A Simple and Efficient Deep Learning-Based Framework for Automatic Fruit Recognition.

Accurate detection and recognition of various kinds of fruits and vegetables by using the artificial intelligence (AI) approach always remain a challenging task due to similarity between various types of fruits and challenging environments such as lighting and background variations. Therefore, developing and exploring an expert system for automatic fruits' recognition is getting more and more important after many successful approaches; however, this technology is still far from being mature. The deep learning-based models have emerged as state-of-the-art techniques for image segmentation and classification and have a lot of promise in challenging domains such as agriculture, where they can deal with the large variability in data better than classical computer vision methods. In this study, we proposed a deep learning-based framework to detect and recognize fruits and vegetables automatically with difficult real-world scenarios. The proposed method might be helpful for the fruit sellers to identify and differentiate various kinds of fruits and vegetables that have similarities. The proposed method has applied deep convolutional neural network (DCNN) to the undertakings of distinguishing natural fruit images of the Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) region as this area is famous for fruits' production in Pakistan as well as in the world. The experimental outcomes demonstrate that the suggested deep learning algorithm has the effective capability of automatically recognizing the fruit with high accuracy of 96%. This high accuracy exhibits that the proposed approach can meet world application requirements.

Internet of Things with Deep Learning-Based Face Recognition Approach for Authentication in Control Medical Systems.

Internet of Things (IoT) with deep learning (DL) is drastically growing and plays a significant role in many applications, including medical and healthcare systems. It can help users in this field get an advantage in terms of enhanced touchless authentication, especially in spreading infectious diseases like coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Even though there is a number of available security systems, they suffer from one or more of issues, such as identity fraud, loss of keys and passwords, or spreading diseases through touch authentication tools. To overcome these issues, IoT-based intelligent control medical authentication systems using DL models are proposed to enhance the security factor of medical and healthcare places effectively. This work applies IoT with DL models to recognize human faces for authentication in smart control medical systems. We use Raspberry Pi (RPi) because it has low cost and acts as the main controller in this system. The installation of a smart control system using general-purpose input/output (GPIO) pins of RPi also enhanced the antitheft for smart locks, and the RPi is connected to smart doors. For user authentication, a camera module is used to capture the face image and compare them with database images for getting access. The proposed approach performs face detection using the Haar cascade techniques, while for face recognition, the system comprises the following steps. The first step is the facial feature extraction step, which is done using the pretrained CNN models (ResNet-50 and VGG-16) along with linear binary pattern histogram (LBPH) algorithm. The second step is the classification step which can be done using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Only classified face as genuine leads to unlock the door; otherwise, the door is locked, and the system sends a notification email to the home/medical place with detected face images and stores the detected person name and time information on the SQL database. The comparative study of this work shows that the approach achieved 99.56% accuracy compared with some different related methods.

Spaceborne Satellite for Snow Cover and Hydrological Characteristic of the Gilgit River Basin, Hindukush⁻Karakoram Mountains, Pakistan.

The Indus River, which flows through China, India, and Pakistan, is mainly fed by melting snow and glaciers that are spread across the Hindukush⁻Karakoram⁻Himalaya Mountains. The downstream population of the Indus Plain heavily relies on this water resource for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower generation. Therefore, its river runoff variability must be properly monitored. Gilgit Basin, the northwestern part of the Upper Indus Basin, is selected for studying cryosphere dynamics and its implications on river runoff. In this study, 8-day snow products (MOD10A2) of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer, from 2001 to 2015 are selected to access the snow-covered area (SCA) in the catchment. A non-parametric Mann⁻Kendall test and Sen's slope are calculated to assess whether a significant trend exists in the SCA time series data. Then, data from ground observatories for 1995⁻2013 are analyzed to demonstrate annual and seasonal signals in air temperature and precipitation. Results indicate that the annual and seasonal mean of SCA show a non-significant decreasing trend, but the autumn season shows a statistically significant decreasing SCA with a slope of -198.36 km²/year. The annual mean temperature and precipitation show an increasing trend with highest values of slope 0.05 °C/year and 14.98 mm/year, respectively. Furthermore, Pearson correlation coefficients are calculated for the hydro-meteorological data to demonstrate any possible relationship. The SCA is affirmed to have a highly negative correlation with mean temperature and runoff. Meanwhile, SCA has a very weak relation with precipitation data. The Pearson correlation coefficient between SCA and runoff is -0.82, which confirms that the Gilgit River runoff largely depends on the melting of snow cover rather than direct precipitation. The study indicates that the SCA slightly decreased for the study period, which depicts a possible impact of global warming on this mountainous region.