When utilizing the Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm to design diffractive optical elements, correction coefficients are introduced to improve the quality of the design results. The main design idea is to correct the target information dynamically during the iterative calculation process. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through the verification of beam shaping and phase-type hologram designs. Compared to the traditional GS algorithm, the results of beam shaping show that the light intensity nonuniformity and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the shaped spot are reduced by an order of magnitude. The results of phase-type holograms show that the reconstructed image's peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved by about 12 dB. Finally, the paper also discusses the selection of correction coefficients, providing insights into the selection of optimal design correction coefficients. The simulation and experimental results show that the improved algorithm proposed in this paper is not only simple in design but also highly efficient in obtaining a high-quality phase structure, which is of great help in designing high-quality diffractive optical elements.
Concerns have been raised about synthetic cannabinoids (SCs), which are among the most often trafficked and used illegal substances. An analytical method that holds promise for determining illicit drug use in the general population is wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). Unfortunately, the concentration of SCs in wastewater is often extremely low on account of their hydrophobic nature, thus presenting a significant obstacle to the accurate detection and quantification of SCs using WBE. In this study, we present novel magnetic nanomaterials as amphiphilic adsorbents for pretreatment of wastewater using magnetic solid phase extraction (MSPE). Polydopamine-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles were used as the magnetic core and further functionalized with poly(divinylbenzene-N-vinylpyrrolidone). Coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, an analytical method to simultaneously detect nine SCs at trace-levels in wastewater was developed and validated, enriching 50 mL wastewater to 100 µL with limits of detection (LOD) being 0.005-0.5 ng L-1, limits of quantification (LOQ) being 0.01-1.0 ng L-1, recoveries ranging from 73.99 to 110.72%, and the intra- and inter-day precision's relative standard deviations less than 15%. In comparison to the time-consuming conventional column-based solid phase extraction, the entire MSPE procedure from sample pre-treatment to data acquisition could be finished in one hour, thus largely facilitating the WBE method for drug surveillance and control.
Aqueous zinc-based energy storage devices possess superior safety, cost-effectiveness, and high energy density; however, dendritic growth and side reactions on the zinc electrode curtail their widespread applications. In this study, these issues are mitigated by introducing a polyimide (PI) nanofabric interfacial layer onto the zinc substrate. Simulations reveal that the PI nanofabric promotes a pre-desolvation process, effectively desolvating hydrated zinc ions from Zn(H2O)6 2+ to Zn(H2O)4 2+ before approaching the zinc surface. The exposed zinc ion in Zn(H2O)4 2+ provides an accelerated charge transfer process and reduces the activation energy for zinc deposition from 40 to 21 kJ mol-1. The PI nanofabric also acts as a protective barrier, reducing side reactions at the electrode. As a result, the PI-Zn symmetric cell exhibits remarkable cycling stability over 1200 h, maintaining a dendrite-free morphology and minimal byproduct formation. Moreover, the cell exhibits high stability and low voltage hysteresis even under high current densities (20 mA cm-2, 10 mAh cm-2) thanks to the 3D porous structure of PI nanofabric. When integrated into full cells, the PI-Zn||AC hybrid zinc-ion capacitor and PI-Zn||MnVOH@SWCNT zinc-ion battery achieve impressive lifespans of 15000 and 600 cycles with outstanding capacitance retention. This approach paves a novel avenue for high-performance zinc metal electrodes.
