Facilitators and barriers in HIV testing and continuum of care among migrant transgender women who are sex workers residing in Florence, Italy.

Background: An increased risk of contracting HIV infection, suboptimal adherence, and a loss to follow-up have been observed in migrants, particularly if those individuals are transgender or sex workers. A clear picture of the HIV epidemic among migrants is complex due to the lack of specific national data. Aims: We developed a qualitative study that describes the barriers and facilitators (cultural, social, and personal) in HIV testing and the continuum of care for a group of migrant transgender women who are sex workers. Methods: A semi-structured interview was conducted with a group of migrant transgender women who are sex workers living with HIV or with unknown HIV serostatus residing in the Florentine metropolitan area. Results: We included 12 participants: 3 had unknown HIV serostatus and 9 were living with HIV in follow-up at the Clinic of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Careggi University hospiral, Florence, Italy. Among barriers, the perceived stigma due to their identity as migrants and transgender people, the language lack of ability and the legal position in the host country played a significant role. Moreover, the interviewees claimed having no alternative to sex work: for those individuals, changing their lifestyle condition is perceived as difficult or impossible due to social prejudices. Conversely, the interviewees considered support services, such as cultural mediators/interpreters and street units, as facilitators to HIV testing, access to care, and continuum of care. Having regular and accessible ART and the availability of a more consistent health care system, represent reasons for HIV-positive migrants living with HIV to move to Italy. Conclusions: Knowledge of this population's personal experience regarding the barriers and factors that facilitate access to the HIV care system is essential for planning public health interventions capable of responding to the real needs of patients.

Does Vaccine Confidence Mediate the Relationship between Vaccine Literacy and Influenza Vaccination? Exploring Determinants of Vaccination among Staff Members of Nursing Homes in Tuscany, Italy, during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Low coverage of influenza vaccination in nursing home (NH) staff may be attributed to factors such as vaccine confidence (VC) and vaccine literacy (VL). Our study aimed to evaluate the role of VL and VC in predicting the intention to get the influenza vaccine in a sample of employees of NHs in Tuscany, Italy. METHODS: Data from staff members in Tuscany were collected using an online questionnaire that examined influenza vaccination history, intentions, demographic information, health status, and VL. Statistical analyses explored the relationships between VC, VL, and vaccination intentions. RESULTS: The study included 1794 respondents, (86.3%) and assistants/aides (58.1%), with a median age of 46 years. The intention to get vaccinated was significantly higher among those with health risk conditions, and there was a positive association between VC and VL, specifically its interactive/critical component. The mediation analysis showed that VC completely mediated the relationship between VL and the intention to get vaccinated, with significant effects observed in different subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: VC is a key factor that mediates the effect of VL on vaccine intention. These results suggest that interventions aimed at improving VL alone may not be sufficient to increase vaccine uptake unless VC is also addressed.

Vaccine Literacy and Source of Information about Vaccination among Staff of Nursing Homes: A Cross-Sectional Survey Conducted in Tuscany (Italy).

Vaccine literacy (VL) mediates the transfer of information and facilitates vaccination acceptance. The aims of this study are to validate the HLVa-IT (Health Literacy Vaccinale degli adulti in Italiano­Vaccine health literacy for adults in Italian language) for the staff of nursing homes (NHs), to measure VL in such a peculiar target group, and to assess its relationship with the sources used to obtain information about vaccines and vaccinations. A survey has been conducted in a sample of Tuscan NHs using an online questionnaire. Eight-hundred and fifty-three questionnaires were analyzed. Two dimensions of the HLVa-IT appeared (functional and interactive/communicative/critical VL). The HLVa-IT interactive/communicative/critical subscale score was slightly higher than the functional subscale, although with no statistical significance. General practitioners (GPs) or other professionals have been reported as the main source of information by most of the respondents (66.1%). The HLVa-IT total score was significantly higher among those who have declared to use official vaccination campaigns (mean score: 3.25 ± 0.49; p < 0.001), GPs or other health professionals (3.26 ± 0.47; p < 0.001), and search engines (3.27 ± 0.48; p = 0.040) as the main sources of information. In conclusion, the HLVa-IT could be reliable test to investigate VL for staff of NHs, and also to highlight criticalities related to information sources.

The use of human acellular dermal matrices in advanced wound healing and surgical procedures: State of the art.

