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The development of luminol-dissolved O2 (luminol-DO) electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems is crucial for real-world applications. Despite its stability and low biotoxicity, luminol-DO ECL systems struggle with low ECL performance due to their low reactivity. Investigating new materials like coreactant accelerators increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enhances luminol-DO ECL intensity. Motivated by the ROS-mediated ECL process, for the first time, we designed oxygen vacancy (OV)-rich high-entropy oxides (HEO) with five metal components [(FeCoNiCuZn)O] derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as coreaction accelerators to establish efficient luminol-DO ECL systems. High entropy (HE) MOFs were annealed at four different temperatures (600, 700, 800, and 900 °C). Indeed, the HE MOFs annealed at 800 °C (HEO-800) showed a 120-fold stronger ECL intensity compared to the bare glassy carbon electrode in the luminol-DO ECL system. The enhanced ECL performance can be attributed to the porous structure, unique morphology, heterostructures, high-density active sites, rich OV, unsaturated metals, and synergistic impact, which act as catalysts to accelerate the conversion of DO to ROS. The developed HEO-800-based luminol-DO ECL system can be effectively used for the high-sensitivity detection of mercury ions (Hg2+). The system detected Hg2+ over a wide concentration range from 0.1 nM to 100 µM, with a detection limit of 0.02 nM. The sensing mechanism relied on high-affinity metallophilic Hg2+-HEO-800 interactions, effectively quenching the ECL intensity of the luminol-DO/HEO-800 ECL system. The ECL sensing platform, developed without H2O2, offers a novel method for detecting substances, demonstrating significant potential for clinical diagnosis and biomarker analysis.
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Background Since bilateral nasal packing entails nasal and airway obstruction, this practice consequently leads to oral breathing. The resulting hypoxemia may then negatively impact vital signs, including blood pressure (BP), blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), and heart rate (HR). These systemic effects have a detrimental effect on patients. Objective The objective of this study is to observe the effects of bilateral nasal packing on patients' post-operative vital signs. Materials and methods This prospective study was conducted in the department of otolaryngology - head and neck surgery over a six-month period. The study included 83 post-operative patients with nasal surgery, in which bilateral merocele nasal packing was performed. The patients' pulse oximetry, systolic and diastolic BP, and HR were recorded four times the night before and after surgery. A statistical analysis was performed, and the mean values, standard deviation, and range were calculated. A paired sample t-test was also applied. The results are presented in figures and tables. Results The mean age of the participants was 27.65 ± 10.72 years, and 56 (67.5%) were male. Septoplasty was the most common surgery performed, with 63 participants having undergone this procedure (75.9%). When the pre-operative mean values of systolic and diastolic BP, SpO2, and HR were compared with the post-operative mean values, when a bilateral nasal pack was in place, a significant increase was found in all, with a p-value of <0.001 in each. Conclusion Bilateral nasal packing affects patients' vital signs by significantly increasing diastolic and systolic BP and decreasing SpO2. The HR is also significantly increased when packing is in place.
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In almost all electrochemical systems for electrochemiluminescence (ECL) analysis, electrodes are connected with an external power source, either directly or via wireless energy transfer circuit. That is inconvenient and makes some applications impossible. Herein, we both use galvanized iron with two different metals as both power source and electrodes to achieve a self-powered ECL and exploit ECL for the imaging of the corrosion of protective coating of widely used metal (e.g. galvanized iron) for the first time. The self-powered ECL enables the visualization of the deterioration of galvanic coating on iron using a smartphone and the detection of ascorbic acid with a linear range of 0.5-100 µM and a limit of detection of 0.31 µM. The devices based on self-powered approach do not require external power supply, thus effectively reducing their volume and cost. The self-powered ECL holds great promise for metal corrosion imaging and analytical applications.
