Assessing the efficacy of carbon nanodots derived from curcumin on infectious diseases.

INTRODUCTION: The threat of new, emerging, and multidrug-resistant microbes is increasing which has created the necessity for new antimicrobials. In this regard, nanotechnology can be an alternative for the treatment of infectious microbes. Curcumin has been used since ancient times as antimicrobials; however, it has limitations due to its less aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and biocompatibility. This problem can be solved by curcumin-derived carbon nanodots, which are emerging antimicrobials of <10 nm size, water-soluble, biocompatible, less toxic, and fluorescent. AREAS COVERED: The review discusses the application of curcumin-derived carbon nanodots against various pathogenic microbes including bacteria and dreaded viruses like SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the role of curcumin carbon nanodots in biolabelling of pathogenic microbes, mechanism of action, bioimaging, and therapy has been critically examined. EXPERT OPINION: Carbon nanodots play an important role in combating pathogenic microbes by early diagnosis, bioimaging, nanocarrier for antimicrobial drugs, and therapy of infectious diseases. Curcumin carbon nanodots have already demonstrated their benefits of being water soluble, bioavailable, and biocompatible. However, more thorough research is needed to understand the efficacy and safety of curcumin carbon nanodots. In the future, curcumin-derived carbon nanodots can be used as alternative antimicrobial agents to fight microbial infections including multidrug-resistant microbes.

Mycosynthesis of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles-Fungal Metal Resistance and Mechanisms of Synthesis.

In the 21st century, nanomaterials play an increasingly important role in our lives with applications in many sectors, including agriculture, biomedicine, and biosensors. Over the last two decades, extensive research has been conducted to find ways to synthesise nanoparticles (NPs) via mediation with fungi or fungal extracts. Mycosynthesis can potentially be an energy-efficient, highly adjustable, environmentally benign alternative to conventional physico-chemical procedures. This review investigates the role of metal toxicity in fungi on cell growth and biochemical levels, and how their strategies of resistance, i.e., metal chelation, biomineral formation, biosorption, bioaccumulation, compartmentalisation, and efflux of metals from cells, contribute to the synthesis of metal-containing NPs used in different applications, e.g., biomedical, antimicrobial, catalytic, biosensing, and precision agriculture. The role of different synthesis conditions, including that of fungal biomolecules serving as nucleation centres or templates for NP synthesis, reducing agents, or capping agents in the synthesis process, is also discussed. The authors believe that future studies need to focus on the mechanism of NP synthesis, as well as on the influence of such conditions as pH, temperature, biomass, the concentration of the precursors, and volume of the fungal extracts on the efficiency of the mycosynthesis of NPs.

Superior in vivo Wound-Healing Activity of Mycosynthesized Silver Nanogel on Different Wound Models in Rat.

Wound healing is a complex phenomenon particularly owing to the rise in antimicrobial resistance. This has attracted the attention of the scientific community to search for new alternative solutions. Among these, silver being antimicrobial has been used since ancient times. Considering this fact, the main goal of our study was to evaluate the wound-healing ability of mycofabricated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We have focused on the formulation of silver nanogel for the management of wounds in albino Wistar rats. Mycosynthesized AgNPs from Fusarium oxysporum were used for the development of novel wound-healing antimicrobial silver nanogel with different concentrations of AgNPs, i.e., 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg g-1. The formulated silver nanogel demonstrated excellent wound-healing activity in the incision, excision, and burn wound-healing model. In the incision wound-healing model, silver nanogel at a concentration of 0.5 mg g-1 exhibited superior wound-healing effect, whereas in the case of excision and burn wound-healing model, silver nanogel at the concentrations of 0.1 and 1 mg g-1 showed enhanced wound-healing effect, respectively. Moreover, silver nanogel competently arrests the bacterial growth on the wound surface and offers an improved local environment for scald wound healing. Histological studies of healed tissues and organs of the rat stated that AgNPs at less concentration (1 mg g-1) do not show any toxic or adverse effect on the body and promote wound healing of animal tissue. Based on these studies, we concluded that the silver nanogel prepared from mycosynthesized AgNPs can be used as a promising antimicrobial wound dressing.

Management of Phytophthora parasitica causing gummosis in citrus using biogenic copper oxide nanoparticles.

