albumin and serum zinc. Analyzing the findings of present study, significant increase in CRP levels, significant decrease in serum albumin and serum zinc were observed in CKD patients.

Status of Serum Calcium in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains a major public health problem with relatively high prevalence rates worldwide (5-13%). COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results in an economic and social burden that is both substantial and increasing. The purpose of the study was to explore the alteration of serum calcium in patients with COPD. This cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh from January 2021 to December 2021. Data was collected from Medicine Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh. A total number of 120 subjects participated in this study. Out of them, 60 apparently normal healthy individuals were selected as Group I and another 60 diagnosed COPD patients were selected as Group II. Serum calcium was measured by colorimetric method using the test kit. The results were calculated and analyzed by using statistical package for social science (SPSS), windows package version 21.0. Data were expressed in mean ±SD and statistical significance was done by Student's unpaired 't' test. In this study, the mean ±SD values of serum calcium were 9.21±1.06mg/dl and 8.26±0.95mg/dl in Group I and Group II respectively. The results were highly significant (p<0.001). The result suggested that there was significant relation between COPD and alteration of serum calcium. So, by this study we recommended that routine evaluation of serum calcium is important for prevention of exacerbations, reduction of morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD.

Assessment of Dialysis Adequacy Using Small Solute Clearance Indices among Twice versus Thrice Weekly Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh.

This observational study was carried out in the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh from January 2020 to December 2020. A total of 179 patients were included in this study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Informed written consent was taken from each patient. All patients were underwent detail history taking, thorough physical examination and relevant investigations. Data collection was conducted through a structured questionnaire. Collected data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS 23.0. Mean age ±SD of the study patients was 47.06±14.1 with a majority in age group 41-50 years. Male predominance was observed with a male: female ratio of 2.19:1 and 68.7% male patients. Level of pre-dialysis, post-dialysis urea in the study population was 123.77±26.86mg/dl, 50.27±15.70mg/dl respectively and mean ±SD of Urea Reduction Ratio (URR) in hemodialysis (target >65.0%) was 67.2±1.9. Most of the 8 hours (two times) per week hemolysis patients could not achieve the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. On the other hand, maximum people in 12 hours (three times) per week hemodialysis group achieved the target value of dialysis adequacy parameters. It is important to calculate Kt/V or URR and individualize the dialysis doses for each patient.

Initial Six Month's Study of Neonatal Covid-19 in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bangladesh.

The pandemic Covid-19 affects mainly adult causing fatal illness specially who have co-morbidities. But as days pass by with increasing surveillances it's gradually obvious that this devastating disease also affects the children as well as neonates with greater number. The aim of study was to determine the Covid-19 in neonates. So, we can give proper emphasis on neonatal Covid-19. This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2020 to September 2020 at Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital in Bangladesh. Neonates with suspected Covid-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT- PCR. Newborn who had suspected or confirmed COVID-19 mother, exposed to relatives infected with Covid-19, related with cluster outbreak or with abnormal clinical courses such as respiratory distress, not responded to conventional treatment and also abnormal chest x-ray was selected for Covid-19 test. Data regarding gestational age, birth weight, gender, positive cases and other findings were collected and analyzed. Statistics analysis was done by SPSS version 26.0. Forty three cases were Covid-19 positive. Among them 28(65.1%) cases were male and 15(34.9%) female. Term was 39(90.6%) cases and preterm 4(9.4%). Twenty nine (67.5%) cases were belonged to medicine and 14(32.6%) surgical cases. Fourteen (32.5%) cases with Covid-19 lived in Dhaka and 29(67.5%) cases in outside of Dhaka. Eleven (25.5%) cases were positive for SARS -CoV-2 by RT- PCR within 3 days, among them 5 (11.6%) cases were within 24 hours of age. Nine (20.9%) and 23(53.5%) cases were test positive at day 4-7 and 8-28 days respectively. The main symptoms at admission were respiratory difficulty (12/43, 27.9%), fever (8/43, 18.6%), convulsion (8/43, 18.6%) and reluctance to feed (7/43, 16.6%). In neonate two or more diseases coexist in same cases. Sepsis was present in 20 (46.5%) cases with COVID-19. Perinatal asphyxia was present in 10(23.3%) and pneumonia in 8 (18.6%) cases. In laboratory findings low Hb% was present in 2/43(4.7%) cases, leukopenia in 4/43(9.3%), leukocytosis in 2/43(4.7%) and thrombocytopenia in 5/43(11.6%). Elevated CRP was present in 14/29 (32.6%) cases, hypernatremia in 10/33 (30.3%), hyponatremia in 1/33(3%), increased serum creatinine in 10/18(55.6%), and prolonged PT, aPTT in 2/2(100%). Hyperglycaemia was found in 1/15(6.7%) cases and hypoglycaemia in 2/15(13.3%). No organism was found in blood C/S. In chest X-ray, one showed patchy opacities in right lower lobe, another showed bilateral ground-glass opacity and third one revealed few patchy opacities in the right perihilar region. Among 43 cases 21(48.9%) were discharged with advice, 12(27.9%) cases referred to Covid-19 designated hospital, 2(4.7%) cases LAMA (Leave against medical advice) and 8(18.6%) cases died including one surgical case. A good number (43) of Covid-19 cases were found in this study. In neonates the clinical features could not be differentiated properly between Covid-19 or associated diseases unlike children and adult. The neonate may be a source of transmission of this disease. So, we should give proper emphasis on test, tracing and management of neonatal Covid-19.