Psychological stress increases risk of gastrointestinal tract diseases. However, the mechanism behind stress-induced gastrointestinal injury is not well understood. The objective of our study is to elucidate the putative mechanism of stress-induced gastrointestinal injury and develop an intervention strategy. To achieve this, we employed the restraint stress mouse model, a well-established method to study the pathophysiological changes associated with psychological stress in mice. By orally administering gut-nonabsorbable Evans blue dye and monitoring its plasma levels, we were able to track the progression of gastrointestinal injury in live mice. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to assess the viability, death, and inflammatory status of splenic leukocytes, providing insights into the stress-induced impact on the innate immune system associated with stress-induced gastrointestinal injury. Our findings reveal that neutrophils represent the primary innate immune leukocyte lineage responsible for stress-induced inflammation. Splenic neutrophils exhibited elevated expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, cellular reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial burden, and cell death following stress challenge compared to other innate immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cells. Regulated cell death analysis indicated that NETosis is the predominant stress-induced cell death response among other analyzed regulated cell death pathways. NETosis culminates in the formation and release of neutrophil extracellular traps, which play a crucial role in modulating inflammation by binding to pathogens. Treatment with the NETosis inhibitor GSK484 rescued stress-induced neutrophil extracellular trap release and gastrointestinal injury, highlighting the involvement of neutrophil extracellular traps in stress-induced gastrointestinal inflammation. Our results suggest that neutrophil NETosis could serve as a promising drug target for managing psychological stress-induced gastrointestinal injuries.
Inflammation , Neutrophils , Restraint, Physical , Stress, Psychological , Animals , Mice , Neutrophils/immunology , Neutrophils/metabolism , Stress, Psychological/complications , Stress, Psychological/immunology , Inflammation/pathology , Male , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Extracellular Traps/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Diseases/etiology , Disease Models, Animal , Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
Owing to their lack of outer skin, Chinese bayberries are highly susceptible to mechanical damage during picking, which accelerates bacterial invasion and rotting, shortening their shelf life. In this study, montmorillonite (MMT) was used to absorb an aqueous sodium chlorite solution embedded in a carboxymethyl cellulose sodium hydrogel after freeze drying, and the hydrogel was crosslinked by Al3+ ions. Al3+ hydrolyzed to produce H+, creating an acidic environment within the hydrogel and reacting with NaClO2 to slowly release ClO2. We prepared a ClO2 slow-release hydrogel gasket with 0.5 wt% MMT-NaClO2 and investigated its storage effect on postharvest Chinese bayberries. Its inhibition rates against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes were 98.84% and 98.96%, respectively. The results showed that the gasket preserved the appearance and nutritional properties of the berries. The antibacterial hydrogel reduced hardness loss by 26.57% and ascorbic acid loss by 46.36%. This new storage method could also be applicable to other fruits and vegetables.
Age-related vision loss caused by retinal neurodegenerative pathologies is becoming more prevalent in our ageing society. To understand the physiological and molecular impact of ageing on retinal homeostasis, we used the short-lived African turquoise killifish, a model known to naturally develop central nervous system (CNS) ageing hallmarks and vision loss. Bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq) of three age groups (6-, 12-, and 18-week-old) identified transcriptional ageing fingerprints in the killifish retina, unveiling pathways also identified in the aged brain, including oxidative stress, gliosis, and inflammageing. These findings were comparable to observations in the ageing mouse retina. Additionally, transcriptional changes in genes related to retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, were observed. The cellular heterogeneity in the killifish retina was characterized, confirming the presence of all typical vertebrate retinal cell types. Data integration from age-matched samples between the bulk and scRNAseq experiments revealed a loss of cellular specificity in gene expression upon ageing, suggesting potential disruption in transcriptional homeostasis. Differential expression analysis within the identified cell types highlighted the role of glial/immune cells as important stress regulators during ageing. Our work emphasizes the value of the fast-ageing killifish in elucidating molecular signatures in age-associated retinal disease and vision decline. This study contributes to the understanding of how age-related changes in molecular pathways may impact CNS health, providing insights that may inform future therapeutic strategies for age-related pathologies.
Suspended animation states allow organisms to survive extreme environments. The African turquoise killifish has evolved diapause as a form of suspended development to survive a complete drought. However, the mechanisms underlying the evolution of extreme survival states are unknown. To understand diapause evolution, we performed integrative multi-omics (gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and lipidomics) in the embryos of multiple killifish species. We find that diapause evolved by a recent remodeling of regulatory elements at very ancient gene duplicates (paralogs) present in all vertebrates. CRISPR-Cas9-based perturbations identify the transcription factors REST/NRSF and FOXOs as critical for the diapause gene expression program, including genes involved in lipid metabolism. Indeed, diapause shows a distinct lipid profile, with an increase in triglycerides with very-long-chain fatty acids. Our work suggests a mechanism for the evolution of complex adaptations and offers strategies to promote long-term survival by activating suspended animation programs in other species.
