A novel and innovative hair test to determine glucocorticoid levels in racing camels for use in assessment of doping, health, and disease.

The aim of this project was to develop and validate a new test for the analysis of glucocorticoids in camel hair and to use the new test to analyse hair samples from a variety of camel breeds in sports and racing applications. These findings could be of importance when evaluating racing camels for suspected doping offenses or for injury and disease control. Camel hair samples were collected from 30 non-racing dromedary camels along with 3 racing camels in Al Ain, UAE and were decontaminated, pulverised, sonicated, and extracted prior to analysis. A liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was employed to determine the levels of glucocorticoids in the hair samples. The 4 drugs of interest, namely hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, flumethasone and methylprednisolone, and an internal standard were quantified in camel hair samples. All 4 of the glucocorticoids were detected in camel hair samples with concentrations ranging between 31 and 935 pg/mg for hydrocortisone, 8-59 pg/mg for dexamethasone, 0.7-1034 pg/mg for flumethasone and 5-66 pg/mg for methylprednisolone in non-racing camels. One of the racing camels displayed high concentrations of hydrocortisone (1130 pg/mg), flumethasone (2576 pg/mg), methylprednisone (1156 pg/mg) and dexamethasone (29 pg/mg). The authors believe this is the first report of a test for corticosteroids in camel hair. The new test has been validated according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidelines. This new hair test could be useful for further studies in doping control, toxicological studies, pharmacological studies and other clinical applications in camel health, injury, and disease.

Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs among Down syndrome Sudanese individuals / Prevalência de maloclusão e necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico em indivíduos sudaneses portadores de síndrome de Down

Determinar a prevalência de má oclusão e necessidades de tratamento ortodôntico em indivíduos sudaneses com síndrome de Down, na área de Khartoum. Material e Métodos: Um total de 75 indivíduos (37 masculinos e 38 femininos) portadores da síndrome de Down, com idade entre 6-28 anos, foram examinados clinicamente depois de obter o consentimento de seu responsável. A má oclusão foi determinada com base na classificação da de Angle e má oclusão dos incisivos. Os dados foram analisados e apresentados em tabelas utilizando o software estatístico ciências sociais programa (SPSS) version 17, sendo a estatística descritiva. Tabelas de frequência de distribuição e gráficos foram utilizados para demonstrar os resultados. Resultados: Os tipos mais prevalentes de más oclusões foram classe III de Angle (58,7%) e má oclusão Incisivo III (53,3%). Classe III de Angle foi mais freqüente no sexo feminino (60,5%) do que no masculino (56,8%). A maioria dos indivíduos com síndrome de Down possui grande necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico (85,3%). Conclusão: A prevalência de má oclusão e necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico entre indivíduos sudaneses portadores da síndrome de Down foi alta. Má oclusão de Angle e incisor classe III representam o traço mais comum de má oclusão, com frequência maior em mulheres do que em homens. O tratamento ortodôntico para indivíduo com síndrome de Down deve ser multidisciplinar, a fim de conservar o padrão de tratamento superior...

To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment needs in Sudanese’s Down syndrome individuals in Khartoum area. Material and Methods: A total of 75 (37 males and 38 females) Down syndrome individuals age ranging from 6-28 years of age, were clinically examined after obtaining their guardian’s consent. Malocclusion was determined based on Angle and Incisor classification of malocclusion. The data were analysed and presented in tables using the Statistic Package for social sciences (SPSS) program version17 descriptive statistic, Frequency distribution tables and graph were utilized to perform the results. Results: Angle Class III malocclusion (58.7%) and Incisor III malocclusion (53.3%) represents the most prevalent types of malocclusions. Angle class III malocclusion was more frequent among females (60.5%) than males (56.8%).The majority of individuals with Down syndrome are in great need for orthodontic treatment (85.3%). Conclusion: The prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need among Sudanese Down syndrome individuals was high. Angle and Incisor class III malocclusions represent the commonest trait of malocclusion and reported more frequency in females than males. Orthodontic treatment for Down syndrome individual should be multidisciplinary in order to conservative superior treatment pattern...