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INTRODUCTION: Influenza is a serious underestimated viral infection in Pakistan and influenza vaccination and vaccination awareness are low. The current work aimed to develop consensus on influenza epidemiology, prevention, vaccination, and awareness in Pakistan. METHODOLOGY: A systematic literature search was conducted to develop recommendations on influenza vaccines in Pakistan. Experts' feedback was incorporated using the modified Delphi method. A three-step process was used, with 18 experts from different specialties from Pakistan who participated in voting rounds to achieve a minimum 75% agreement level. RESULTS: Pakistan has a low-immunization-rate and is susceptible to serious influenza outbreaks and influenza-related complications. Influenza circulates year-round in Pakistan but peaks during January and February. The subtype A/H1N1 is predominant. The experts urged vaccination in all individuals ≥ 6 months of age and with no contraindications. They highlighted special considerations for those with comorbidities and specific conditions. The experts agreed that the inactivated influenza vaccine is safe and efficient in pregnant women, immunocompromised, and comorbid respiratory and cardiovascular patients. Finally, the experts recommended conducting promotional and educational programs to raise awareness on influenza and vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first regional consensus on influenza and influenza vaccination in Pakistan with experts' recommendations to increase influenza vaccination and decrease influenza cases and its associated detrimental effects.
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Vacunas contra la Influenza , Gripe Humana , Vacunación , Humanos , Pakistán/epidemiología , Gripe Humana/prevención & control , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Vacunas contra la Influenza/administración & dosificación , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Consenso , Técnica Delphi , FemeninoRESUMEN
Chemiresistive-based metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors are widely used in gas sensing due to their advantageous properties. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and metal oxide heterostructure materials can improve charge transport properties, selectivity, and sensitivity in MOS gas sensor materials. Herein, for the first time, CuO hollow polyhedral structures (HPSs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal technique and annealed at different temperatures, with the 400 °C annealed (CuO-400 HPSs) demonstrating remarkable sensing capabilities for diethylamine (DEA) gas at room temperature (RT). The x-g-C3N4 nanosheets were decorated with CuO HPSs in varying amounts (x = 0.8, 1.8, 2.1, and 3.1 wt %) and then annealed at 400 °C for x-g-C3N4-CuO-400 hollow polyhedral heterostructures (HPHSs). Indeed, among the synthesized samples, the 1.8%-g-C3N4-CuO-400 HPHSs have a higher sensitivity to DEA (resistance change in gas (Rg) and air (Ra); Rg/Ra= 65 @ 20 ppm), a low detection limit (Rg/Ra= 6 @ 500 ppb), wide dynamic response (Rg/Ra= 190 @ 80 ppm), strong stability (30 days), and 21.6 times higher sensitivity than pure CuO at RT toward 20 ppm of DEA. The exceptional gas-sensing behavior can be attributed to various factors, including controlled annealing conditions that result in the formation of well-defined structures and greater porosity, efficient charge transfer properties resulting from an optimized ratio of g-C3N4 to CuO in HPHSs, an abundance of defects, unsaturated Cu sites, and synergistic effects. The study presents a universal strategy for generating sensitive and selective g-C3N4-based composite materials for low-temperature gas sensors.
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Due to the commonly low content of biomarkers in diseases, increasing the sensitivity of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) systems is of great significance for in vitro ECL diagnosis and biodetection. Although dissolved O2 (DO) has recently been considered superior to H2O2 as a coreactant in the most widely used luminol ECL systems owing to its improved stability and less biotoxicity, it still has unsatisfactory ECL performance because of its ultralow reactivity. In this study, an effective plasmonic luminol-DO ECL system has been developed by complexing luminol-capped Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) with plasma-treated Fe single-atom catalysts (Fe-SACs) embedded in graphitic carbon nitride (g-CN) (pFe-g-CN). Under optimal conditions, the performance of the resulting ECL system could be markedly increased up to 1300-fold compared to the traditional luminol-DO system. Further investigations revealed that duple binding sites of pFe-g-CN and plasmonically induced hot holes that disseminated from AgNPs to g-CN surfaces lead to facilitate significantly the luminous reaction process of the system. The proposed luminol-DO ECL system was further employed for the stable and ultrasensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen in a wide linear range of 1.0 fg/mL to 1 µg/mL, with a pretty low limit of detection of 0.183 fg/mL.