Role of Anthropometric Indices in the Prediction of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Rural Population of Bangladesh.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is found in one-fourth of the world population and its prevalence is rising. Screening of NAFLD in general population with ultrasonography (USG) is not a cost- effective approach. Alternative methods for prediction of NAFLD are needed. We conducted this study to assess whether basal metabolic index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist height ratio (WHtR) is useful for predicting NAFLD. This study was done in a village of Comilla District, Bangladesh from July 2019 to December 2019. Two hundred and nineteen (219) subjects with NAFLD detected on USG and 100 healthy controls without NAFLD were included in this study. The diagnosis of NAFLD was made on the basis of USG by a radiologist. BMI, WC, WHtR were calculated. The area under the curve (AUC) in the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was calculated to assess the diagnostic ability of BMI, WC, and WHtR for predicting NAFLD. Sensitivity and specificity with optimal cut-off point was calculated. Data were entered into SPSS16for statistical analysis. Mean age in NAFLD group was 45.11±13.50 years. The AUROC values were 0.832, 0.763 and 0.771 for BMI, WC and WHtR respectively. The Cut-off values were 24.4 for BMI, 75.60 for WC and 0.54 for WHtR. Sensitivity and specificity were 80.24%and 79.12% for BMI, 82.34% and 80.45% for WC, 79.56% and 78.98% for WHtR respectively. ROC for BMI, WC and WHtR were above the diagonal line with high sensitivity and specificity. BMI, waist circumference, waist height ratio is useful for predicting NAFLD in rural Bangladeshi population. We can use these simple anthropometric indices as a screening tool for detection of NAFLD in primary health care set up.

Draft genome sequencing of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhimurium strain isolated from chicken in Bangladesh.

Herein this study, we sequenced the genome of a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strain MBR-MFRK-23 isolated from the liver tissue of a diseased layer chicken. The 4,964,854-bp draft genome comprises 50 contigs with 50.5× coverage and 52.1% GC content and is typed as S. enterica sequence type 19.

Genomic features and pathophysiological impact of a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus warneri variant in murine mastitis.

Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) represent a major etiological agent in dairy animal mastitis, yet their role and impact remain insufficiently studied. This study aimed to elucidate the genomic characteristics of a newly identified multidrug-resistant NAS strain, specifically Staphylococcus warneri G1M1F, isolated from murine feces in an experimental mastitis model. Surprisingly, NAS species accounted for 54.35 % of murine mastitis cases, with S. warneri being the most prevalent at 40.0 %. S. warneri G1M1F exhibited resistance to 10 major antibiotics. Whole-genome sequencing established a genetic connection between G1M1F and S. warneri strains isolated previously from various sources including mastitis milk in dairy animals, human feces and blood across diverse geographical regions. Genomic analysis of S. warneri G1M1F unveiled 34 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), 30 virulence factor genes (VFGs), and 278 metabolic features. A significant portion of identified ARGs (64 %) conferred resistance through antibiotic efflux pumps, while VFGs primarily related to bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. Inoculation with G1M1F in mice resulted in pronounced inflammatory lesions in mammary and colon tissues, indicating pathogenic potential. Our findings highlight distinctive genomic traits in S. warneri G1M1F, signifying the emergence of a novel multidrug-resistant NAS variant. These insights contribute to understanding NAS-related mastitis pathophysiology and inform strategies for effective treatment in dairy animals.