[Road traffic injuries in developing countries: research and action agenda]. / Traumatismos causados por el tránsito en países en desarrollo: agenda de investigación y de acción.

Road traffic injury (RTI) is the leading cause of death in persons aged 10-24 worldwide and accounts for about 15% of all male deaths. The burden of RTI is unevenly distributed amongst countries with over eighty-fold differences between the highest and lowest death rates. Thus the unequal risk of RTI occurring in the developing world, due to many reasons, including but not limited to rapid motorization and poor infrastructure, is a major global challenge. This editorial highlights a number of key issues that must inform programs designed to prevent RTI in the developing world, where the epidemic is all the more insidious. Firstly, road safety is a development issue; secondly, road traffic injury is a major health issue; thirdly, road traffic injuries can be prevented by the implementation of scientific measures; fourth, pre-hospital and hospital emergency care is needed; and fifth, research on RTI is neglected in low-income and middle-income countries. The repercussion of such progress to Peru is also discussed.

Web 2.0 and internet social networking: a new tool for disaster management?--lessons from Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Internet social networking tools and the emerging web 2.0 technologies are providing a new way for web users and health workers in information sharing and knowledge dissemination. Based on the characters of immediate, two-way and large scale of impact, the internet social networking tools have been utilized as a solution in emergency response during disasters. This paper highlights the use of internet social networking in disaster emergency response and public health management of disasters by focusing on a case study of the typhoon Morakot disaster in Taiwan. DISCUSSION: In the case of typhoon disaster in Taiwan, internet social networking and mobile technology were found to be helpful for community residents, professional emergency rescuers, and government agencies in gathering and disseminating real-time information, regarding volunteer recruitment and relief supplies allocation. We noted that if internet tools are to be integrated in the development of emergency response system, the accessibility, accuracy, validity, feasibility, privacy and the scalability of itself should be carefully considered especially in the effort of applying it in resource poor settings. SUMMARY: This paper seeks to promote an internet-based emergency response system by integrating internet social networking and information communication technology into central government disaster management system. Web-based networking provides two-way communication which establishes a reliable and accessible tunnel for proximal and distal users in disaster preparedness and management.

Traumatismos causados por el tránsito en países en desarrollo: agenda de investigación y de acción / Road traffic injuries in developing countries: research and action agenda

Los traumatismos causados por el tránsito son la principal causa de muerte en personas de 10-24 años a nivel mundial y representan alrededor del 15% de todas las muertes en varones. La carga de enfermedad de los traumatismos causados por el tránsito está distribuida de manera desigual entre los países pues la tasa de mortalidad más alta es ochenta veces superior a las más baja. Existe una clara desigualdad en el riesgo de ocurrencia de traumatismos causados por el tránsito, siendo notoriamente mayor en los países en desarrollo. Esta desigualdad se constituye como un reto mundial importante y se debe, aunque no sean los únicos factores, a muchas razones, incluyendo la rápida motorización y la pobre infraestructura. Este artículo hace énfasis en varios aspectos fundamentales cuya finalidad es informar a los programas diseñados para prevenir los traumatismos causados por el tránsito en los países en desarrollo, donde esta situación está más extendida. En primer lugar, la seguridad vial es un tema de desarrollo; en segundo lugar, los traumatismos causados por el tránsito constituyen un problema importante para la salud; en tercer lugar, los traumatismos causados por el tránsito pueden ser prevenidos mediante la implementación de medidas científicas adecuadas; en cuarto lugar, es necesaria la atención de emergencias hospitalarias y prehospitalarias; y, finalmente, la investigación en los traumatismos causados por el tránsito está relegada en los países de ingresos bajos y medios. Se discute además la repercusión de estos avances para el Perú.

Road traffic injury (RTI) is the leading cause of death in persons aged 10-24 worldwide and accounts for about 15 per cent of all male deaths. The burden of RTI is unevenly distributed amongst countries with over eighty-fold differences between the highest and lowest death rates. Thus the unequal risk of RTI occurring in the developing world, due to many reasons, including but not limited to rapid motorization and poor infrastructure, is a major global challenge. This editorial highlights a number of key issues that must inform programs designed to prevent RTI in the developing world, where the epidemicis all the more insidious. Firstly, road safety is a development issue; secondly, road traffic injury is a major health issue; thirdly, road traffic injuries can be prevented by the implementation of scientific measures; fourthly, pre-hospital and hospital emergency care is needed; and fifthly, research on RTI is neglected in low-income and middle-income countries. The repercussion of such progress to Peru is also discussed.