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Técnicas Electroquímicas , Hierro , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Luminol , Nanopartículas del Metal , Oxígeno , Plata , Luminol/química , Catálisis , Oxígeno/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Hierro/química , Plata/química , Humanos , Antígeno Prostático Específico/metabolismo , Antígeno Prostático Específico/química , Grafito/química , Límite de Detección , Dominio Catalítico , Compuestos de Nitrógeno/químicaRESUMEN
Heterodimers of metal nanocrystals (NCs) with tailored elemental distribution have emerged as promising candidates in the field of electrocatalysis, owing to their unique structures featuring heterogeneous interfaces with distinct components. Despite this, the rational synthesis of heterodimer NCs with similar elemental composition remains a formidable challenge, and their impact on electrocatalysis has remained largely elusive. In this study, Pd@Bi-PdBi heterodimer NCs are synthesized through an underpotential deposition (UPD)-directed growth pathway. In this pathway, the UPD of Bi promotes a Volmer-Weber growth mode, allowing for judicious modulation of core-satellite to heterodimer structures through careful control of supersaturation and growth kinetics. Significantly, the heterodimer NCs are employed in the electrocatalytic process of ethylene glycol (EG) with high activity and selectivity. Compared with pristine Pd octahedra and common PdBi alloy NC, the unique heterodimer structure of the Pd@Bi-PdBi heterodimer NCs endows them with the highest electrocatalytic performance of EG and the best selectivity (≈93%) in oxidizing EG to glycolic acid (GA). Taken together, this work not only heralds a new strategy for UPD-directed synthesis of bimetallic NCs, but also provides a new design paradigm for steering the selectivity of electrocatalysts.
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Water electrolysis is a promising method for efficiently producing hydrogen and oxygen, crucial for renewable energy conversion and fuel cell technologies. The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are two key electrocatalytic reactions occurring during water splitting, necessitating the development of active, stable, and low-cost electrocatalysts. Transition metal (TM)-based electrocatalysts, spanning noble metals and TM oxides, phosphides, nitrides, carbides, borides, chalcogenides, and dichalcogenides, have garnered significant attention due to their outstanding characteristics, including high electronic conductivity, tunable valence electron configuration, high stability, and cost-effectiveness. This timely review discusses developments in TM-based electrocatalysts for the HER and OER in alkaline media in the last 10 years, revealing that the exposure of more accessible surface-active sites, specific electronic effects, and string effects are essential for the development of efficient electrocatalysts towards electrochemical water splitting application. This comprehensive review serves as a guide for designing and constructing state-of-the-art, high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts based on TMs, particularly for applications in water splitting.
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In recent years, the energy crisis has made the world realize the importance and need for green energy. Hydrogen safety has always been a primary issue that needs to be addressed for the application and large-scale commercialization of hydrogen energy, and precise and rapid hydrogen gas sensing technology and equipment are important prerequisites for ensuring hydrogen safety. Based on metal oxide semiconductors (MOS), resistive hydrogen gas sensors (HGS) offer advantages, such as low cost, low power consumption, and high sensitivity. They are also easy to test, integrate, and suitable for detecting low concentrations of hydrogen gas in ambient air. Therefore, they are considered one of the most promising HGS. This article provides a comprehensive review of the surface reaction mechanisms and recent research progress in optimizing the gas sensing performance of MOS-based resistive hydrogen gas sensors (MOS-R-HGS). Particularly, the advancements in metal-assisted or doped MOS, mixed metal oxide (MO)-MOS composites, MOS-carbon composites, and metal-organic framework-derived (MOF)-MOS composites are extensively summarized. Finally, the future research directions and possibilities in this field are discussed.