Wound closure after post-traumatic injuries and/or localized at peculiar body sites (head-and-neck, oral cavity, legs) are particularly challenging and can often be delayed due to local and systemic factors. In case of deep wounds and/or hard-to-heal wounds, grafting of dermal acellular matrices (ADM) is often needed. Though a great variety of synthetic and semisynthetic dermal and skin equivalents are available, viable human dermis, is still considered the most physiological alternative to replace the loss of autologous dermis, by acting as a physiological scaffold that add structural support to soft tissues. To date, human ADMs (hADMs) have been employed in the reconstruction of skin defects affecting almost all body sites, ranging from visceral sites to the skin and subcutaneous tissues. This review aims to investigate the use of hADM at different body sites and their peculiar advantages. A literature search was using the search terms "acellular dermal matrices", "dermal regeneration", "advances wound healing", "human acellular dermal matrices surgery". A total of 50 out of 150 papers was included. Based on the current body if evidence, hADMs appear to bring several advantages, such as: protection of deep structures (eg, tendons, bones, cartilage and nerves); stimulation of a functional new dermis (rather than a scar); reduction of wound closure time; control of pain and exudate. Finally, hADMs may represent the best treatment option for hard-to-heal wound not only in terms of efficacy and patient satisfaction bout also in terms of sanitary costs, especially across Europe, where hADMs cannot be commercialized as medical devices.

Promoting Influenza Vaccination among Staff of Nursing Homes According to Behavioral Insights: Analyzing the Choice Architecture during a Nudge-Based Intervention.

(1) Background: Influenza vaccination uptake in nursing home (NH) workers is uncommon. The aim of this study was to understand the choice architecture of influenza vaccination acceptance or refusal among them and to promote vaccination acceptance using the nudge approach. (2) Methods: In autumn 2019, a nudge intervention with a contextual qualitative analysis of choice architecture of vaccination was performed among the staff of eight Tuscan NHs. In summer 2020, a cross-sectional study including the staff of 111 NHs (8 in the nudge, 103 in the comparison group) was conducted to assess the impact of the nudge intervention in promoting vaccination uptake. (3) Results: Macro-categories of motivations for vaccination uptake that emerged from the qualitative analysis were risk perception, value dimension, and trust, while those regarding refusal were risk perception, distrust, value dimension, and reasons related to one's health. Considering the cross-sectional study, influenza vaccination uptake in the 2018-2019 season was similar in the two groups (23.6% vs. 22.2% respectively, in the nudge and comparison group), but significantly different in the 2019-2020 season: 28% in the nudge vs. 20% in the comparison group. Also, the intention to get the vaccine in the 2020-2021 season was significantly different in the two groups: 37.9% in the nudge and 30.8% in the comparison group. (4) Conclusions: Nudge interventions-simple, fast, low cost-could be effective in promoting vaccination acceptance among NH workers and the analysis of choice architecture could be useful in improving tailored, new nudge interventions aimed at modifying irrational biased and cognitive errors.

A new clinical and dermoscopic monitoring of infantile hemangiomas treated with oral propranolol.

Oral propranolol (OP) demonstrated high efficacy and safety profile for treatment of critical infantile hemangiomas (IHs). Our aim was to assess the morphologic changes of IHs with standard and high-resolution video dermoscopy (HRVD) from baseline to 18 months either in presence or absence of OP therapy; to investigate if extended anamnestic perinatal data and clinical-dermoscopic characteristics of the IHs can correlate with therapeutic outcome. We enrolled 94 patients (112 IHs): 58 were treated with OP, 35 (42 IHs) for 6 months (group 1), and 23 (25 IHs) for 12-months (group 2); 36 (45 IHs) were followed-up. Clinical-dermoscopic examinations were performed every 3 months during therapy and follow-up. Among 67 treated IHs, superficial and deep IHs with homogenous clinical-dermoscopic aspect developed after the 2 weeks of life achieved the better outcome, stable at 9-month follow-up, independently form treatment duration. Under HRVD, glomerular vessels were prevalent at baseline; corckscrew, comma, and linear-irregular vessels were the prevalent pattern at 1, 3, and 6 months of therapy, respectively. At 12-month follow-up, adequate healing was achieved by 96% of IHs in group 2 and by 78% in group 1, showing dotted vessels. Persistent IHs displayed a reticulated aspect and linear irregular vessels, while arborizing vessels characterized relapsed IHs. A 12-month OP therapy can be considered for newborns presenting with nonhomogenous mixed IHs >3 cm on the perineal area/lower extremities. In conclusion, HRVD allows a real time monitoring of vascular changes in IHs treated with OP and can support physicians in identifying relapses before they become clinically evident.

Health-Literate Healthcare Organizations and Quality of Care in Hospitals: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Tuscany.