Age-related vision loss caused by retinal neurodegenerative pathologies is becoming more prevalent in our ageing society. To understand the physiological and molecular impact of ageing on retinal homeostasis, we used the short-lived African turquoise killifish, a model known to naturally develop central nervous system (CNS) ageing hallmarks and vision loss. Bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of three age groups (6-, 12-, and 18-week-old) identified transcriptional ageing fingerprints in the killifish retina, unveiling pathways also identified in the aged brain, including oxidative stress, gliosis, and inflammageing. These findings were comparable to observations in ageing mouse retina. Additionally, transcriptional changes in genes related to retinal diseases, such as glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration, were observed. The cellular heterogeneity in the killifish retina was characterised, confirming the presence of all typical vertebrate retinal cell types. Data integration from age-matched samples between the bulk and scRNA-seq experiments revealed a loss of cellular specificity in gene expression upon ageing, suggesting potential disruption in transcriptional homeostasis. Differential expression analysis within the identified cell types highlighted the role of glial/immune cells as important stress regulators during ageing. Our work emphasises the value of the fast-ageing killifish in elucidating molecular signatures in age-associated retinal disease and vision decline. This study contributes to the understanding of how age-related changes in molecular pathways may impact CNS health, providing insights that may inform future therapeutic strategies for age-related pathologies.
This study provides insights regarding the selective metal leaching of brass in various tap water conditions, which benefits water utilities to predict the potential of metal released from brass water meters. The long-term time-dependent selective metal dissolution of brass with various ß phase fractions have not previously been investigated. In this study, a 201-d immersion experiment was carried out in low and high conductivity tap water (LCTW and HCTW, respectively). Three commercialized brass samples in different ß phase fractions (ß = 51%, ß = 43%, ß = 39%), named brass 51, brass 43, and brass 39, respectively, were used. The results showed that brass 51 had the most negative corrosion potential (-0.17 V) and the lowest polarization resistance (8.5 kΩ) compared to brass 43 and brass 39 (-0.04 V and 10.1-14.7 kΩ, respectively) in LCTW. This trend was verified by the 201-d immersion experiment in which brass 51 exhibited the highest zinc leaching rate (21-30 µg L-1 cm-2 d-1), followed by brass 43 and brass 39 (16-23 µg L-1 cm-2 d-1) in both waters. The leaching amounts of lead and copper were extremely low compared to zinc. In LCTW, the uniform corrosion (UC) mechanism dominated from day 1 to day 120. Afterwards, UC was replaced by the galvanic corrosion (GC) mechanism, with the selective leaching coefficient of Zn over Cu (SZn/Cu) increasing from 10 to 25 to 40-80. In HCTW, however, the SZn/Cu reached 300-1000, and the transition of UC to GC occurred earlier on day 30 due to the rapid formation of the ZnO layer on the brass surface that hindered the ion attack.