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Introduction Tracheostomy, although a common surgical procedure, is associated with potential complications. Complications can be avoided with accurate technique and proper operative and postoperative care. A surgeon should know the complications of the procedure and how to avoid them so that complications may be prevented or minimized. Objective To determine the frequency of complications in patients undergoing elective and emergency tracheostomies. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of PIMS Hospital, Islamabad, from March 1 to August 31, 2023, with a total duration of six months. A total of 110 patients admitted to the ICU and presented in an emergency falling within the inclusion criteria were counted in the study. Patients were split into two groups, i.e., elective tracheostomy (group A) and emergency tracheostomy (group B). All patients were followed for three months for adverse events related to the tracheostomy. All information was collected on Proforma and analyzed using the SPSS 23 version (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Results The mean age of participants was 48.47±12.68 years in group A and 49.54±10.99 years in group B (p=0.636). 40 (72.7%) and 37 (67.3%) patients were male and 15 (27.3%) and 18 (32.7%) female in groups A and B, respectively. The results of post-operative complications in both groups A and B were observed, respectively, for surgical emphysema (2 [3.6%] vs. 5 [9.1%], p=0.241), hemorrhage (2 [3.6%] vs. 4 [7.3%], p=0.401), wound infection (3 [3.6%] vs. 6 [10.9%], p=0.279), tube blockage (0 [0.0%] vs. 1 [1.8%], p=0.315), tube displacement (0 [0.0%] vs. 3 [5.5%], p=0.079), and tracheoesophageal fistula (0 [0.0%] vs. 2 [3.6%], p=0.154). The overall complications in elective tracheostomies were 7 (12.7%) and in emergency tracheostomies were 21 (38.2%). Conclusion We concluded that patients who had an emergency tracheostomy experienced more postoperative complications than those who underwent an elective tracheostomy.
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Environmental and health monitoring requires low-cost, high-performance diethylamine (DEA) sensors. Materials based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can detect hazardous gases due to their large specific surface area, many metal sites, unsaturated sites, functional connectivity, and easy calcination to remove the scaffold. However, developing facile materials with high sensitivity and selectivity in harsh environments for accurate DEA detection at a low detection limit (LOD) at room temperature (RT) is challenging. In this study, p-type semiconducting porous CuOx sensing materials were synthesized using a simple solvothermal process and annealed in an argon atmosphere at three different temperatures (x = 400, 600, and 800 °C). Significant variations in particle size, specific area, crystallite size, and shape were noticed when the annealing temperature was elevated. Cu-MIL-53 annealed at 400 °C (CuO-400) has a typical nanoellipsoid (NEs) shape with a length of 61.5 nm and a diameter of 33.2 nm. Surprisingly, CuO-400 NEs showed an excellent response to DEA with an ultra-LOD (Rg/Ra = 7.3 @ 100 ppb, 55% relative humidity), excellent selectivity and sensitivity (Rg/Ra = 236 @ 15 ppm), exceptional long-term stability and repeatability, and a fast response/recovery period at RT, outperforming most previously reported materials. CuO-400 NEs have outstanding gas-sensing characteristics due to their high porosity, 1D nanostructure, unsaturated Cu sites (Cu+ and Cu2+), large specific surface area, and numerous oxygen vacancies. This study presents a generic approach to produce future CuO derived from Cu-MOFs-sensitive materials, revealing new insights into the design of effective sensors for environmental monitoring at RT.