The concept of Health-Literate Healthcare Organization (HLHO) concerns the strategies by which healthcare organizations make it easier for people to navigate, understand, and use information and services to take care of their health. The aims of this study were to validate the HLHO-10 questionnaire in the Italian language; to measure the degree of implementation of the 10 attributes of HLHOs in a sample of hospitals placed in Tuscany; and to assess the association between the degree of implementation of the 10 attributes of HLHOs and the perceived quality of care. This was a cross-sectional study where data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire including three sections: a descriptive section, a section focused on the perceived quality, and the Italian version of the HLHO-10 questionnaire. A total amount of 405 healthcare managers answered the questionnaire (54.9%). The analysis shows that the HLHO score is significantly associated with the type of hospitals: accredited private hospitals have higher HLHO scores. Moreover, the perceived quality increases with the increasing of the HLHO score, with the highest coefficient for local public hospitals. In conclusion, Organizational Health Literacy culture should be an integral element for the management to improve the quality of care.

Health Literacy, Vaccine Confidence and Influenza Vaccination Uptake among Nursing Home Staff: A Cross-Sectional Study Conducted in Tuscany.

The aim of this cross-sectional study is to address whether health literacy (HL) and vaccine confidence are related with influenza vaccination uptake among staff of nursing homes (NHs). It was conducted in Tuscany (Italy) in autumn 2018, including the staff of 28 NHs. A questionnaire was used to collect individual data regarding influenza vaccination in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons; the intention to be vaccinated in 2018-2019; as well as demographic, educational, and health information. It included also the Italian Medical Term Recognition (IMETER) test to measure HL and eight Likert-type statements to calculate a Vaccine Confidence Index (VCI). The number of employees that fulfilled the questionnaire was 710. The percentage of influenza vaccination uptake was low: only 9.6% got vaccinated in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 and intended to vaccinate in 2018-2019. The VCI score and the IMETER-adjusted scores were weakly correlated (Rho = 0.156). At the multinomial logistic regression analysis, the VCI was a positive predictor of vaccination uptake. In conclusion, vaccine confidence is the strongest predictor of influenza vaccination uptake among the staff of NHs. The development of an adequate vaccine literacy measurement tool could be useful to understand whether skills could be related to vaccine confidence.

Health Literacy as a Shared Capacity: Does the Health Literacy of a Country Influence the Health Disparities among Immigrants?

Health literacy (HL) is an individual ability as well as a distributed resource available within an individual's social network. We performed an explorative study assessing the role of HL as the country-level ecological variable in predicting the health disparities among immigrants. Country-level HL data were obtained from the publicly available first European Health Literacy Survey reports. Individual-level data on citizenship, perceived health status, body mass index, smoking habits, physical activity and attendance at breast and cervical cancer screening were extracted from the European Health Interview Survey of Eurostat. Data from both sources were obtained for Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Poland and Spain. The country-specific odds ratio (OR) for the association between the participants' citizenship and other individual health-relevant characteristics was pooled into summary OR using random-effects models. Meta-regression was used to explore whether the HL of a country could explain part of the between-countries heterogeneity. Results: For the perceived health status, nutritional status and attendance at cervical cancer screening, the lower was the country-level HL (as ecological variable), the higher were the health inequalities relating to citizenship. The results of our exploratory research suggest that improving the population HL may help mitigate health inequalities between residents and migrants.

The Antecedents and Consequences of Health Literacy in an Ecological Perspective: Results from an Experimental Analysis.

This study analyses the relationship between the antecedents and consequences of health literacy (HL) at the ecological level among the nations involved in the European Health Literacy Survey (HLS-EU). The antecedents and consequences were investigated by means of proxy indicators. The HL was measured using the 47-item HLS-EU questionnaire (HLS-EUQ47) and the Newest Vital Sign (NVS). The two measures stood in significant correlation to the outcomes of the sub-discipline of the Euro Health Consumer Index (r = 0.790 for HLS-EUQ47; r = 0.789 for NVS). The HLS-EUQ47 also stood in correlation to the percentage of population with post-secondary education (r = 0.810), the reading performance for 15-year-old students (r = 0.905), the presence of a national screening program for breast (r = 0.732) or cervical cancer (r = 0.873). The NVS stood in correlation with the unemployment rate (r = −0.778), the Gross Domestic Product (r = 0.719), the Gini coefficient (r = −0.743), the rank of the Euro Patient Empowerment Index (r = −0.826), the expenditure on social protection (r = 0.814), the Consumer Empowerment Index (r = 0.898), the percentage of adults using the internet for seeking health information (r = 0.759), the prevalence of overweight individuals (r = −0.843), the health expenditure (r = 0.766), as well as the percentage of individuals using the internet for interacting with public authorities (r = 0.755). This study provides some preliminary considerations regarding alternative means by which to study HL and proposes new methods for experimentation. The methods and the results could offer a means by which the relationship between society and overall healthcare protection could be strengthened.