Copper , Water , Lead , Zinc
Background: China's National Essential Public Health Service Package (NEPHSP) aims to promote health for all at the primary health care level and includes a focus on hypertension and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, there are limited contemporary data to quantify the care cascades of hypertension and T2DM in primary health care. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved individual level linkage of routinely collected data from the NEPHSP, health insurance claims and hospital electronic health records, from four diverse regions in China, including Xiling District (central China), Wenchuan County (western), Acheng District and Jiao District (northern). We first compared numbers of people aged ≥35 with a recorded diagnosis of hypertension and T2DM against expected numbers derived from epidemiological data. We then constructed care cascades to assess the percentages (1) enrolled in the NEPHSP, (2) adherent to the follow-up care of NEPHSP, (3) receiving medication treatment, and (4) having hypertension and/or T2DM controlled. Findings: In the four regions, the total numbers of people aged ≥35 diagnosed of hypertension and T2DM from any data source were 149,176 and 50,828, respectively. This was estimated to be 46.0% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 45.8%-46.2%) and 45.6% (95% CI: 45.3%-45.9%) of the expected totals for hypertension and T2DM, respectively. Among those diagnosed, 65.4% (95% CI: 65.1%-65.6%) with hypertension and 66.1% (95% CI: 65.7%-66.5%) with T2DM were enrolled in the NEPHSP, respectively, in which 54.8% (95% CI: 54.5%-55.2%) with hypertension and 64.7% (95% CI: 64.1%-65.2%) with T2DM were adherent to the required services. Among those enrolled, the overall treatment rates were 70.8% (95% CI: 70.6%-71.1%) for hypertension and 82.2% (95% CI: 81.8%-82.6%) for T2DM. Among those treated, a further 80.9% (95% CI: 80.6%-81.2%) with hypertension and 73.9% (95% CI: 73.3%-74.4%) with T2DM achieved control. These results varied considerably across regions, with the northern sites showing relatively higher enrolment rates while the central site had higher control rates. Interpretation: Detection and control rates for hypertension and T2DM are suboptimal in these four regions of China. Further strategies are needed to improve people's enrolment in and adherence to the NEPHSP and strengthen care delivery processes. Of note, our estimations of the diagnosis rates for each region are based on national level large epidemiological data. The interpretation of these data needs caution due to potential bias caused by regional variations. Funding: This study is funded by National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Global Alliance for Chronic Diseases funding (APP1169757), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (72074065).
Although multiple forms of dimers have been described for GPCR, their dynamics and function are still controversially discussed field. Fluorescence microscopy allows GPCR to be imaged within their native context; however, a key challenge is to site-specifically incorporate reporter moieties that can produce high-quality signals upon formation of GPCR dimers. To this end, we propose a supramolecular sensor approach to detect agonist-induced dimer formation of µ-opioid receptors (µORs) at the surface of intact cells. With the macrocyclic host cucurbit[7]uril and its guest hemicyanine dye tethered to aptamer strands directed against the histidine residues, the sensing module is assembled by host-guest complexation once the histidine-tagged µORs dimerize and bring the discrete supramolecular units into close proximity. With the enhanced sensitivity attributed by the "turn-on" fluorescence emission and high specificity afforded by the intermolecular recognition, in situ visualization of dynamic GPCR dimerization was realized with high precision, thereby validating the supramolecular sensing entity as a sophisticated and versatile strategy to investigate GPCR dimers, which represent an obvious therapeutic target.
Bridged-Ring Compounds , Carbocyanines , Fluorescent Dyes , Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry , Bridged-Ring Compounds/chemistry , Dimerization , Histidine
An optimized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-targeted methylation next generation sequencing assay was developed to discover HCC-associated methylation markers directly from urine for HCC screening. Urine cell-free DNA (ucfDNA) isolated from a discovery cohort of 31 non-HCC and 30 HCC was used for biomarker discovery, identifying 29 genes with differentially methylated regions (DMRs). Methylation-specific qPCR (MSqPCR) assays were developed to verify the selected DMRs corresponding to 8 genes (GRASP, CCND2, HOXA9, BMP4, VIM, EMX1, SFRP1, and ECE). Using archived ucfDNA, methylation of GRASP, HOXA9, BMP4, and ECE1, were found to be significantly different (p < 0.05) between HCC and non-HCC patients. The four markers together with previously reported GSTP1 and RASSF1A markers were assessed as a 6-marker panel in an independent training cohort of 87 non-HCC and 78 HCC using logistic regression modeling. AUROC of 0.908 (95% CI, 0.8656-0.9252) was identified for the 6-marker panel with AFP, which was significantly higher than AFP-alone (AUROC 0.841 (95% CI, 0.778-0.904), p = 0.0026). Applying backward selection method, a 4-marker panel was found to exhibit similar performance to the 6-marker panel with AFP having 80% sensitivity compared to 29.5% by AFP-alone at a specificity of 85%. This study supports the potential use of methylated transrenal ucfDNA for HCC screening.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Cell-Free Nucleic Acids , Liver Neoplasms , Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology , Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis , Liver Neoplasms/genetics , Liver Neoplasms/pathology , DNA Methylation , alpha-Fetoproteins/genetics , Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/genetics , Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
