Resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to aerobic high-intensity interval training.

To compare the effectiveness of different types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on meta-inflammation during obesity, TLR4 pathway activities were assessed following a 10-week randomized trial. 30 young females with overweight and obesity were randomly allocated to aerobic HIIT (HIIT/AE) or resistance exercise in HIIT (HIIT/RE) and performed a 28-minute (4 × 4 min) in each session. During each interval, the HIIT/AE performed four minutes of all-extremity cycling, whereas the HIIT/RE completed four minutes of combined resistance exercises and all-extremity cycling. The TLR4 pathway gene expression was measured for the TLR4 receptor, downstream adaptors (TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-ß (TRIF) and myeloid differentiation factor (MYD) 88), transcriptional factors (nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 3), and its negative regulator (tumor necrosis factor (TNF) a-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3)). The serum levels of TNFα, interferon (IFN) γ, interleukin (IL)-10, and adiponectin were measured. We found that TLR4 (HIIT/RE: 0.6 ± 0.43 vs. HIIT/AE: 1.24 ± 0.82, p = 0.02), TRIF (HIIT/RE: 0.51 ± 0.4 vs. HIIT/AE: 3.56 ± 0.52, p = 0.001), and IRF3 (HIIT/RE: 0.49 ± 0.42 vs. HIIT/AE: 0.6 ± 0.89; p = 0.04) levels were significantly downregulated in HIIT/RE compared to the HIIT/AE, with a significant reduction in serum levels of TNFα (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 22.5 ± 11.3 to 6.3 ± 5.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 19.16 ± 20.8 to 13.48 ± 21.7, p = 0.04) and IFNγ (pg/ml) (HIIT/RE: 43.5 ± 20.6 to 37.5 ± 4.3 vs. HIIT/AE: 37.6 ± 5.6 to 68.1 ± 22.5, p = 0.03). Adiponectin and IL-10 levels did not significantly differ between the two groups. Thus, resistance exercise training augments the immunomodulatory adaptations to HIIT and should be prescribed to people at risk of cardiometabolic disease.Highlights HIIT in combination with resistance exercise looks more effective than HIIT alone to target TLR4-mediated inflammation in individuals with overweight and obesity.HIIT/RE induces a different effect on two downstream cascades of TLR4, leading to a greater overall reduction of TRIF-dependent pathway activities compared to MYD88.Both HIIT protocols show comparable effects on the negative regulatory protein TNFAIP3 gene expression.

The Effect of All Extremity High Intensity Interval Training on Athero-Protective Factors and Endothelial Function in Overweight and Obese Women.

CONTEXT: Obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular diseases. Adiponectin and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as hormones are highly contributive in cardiovascular system, while they are disrupted through obesity. Weight-bearing high intensity interval training (HIIT) as an effective procedure in preventing obesity-related complications in adults with obesity may be limited due to the subjects' muscular weakness and complications interfering walking. AIMS: The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of non-weight bearing all extremity HIIT (all ex. HIIT) on FGF21, adiponectin, nitric oxide (NO), and flow mediated dilation (FMD) in overweight and obese women. METHODS: Thirty healthy overweight and obese sedentary university female students within 20.53 ± 1.50 age range and BMI ≥27 kg.m-2 were assigned in two experimental and control groups. All ex. HIIT consisted of 4 × 4 min at 85-90% max HR with an interspersed with 3 × 3 min recovery per round at 70% max HR by upper and lower ergometers in a simultaneous manner on 10 weeks of four sessions of 40 min each. FGF21, adiponectin, NO, FMD, weight, waist and maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured in pre and post-tests. Paired sample t-test and analysis of covariance are applied for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Results indicated a significant increase in adiponectin (P ≤ 0.01) and FMD (P ≤ 0.001), while there existed no changes in FGF21 at (P ≥ 0.10) and NO (P ≥ 0.84). The weight and waist decreased at (P ≤ 0.001), and the VO2max increased at (P ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: All ex. HIIT may be a safe alternative for overweigh and obese women who have complications with weight-bearing exercises, and may increase adiponectin, and improve the FMD, aerobic fitness, and body composition.

Assessment of the Effect of Short-Term Combined High-Intensity Interval Training on TLR4, NF-κB and IRF3 Expression in Young Overweight and Obese Girls.

Obesity is commonly associated with immunometabolic dysfunctions. Activation of inflammatory macrophages through TLR4 (toll-like receptor 4) and the anti-inflammatory impact of exercise have been and are the new concerns among researchers. A new short-term combined high-intensity interval training was proposed in young sedentary overweight/obese females. All participants were allocated to one of two groups: the exercise group (EG) and the control group (CG), where the EG participated in a 2-week combined training and the CG continued its routine lifestyle. Gene expression levels of TLR4, NF-κB(nuclear factor κB), and IRF3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) were assessed by real-time PCR. Physiological, anthropometric, and biomedical metabolic factors were assessed. The between-group comparisons indicated a tendency to a decrease in NF-κB gene expression in the EG. The IRF3 levels were not significantly changed compared to CG and the levels before training. Fasting glucose levels and ß-cell function revealed a significant improvement in EG. These findings indicated that this protocol decreased meta-inflammation levels and improved insulin resistance independent of body composition changes. Consequently, combined training may be recommended as a therapeutic approach in metabolic diseases.

Quercetin and vitamin C supplementation: effects on lipid profile and muscle damage in male athletes.

BACKGROUND: Quercetin, which is considered as a health-promoting antioxidant, belongs to the broad flavonoids group. Numerous experimental studies have proved that quercetin and vitamin C provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The aim of this study is to assess the effects of both quercetin and vitamin C on lipid profile and muscle damage in human subjects. METHODS: A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was carried out on 60 males for eight weeks. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: 1) quercetin + vitamin C (500 mg/day quercetin + 200 mg/day vitamin C) 2) quercetin (500 mg/day quercetin + 200 mg/day placebo) 3) vitamin C (500 mg/day vitamin C + 200 mg/day placebo) and 4) placebo (500 mg/day placebo + 200 mg/day placebo). Blood samples, body weight and percent of body fat were measured before and after intervention. In addition, dietary intake was estimated using 24-h recall. RESULTS: No significant changes occurred in high-density lipoprotein levels between groups and in the four groups before and after supplementation. Low density lipoprotein values decreased significantly (P = 0.048) in the "Quercetin + Vit C" group but decrease was not considerable in other groups before and after intervention and among groups. Fat-soluble vitamins' intake was significantly high among 4 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Quercetin and vitamin C supplementation may not be beneficial in lipid profile improvement, although it may reduce induce muscle damage and body fat percent.