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Purpose: To study whether age, gender, body mass index(BMI) and disease duration influence the clinical outcomes in kellgren-Lawrence(K-L) grade II,III knee osteoarthritis(KOA) patients treated with serial injections of platelet rich plasma(PRP). Patients and methods: 65 patients were given three monthly intra-articular injections of PRP in this prospective interventional study. The patients were divided into subgroups depending on the factor studied: by age(in years) into young <45(n = 7), middle age 45-60(n = 35), and elderly >60(n = 23): by BMI(in kg/m2) into; normal <25(n = 25), overweight 25-30(n = 27) and obese >30(n = 13) and disease duration; less(n = 32) or more than 1 year(n = 33) symptom duration. Visual analogue scale (VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) were used as outcome measures and assessed before each injection and then at 6 and 9 months post injection. Groups were homogenous with respect to baseline characteristics. Results: Mean VAS and WOMAC scores showed a statistically significant improvement (P < 0.0001) across all groups and subgroups (age,gender,BMI,disease duration) at follow up. On intra-subgroup comparison, we found no significant differences(P > 0.05) among age, BMI or gender subgroups, however the scores were significantly better in patients with disease duration of less than 1 year than those with more than 1 year duration at both 6 and 9 months[P < 0.001(RC = 9.630,95% CI = 4.037-15.222,P = 0.001)]. Conclusion: PRP injections if given serially can improve the short term subjective scores of VAS and WOMAC scores in patients with K-L grade II and III KOA irrespective of age, gender, BMI or disease duration, however, clinical benefits can be maximized if given early in the disease course.
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Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have gained prominence in wireless sensor technology, featuring resource-limited sensor nodes deployed in challenging underwater environments. To address challenges like power consumption, network lifetime, node deployment, topology, and propagation delays, cooperative transmission protocols like co-operative (Co-UWSN) and co-operative energy-efficient routing (CEER) have been proposed. These protocols utilize broadcast capabilities and neighbor head node (NHN) selection for cooperative routing. This research introduces NBEER, a novel neighbor-based energy-efficient routing protocol tailored for UWSNs. NBEER aims to surpass the limitations of Co-UWSN and CEER by optimizing NHNS and cooperative mechanisms to achieve load balancing and enhance network performance. Through comprehensive MATLAB simulations, we evaluated NBEER against Co-UWSN and CEER, demonstrating its superior performance across various metrics. NBEER significantly maximizes end-to-end delay, reduces energy consumption, improves packet delivery ratio, extends network lifetime, and enhances total received packets analysis compared to the existing protocols.
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Benchmarking , Reproducción , Fenómenos Físicos , Tecnología InalámbricaRESUMEN
Purpose: To evaluate and compare the clinical efficacy of transforaminal steroid and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections in patients with discogenic lumbar radiculopathy. Methods: 60 patients were randomized to be treated with single transforaminal injection of PRP (n = 29) or steroid (methylprednisolone acetate [n = 31]). Clinical assessment was done with Visual analogue scale (VAS), modified Oswestry low back pain disability index (MODI), and straight leg raise test (SLRT). Baseline assessment of outcomes was done followed by post-intervention evaluation at 1, 3, and 6 months. Both groups had similar baseline characteristics. Results: There was a significant statistical improvement of VAS and MODI in both groups at follow-up (P < 0.05). In PRP group, minimal clinically important change (> 2 cm difference of mean for VAS and > 10-point change in MODI) for both outcome scores was achieved at all follow-up intervals (1, 3, 6 months), while as in steroid group, it was seen only at 1 and 3 months for both VAS and MODI. On intergroup comparison, better results were seen in steroid group at 1 month (P < 0.001 for both VAS and MODI), and in PRP group at 6 months (P < 0.001 for both VAS and MODI) with non-significant difference at 3 months (P = 0.605 for MODI and P = 0.612 for VAS). More than 90% tested SLRT negative in PRP group and 62% in steroid group at 6 months. No serious complications were seen. Conclusion: Transforaminal injections of PRP and steroid improve short-term (up to 3 months) clinical outcome scores in discogenic lumbar radiculopathy, but clinically meaningful improvements sustaining for 6 months were provided by PRP only.