Importance of good manufacturing practices in microbiological monitoring in processing human tissues for transplant.

Skin allografts represent an important therapeutic resource in the treatment of severe skin loss. The risk associated with application of processed tissues in humans is very low, however, human material always carries the risk of disease transmission. To minimise the risk of contamination of grafts, processing is carried out in clean rooms where air quality is monitored. Procedures and quality control tests are performed to standardise the production process and to guarantee the final product for human use. Since we only validate and distribute aseptic tissues, we conducted a study to determine what type of quality controls for skin processing are the most suitable for detecting processing errors and intercurrent contamination, and for faithfully mapping the process without unduly increasing production costs. Two different methods for quality control were statistically compared using the Fisher exact test. On the basis of the current study we selected our quality control procedure based on pre- and post-processing tissue controls, operator and environmental controls. Evaluation of the predictability of our control methods showed that tissue control was the most reliable method of revealing microbial contamination of grafts. We obtained 100 % sensitivity by doubling tissue controls, while maintaining high specificity (77 %).

Prevalence of skin allograft discards as a result of serological and molecular microbiological screening in a regional skin bank in Italy.

BACKGROUND: Postmortem skin is widely used in the treatment of patients with severe burns. Skin specimens must be screened for transmissible agents including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Treponema pallidum. METHODS: Four hundred and sixty-one cadaveric donors underwent serological and molecular microbiological (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) screening at Siena Skin Bank between 2000 and 2004. RESULTS: 74/461 donors (16.1%) were found ineligible under current regulations. CONCLUSIONS: These results are interesting in a local context and underline the importance of screening involving both routine serological procedures and molecular microbiological investigation. The latter has not been uniformly introduced in many countries and very limited data is available to assess its cost-benefit ratio in the field of skin donor screening.

Skin bank organization.

Skin allografts were first used at the end of the last century by Girdner [Girdner JH. Skin grafting with graft taken from the dead subject. Med Rec (NY) 1881;20:119-20]; however, routine storage of human tissue developed only in the 1930s to 1940s [Webster JP. Refrigerated skin grafts. Ann Surg 1944;120:431-49] when reliable preservation methods became available. The first proper skin bank was the US Navy Skin Bank, set up in 1949 [McCauley RL. The skin Bank. In: Herndon DN, editor. Total burn care. 1st ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 1996. p. 159-63]. Several skin banks were subsequently established in the United States and Europe, and in most cases they were organized as multitissue banks. Nowadays, it is estimated that 30 to 50 tissue banks are active in the United States, working according to the American Association of Tissue Banking (AATB) standards (AATB. Standards for tissue banking; 1984) and federal regulations (Real E S and regulations. Fed Regist. 1993).

Autologous epidermal cultures and narrow-band ultraviolet B in the surgical treatment of vitiligo.

BACKGROUND: Vitiligo is an acquired skin disorder with a great social impact. It can be successfully treated with autologous epidermal grafting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of treating vitiligo by autologous grafting of epidermal cells and narrow-band ultraviolet B (UVB). METHODS: Autologous epidermal cultures were prepared starting from small biopsies of normally pigmented skin. Cells were cultured on hyaluronic acid membranes using medium supplemented with patient's serum. Cell cultures were grafted onto laser-abraded depigmented areas. Patients underwent narrow-band UVB therapy 3 weeks after grafting. RESULTS: Repigmentation of the grafted areas started 1 month after transplant and continued until 4 months after grafting. All patients were evaluated 3, 6, 12, and 18 months after grafting. At the 18-month follow-up, repigmentation was observed in 75% of patients with focal and segmental vitiligo and in 30% of patients with generalized vitiligo. CONCLUSIONS: This therapy can be considered for the treatment of stable vitiligo (especially focal and segmental) resistant to standard therapies. Their results are encouraging from the clinical and esthetic point of view, although the treatment is costly and highly specialized.

Skin allograft in the treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN).

BACKGROUND: TEN is a severe form of exfoliative dermatitis. Its course is acute and its outcome fatal in 40% of cases. Wound cover to prevent fluid/protein loss and infections and to control pain, is the first step, as for burns. Skin allograft can be successfully used for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: We report two cases of TEN with de-epithelialization of 50 and 70% of the total body surface area. The patients were given support therapy and treated with human glycerol-preserved skin allografts for wound cover. METHODS: Patients were grafted with glycerol-preserved donor skin, obtained from a skin bank. RESULTS: Re-epithelization of treated areas was complete in 8 days; pain relief was obtained soon after the graft. CONCLUSIONS: Glycerol-preserved skin allograft is an effective treatment in extensive skin loss, for its barrier and analgesic effect. Quality standards of this product ensure safety and simplicity of use at limited cost.