KEY MESSAGE: The inhibitory effect of eugenol on rice germination is mediated by a two-step modulatory process: Eugenol first regulates the antagonism of GA and ABA, followed by activation of catalase activity. The natural monoterpene eugenol has been reported to inhibit preharvest sprouting in rice. However, the inhibitory mechanism remains obscure. In this study, simultaneous monitoring of GA and ABA responses by the in vivo GA and ABA-responsive dual-luciferase reporter system showed that eugenol strongly inhibited the GA response after 6 h of imbibition, whereas eugenol significantly enhanced the ABA response after 12 h of imbibition. Gene expression analysis revealed that eugenol significantly induced the ABA biosynthetic genes OsNCED2, OsNCED3, and OsNCED5, but notably suppressed the ABA catabolic genes OsABA8ox1 and OsABA8ox2. Conversely, eugenol inhibited the GA biosynthetic genes OsGA3ox2 and OsGA20ox4 but significantly induced the GA catabolic genes OsGA2ox1 and OsGA2ox3 during imbibition. OsABI4, the key signaling regulator of ABA and GA antagonism, was notably induced before 12 h and suppressed after 24 h by eugenol. Moreover, eugenol markedly reduced the accumulation of H2O2 in seeds after 36 h of imbibition. Further analysis showed that eugenol strongly induced catalase activity, protein accumulation, and the expression of three catalase genes. Most importantly, mitigation of eugenol-inhibited seed germination was found in the catc mutant. These findings indicate that catalase associated with antagonistic changes of ABA and GA is involved in the sequential regulation of eugenol-inhibited seed germination in rice.
Abscisic Acid , Oryza , Abscisic Acid/pharmacology , Abscisic Acid/metabolism , Gibberellins/pharmacology , Gibberellins/metabolism , Germination , Oryza/metabolism , Eugenol/pharmacology , Eugenol/metabolism , Catalase/genetics , Catalase/metabolism , Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism , Seeds/metabolism , Antioxidants/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
Liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM) holographic display is affected by its structure, which products multi-level diffracted image with zero-order spot, resulting in low light energy utilization and poor uniformity of the reproduced image. This paper presents a method to improve the uniformity of light energy distribution in the reproduced image by using phase compensation, and the uniformity of the image can be effectively improved by using digital blazed grating to deviate the image and performing phase compensation according to the light energy distribution. Analyzing the uniformity of light energy distribution, the phase distribution is compensated, and experiments verify the phase compensation. The experimental results show that the uniformity and light energy utilization of the reproduced image after compensation has been improved. The results show that the proposed phase compensation method can be applied to both Fresnel holography and Fourier holography; both can effectively improve the uniformity and efficiency of light energy. Therefore, this method has a specific application value to enhance the quality of holographic reproduction and light field modulation based on LC-SLM.
The poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was ascribed to metastasis. Targeted therapy aiming at the molecules along the metastatic pathway is a promising therapeutic strategy. Among them, hydrogen peroxide inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) is highlighted. Hic-5, discovered as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-inducible gene, was identified to be an adaptor protein in focal adhesion and a critical signaling mediator upregulated in various cancers including HCC. Moreover, Hic-5 may regulate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factor Snail and its downstream mesenchymal genes including fibronectin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 required for migration and invasion of HCC. However, the comprehensive Hic-5-mediated pathway was not established and whether Hic-5 can be a target for preventing HCC progression has not been validated in vivo. Using whole-transcriptome mRNA sequencing, we found reactive oxygen species modulator (ROMO) and ZNF395 were upregulated by Hic-5 in a patient-derived HCC cell line, HCC372. Whereas ROMO was involved in Hic-5-mediated ROS signaling, ZNF395 locates downstream of Snail for mesenchymal genes expression required for cell migration. Also, ZNF395 but not ROMO was upregulated by Hic-5 for migration in another patient-derived HCC cell line, HCC374. Further, by in vivo knock down of Hic-5 using the Stable Nucleic Acids Lipid nanoparticles (SNALP)-carried Hic-5 siRNA, progression of HCC372 and HCC374 in SCID mice was prevented, coupled with the decrease of the downstream mesenchymal genes. Our study provides the preclinical evidence that targeting Hic-5 is potentially able to prevent the progression of HCCs with Hic-5 overexpression.