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Objective: To evaluate and compare clinical efficacy and effect on specific serum biomarker with serial injections of growth factor concentrate (GFC) for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) in a randomized triple blinded placebo controlled interventional study. Methods: Final assessment was done on 58 patients. Patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grade II, III knee osteoarthritis were administered monthly intraarticular injections(3 injections) of GFC(n = 31) or saline(n = 27) and evaluated clinically with visual analogue scale(VAS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index(WOMAC) at 3,6 and 12 months post therapy. Biochemical analysis was done with serum biomarker of cartilage degeneration, Collagen 2-1 (Coll2-1), estimated at baseline and at final follow up. Results: Both the groups exhibited statistically significant improvements (P < 0.05) in VAS at 3,6 and 12 months. WOMAC improvement reached statistical significance for GFC group at every evaluation (P < 0.001) but only at 12 months in NS group (P = 0.029). The improvements were clinically meaningful only in GFC group throughout follow up (Minimal clinically important differences >12% of baseline in WOMAC and >2 cm difference in mean for VAS). Intergroup comparison revealed GFC to be much better for both scores at every evaluation (95% CI of 0.2-1.5,[P = 0.008], 1.4-2.9,[P < 0.0001], and 2.7-4.2,[P < 0.0001] for VAS, 7.3-16.0 [P < 0.001], 11.6-21.9 [P < 0.001] and 18.1-31.1[P < 0.001] for WOMAC). Statistically significant decrease in serum Coll2-1 levels were observed for GFC group only. No serious complications were seen. Conclusion: Serial(three) monthly GFC injections result in clinically meaningful improvement of subjective pain and function outcome scores, sustaining up to 12 months in KOA grade II and III. GFC also lead to significant reduction in serum levels of cartilage degradation biomarker coll2-1.
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FeOOH nanorods, as one-dimensional nanomaterials, have been widely used in many fields due to their stable properties, low cost, and easy synthesis, but their application in the field of chemiluminescence (CL) is rarely reported. In this work, FeOOH nanorods were synthesized by a simple and environmentally friendly one-pot hydrothermal method and used for the first time as a catalyst for generating strong CL with luminol without additional oxidant. Remarkably, luminol-FeOOH exhibits about 250 times stronger CL than the luminol-H2O2 system. Its CL intensity was significantly quenched by uric acid. We established a simple, rapid, sensitive, and selective CL method for the detection of uric acid with a linear range of 20-1000 nM and a detection limit of 6.3 nM (S/N = 3). In addition, we successfully applied this method to the detection of uric acid in human serum, and the standard recoveries were 95.6-106.4%.
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Luminol , Nanotubos , Humanos , Oxidorreductasas , Ácido Úrico , Peróxido de Hidrógeno , Luminiscencia , Mediciones Luminiscentes/métodos , Límite de DetecciónRESUMEN
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are ideal sensing materials due to their distinctive morphologies, high surface area, and simple calcination to remove sacrificial MOF scaffolds. Oxygen vacancies (Ovs) can be efficiently generated by the thermal annealing of metal oxides in an inert atmosphere. Herein, MIL-53-based Fe and Fe/Ni-MOFs nanorices (NRs) were first prepared by using a solvothermal method, and then one-dimensional (1D) Fe2O3 and Ni0.4Fe2.6O4 NRs were derived from the MOFs after calcination at 350 °C in an air and argon (Ar) atmosphere, respectively. It was found that Ar-annealed Ni0.4Fe2.6O4 NRs have higher Ovs concentrations (82.11%) and smaller NRs (24.3 nm) than air-annealed NRs (65.68% & 31.5 nm). Beneficially, among the synthesized NRs, the Ar-Ni0.4Fe2.6O4 NRs show a higher sensitivity to diethylamine (DEA) (Ra/Rg = 23 @ 5 ppm, 175 °C), low detection limit (Ra/Rg = 1.2 @ 200 ppb), wide dynamic response (Ra/Rg = 93.5@ 30 ppm), high stability (30 days), and faster response/recovery time (4 s/38 s). Moreover, the 1D nanostructure containing heterostructures offers excellent sensing selectivity and a wide detection range from 200 ppb to 30 ppm in the presence of DEA. The outstanding gas sensing behavior can be attributable to synergistic impact, structural advantages, high concentration of Ovs, and the heterojunction interface, which can have profound effects on gas sensor performance. This study provides a unique technique for constructing high-performance gas sensors for ppb-level DEA detection and the formation of Ovs in metal oxides without the need for any additives.