[Research of morphology for the toothmark in pocket limb].

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to observe the morphological changes of toothmarks in pocket limbs and to explore the durative development of bitemarks. METHODS: Firstly a toothmark model was established by using a universal testing machine and a self-made incisor nod which was pressed particularly on pocket limbs. The changes of toothmarks were observed on alive and dead animals with time elapsing. The scopes of bruise and inden were analyzed by soft on digital photos. The depth data of inden were collected by three dimensional laser measurement. RESULTS: The changes in the alive group were faster than that in dead group. There was no obvious fadeaway of bruise during 24 h. The scopes of inden were decreased remarkably in 1 h, while the decrease slowed down in the following hours. CONCLUSION: The changes of indent are fast in pocket limb. It implies that bitemark evidence should be collected as fast as possible in cases.

[FTIR and XRD analysis of hydroxyapatite from fossil human and animal teeth in Jinsha Relict, Chengdu].

Diagenetic effect during burial on the hydroxyapatite in enamel and dentin from fossil human and animal teeth was examined, using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). For the enamel and dentin of all fossil teeth, XRD patterns exhibit bulge line and overlap between major reflections of hydroxyapatite, and the crystallinity of hydroxyapatite is low. For each infrared spectrum, H2O and OH(-) have distinct peaks of absorbance, and PO4(3-) and CO3(2-) ions have intensive infrared vibration modes at the fundamental wave numbers. The component of hydroxyapatite of all fossil teeth is similar to the modern biological hydroxyapatite. Furthermore, the index (PCI) which reflects the hydroxyapatite crystallinity of each sample ranges from 2.4 to 4.0 while the index (BPI) reflecting the amount of type B carbonate to phosphate indicates that the values of CO3(2-) content in hydroxyapatite are rather high, accordingly the crystallinity of all fossil hydroxyapatites are poor. It could be concluded that little alteration of hydroxyapatites from fossil human and animal teeth occurred in the process of diagenesis in Jinsha Relict, Chengdu, China.

[Cyclic fatigue of Vita mark II machinable ceramics under Hertzian's contact].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the cyclic fatigue modes of Vita mark II machinable ceramics under Hertzian's contact. METHODS: Hertzian's contact technique (WC spheres r = 3.18 mm) was used to investigate the cyclic fatigue of Vita mark II machinable ceramic. All specimens were fatigued by cyclic loading in moist environment, furthermore, surviving strength was examined by three point test and morphology damage observation. RESULTS: In homogeneous Vita mark II machinable ceramics, two fatigue damage modes existed after cyclic loading with spheres under moist environment, including conventional tensile-driven cone cracking (brittle mode) and shear-driven microdamage accumulation (quasi-plastic mode). The latter generated radial cracks and deeply penetrating secondary cone crack. Initial strength degradation were caused by the cone cracks, subsequent and much more deleterious loss was caused by radial cracks. CONCLUSION: Cyclic fatigue modes of Vita mark II machinable ceramics includes brittle and quasi-plastic mode.

[A comparative study on cyclic and static fatigue of dental ceramic by means of Hertzian's contact].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the difference in strength degradation and morphology damage of brittle dental ceramic after static load and cyclic fatigue. METHODS: Hertzian's contact technique with a tungsten carbide sphere was used to investigate the response of feldspathic dental porcelain to static load and cyclic fatigue. All specimens were subjected to static or cyclic loading in moist environment. Furthermore the surviving strength of specimens was examined by the three-point test and the morphology damage was observed. Statistical analyses were performed with ANOVA and a P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. RESULTS: Outer cone crack and associated strength degradation simultaneously occurred both after the first cyclic loading and static loading. Up to 1,000 cycles, the specimens showed inner cone cracks and strength degradation was aggravated. No significant difference in the strength degradation among all static loading specimens and no inner cone cracks occurred in static loading specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Both static and cyclic fatigue influence dental ceramic strength, but cyclic fatigue is more deleterious.