Manganese oxide is an effective active material in several electrochemical systems, including batteries, supercapacitors, and electrochemical deionization (ECDI). This work conducts a comprehensive study on the ion-selective behavior of MnOx to fulfill the emptiness in the energy and environmental science field. Furthermore, it broadens the promising application of MnOx in the ion-selective ECDI system. We propose a time-dependent multimechanism ion-selective behavior with the following guidelines by utilizing a microfluidic cell and the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) analysis. (1) Hydrated radius is the most critical factor for ions with the same valence, and MnOx tends to capture cations with a small hydrated radius. (2) The importance of charge density rises when comparing cations with different valences, and MnOx prefers to capture divalent cations with a strong electrostatic attraction at prolonged times. Under this circumstance, ion swapping may occur where divalent cations replace monovalent cations. (3) NH4+ triggers MnOx dissolution, leading to performance and stability decay. The EQCM evidence has directly verified the proposed mechanisms, and these data provide a novel but simple method to judge ion selectivity preference. The overall ion selectivity sequence is Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > NH4+> Na+ > Li+ with the highest selectivity values of ßCa//Li and ßCa//Na around 3 at the deionization time = 10 min.
What is already known about this topic?: Allergic diseases have affected an estimated 40% of the population in China. However, our understanding of the full spectrum of these diseases remains insufficient. What is added by this report?: Between 2018 and 2021, Yichang City documented 625,929 outpatient visits mainly related to skin and mucous membrane allergies (77.90%) and allergic respiratory conditions (19.64%). In 2021, the occurrence of outpatient visits for conditions such as allergic rhinitis, acute atopic conjunctivitis, and atopic dermatitis increased. The demographic analysis revealed that male patients comprised the majority of the under 18 age bracket (56.05%), while female patients were predominantly represented in the 18 to 65 age bracket (61.79%). What are the implications for public health practice?: This constitutes the first analysis of the spectrum of allergic diseases, utilizing regional outpatient data, which has substantial implications for understanding the disease burden.
Trace analysis of lipophilic substances in complex environmental, food, or biological matrices has proven to be a challenge, on account of their high susceptibility to adsorption by particulate matter and liquid-solid interfaces. For this purpose, liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) is often employed as the separation method, which uses water-immiscible organic solvents. As an alternative, magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) allows for adsorption, separation, and recovery of analytes from large volumes of aqueous samples with minimum usage of organic solvents. However, the poor selectivity hampers its performance in various scenarios, especially in sewage samples where complicated and unpredictable interference exists, resulting in block of the active adsorption sites of the sorbent. To this end, we propose receptor-affinity MSPE employing magnetic liposomes decorated with cell membranes expressing G-protein-coupled receptor as the sorbents. Application of the novel sorbent CM@Lip@Fe infused with CB1 cannabinoid receptors was demonstrated for the targeted extraction and enrichment of tetrahydrocannabinol from sewage matrix. Thanks to the high affinity and molecular selectivity of the ligand-receptor interactions, a limit of quantitation of 5.17 ng/L was achieved coupled with HPLC-MS/MS in unfiltered raw sewage, featuring minimum usage of organic solvents, fivefold enhanced sensitivity, low sorbent dosage (75 mg/L of sewage), and high efficiency as major advantages over conventional LLE. This work establishes a framework for efficient separation of specific molecules from complex media, thus promising to extend and refine standard LLE as the clean-up procedure for trace analysis.
Liposomes , Sewage , Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods , Solvents , Solid Phase Extraction/methods , Water , Cell Membrane , Magnetic Phenomena , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/methods