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Since the first human case in 2013, H7N9 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have caused more than 1500 human infections with a mortality rate of approximately 40%. Despite large-scale poultry vaccination regimes across China, the H7N9 AIVs continue to persist and evolve rapidly in poultry. Recently, several strains of H7N9 AIVs have been isolated and shown the ability to escape vaccine-induced immunity. To assess the zoonotic risk of the recent H7N9 AIV isolates, we rescued viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) from these H7N9 AIVs and six internal segments from PR8 virus and characterized their receptor binding, pH of fusion, thermal stability, plaque morphology and in ovo virus replication. We also assessed the cross-reactivity of the viruses with human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against H7N9 HA and ferret antisera against H7N9 AIV candidate vaccines. The H7N9 AIVs from the early epidemic waves had dual sialic acid receptor binding characteristics, whereas the more recent H7N9 AIVs completely lost or retained only weak human sialic acid receptor binding. Compared with the H7N9 AIVs from the first epidemic wave, the 2020/21 viruses formed larger plaques in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and replicated to higher titres in ovo, demonstrating increased acid stability but reduced thermal stability. Further analysis showed that these recent H7N9 AIVs had poor cross-reactivity with the human mAbs and ferret antisera, highlighting the need to update the vaccine candidates. To conclude, the newly emerged H7N9 AIVs showed characteristics of typical AIVs, posing reduced zoonotic risk but a heightened threat for poultry.
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Subtipo H7N9 del Virus de la Influenza A , Gripe Aviar , Gripe Humana , Animales , Perros , Humanos , Hurones , Hemaglutininas , Aves de Corral , Medición de Riesgo , Sueros Inmunes , Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la InfluenzaRESUMEN
As an effective approach for materials synthesis, bipolar electrochemistry has been earning a renewed interest nowadays thanks to its unique features compared to conventional electrochemistry. Indeed, the wireless mode of electrode reactions and the generation of a gradient potential distribution above the bipolar electrode are among the most appealing qualities of bipolar electrochemistry. In particular, the gradient potential distribution is a highly attractive characteristic for the fabrication of surfaces with gradients in their chemical properties or molecular functionalities. Herein, we report the high-throughput electrosynthesis of gradient polypyrrole films by means of a new electrochemical cell design named the single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES). SEESs are made by attaching an inert plastic board with holes onto an indium tin oxide electrode, constructing multiple microelectrochemical cells on the same electrode. This type of arrangement enables parallel electrochemical reactions to be carried out simultaneously and controlled in a contactless manner by a single electrode. Several experimental conditions for polypyrrole film growth were extensively investigated. Furthermore, the gradient property of the polymer films was evaluated by thickness determination, surface morphology analysis, and contact angle measurements. The use of SEES has been demonstrated as a convenient and cost-effective strategy for high-throughput electrosynthesis and electroanalytical applications and has opened up a new door for gradient film preparation via a rapid condition screening process.
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Based on the Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-18 data, the study intends to present the relative status of a particular fuel (type) in terms of its level of use in different regions of Pakistan. At the same time, the study investigates the determinants of the household type of fuel used for cooking in Pakistan. Socioeconomic characteristics of the households and household heads are taken as determinants of the main type of fuel (clean or dirty) used for cooking by the households. Binary logistic regression is applied as an estimation technique. Over the country, wood stands first as the most widely used type of fuel followed by natural gas followed by LPG. Animal dung and charcoal are respectively ranked as the fourth and fifth most commonly used types of fuel for cooking by households in Pakistan. In comparison amongst the four provinces of Pakistan, the use of wood as well as charcoal as the fuel type for cooking (in relative terms) is the most common in Balochistan province. Likewise, Punjab province is the most frequent user of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), crop residues, and animal dung, while Sindh province is the most frequent user of natural gas. Households possessing agricultural land and livestock and with large household sizes had more probability to use dirty sources of fuel for cooking. Households with better wealth status and residing in urban areas were more likely to use clean sources of fuel for cooking. Household head's higher educational status and male-gender had more likelihood to use clean sources of fuel for cooking.