AIM: The main aim of the present study was to develop nanotechnology-based solutions for the management of a fungus, Phytophthora parasitica causing gummosis in citrus. METHODS AND RESULTS: Biogenic copper nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized using two different biocontrol agents, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma viride and characterized using different analytical techniques. Furthermore, in vitro (at the concentrations of 10, 15, 30, 50, 70, 100 and 150 mg/L) and in vivo (at the concentration of 100 mg/L) activities of these nanoparticles were evaluated for their antifungal efficacy against P. parasitica. The results obtained confirmed the synthesis of irregular-shaped CuONPs having a size in the range 40-100 nm in case of P. fluorescens, whereas, spherical CuONPs in the size range 20-80 were recorded in case of T. viride. As far as the in vitro antifungal efficacies of both these CuONPs is concerned, the maximum percent growth inhibition was observed in case of CuONPs synthesized from T. viride compared to CuONPs from P. fluorescens. However, in case of in vivo antifungal efficacies, CuONPs synthesized from T. viride showed the activity significantly higher than the conventionally used Bordeaux mixture. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that biosynthesized CuONPs can be effectively used as a potential fungicide against P. parasitica. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The application of nanoparticles having antifungal activities can be used as alternative fungicides to the conventional chemical fungicides. It has the potential to revolutionize the existing management strategies available for plant pathogenic fungi.

Nanotechnology-based promising strategies for the management of COVID-19: current development and constraints.

INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 pandemic has been declared as a global emergency by the World Health Organization which has mounted global pressure on the healthcare system. The design and development of rapid tests for the precise and early detection of infection are urgently needed to detect the disease and also for bulk screening of infected persons. The traditional drugs moderately control the symptoms, but so far, no specific drug has been discovered. The prime concern is to device novel tools for rapid and precise diagnosis, drug delivery, and effective therapies for coronavirus. In this context, nanotechnology offers novel ways to fight against COVID-19. AREA COVERED: This review includes the use of nanomaterials for the control of COVID-19. The tools for diagnosis of coronavirus, nano-based vaccines, and nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the treatment of virus infection have been discussed. The toxicity issues related to nanoparticles have also been addressed. EXPERT OPINION: The research on nanotechnology-based diagnosis, drug delivery, and antiviral therapies is at a preliminary stage. The antiviral nanomedicine therapies are cost-effective and with high quality. Nanoparticles are a promising tool for prevention, diagnosis, antiviral drug delivery, and therapeutics, which may open up new avenues in the treatment of COVID-19.

The strategic applications of natural polymer nanocomposites in food packaging and agriculture: Chances, challenges, and consumers' perception.

Natural polymer-based nanocomposites have received significant attention in both scientific and industrial research in recent years. They can help to eliminate the consequences of application of petroleum-derived polymeric materials and related environmental concerns. Such nanocomposites consist of natural biopolymers (e.g., chitosan, starch, cellulose, alginate and many more) derived from plants, microbes and animals that are abundantly available in nature, biodegradable and thus eco-friendly, and can be used for developing nanocomposites for agriculture and food industry applications. Biopolymer-based nanocomposites can act as slow-release nanocarriers for delivering agrochemicals (fertilizers/nutrients) or pesticides to crop plants to increase yields. Similarly, biopolymer-based nanofilms or hydrogels may be used as direct product coating to extend product shelf life or improve seed germination or protection from pathogens and pests. Biopolymers have huge potential in food-packaging. However, their packaging properties, such as mechanical strength or gas, water or microbial barriers can be remarkably improved when combined with nanofillers such as nanoparticles. This article provides an overview of the strategic applications of natural polymer nanocomposites in food and agriculture as nanocarriers of active compounds, polymer-based hydrogels, nanocoatings and nanofilms. However, the risk, challenges, chances, and consumers' perceptions of nanotechnology applications in agriculture and food production and packaging have been also discussed.

Mycosynthesis of Metal-Containing Nanoparticles-Synthesis by Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes and Their Application.

Fungi contain species with a plethora of ways of adapting to life in nature. Consequently, they produce large amounts of diverse biomolecules that can be generated on a large scale and in an affordable manner. This makes fungi an attractive alternative for many biotechnological processes. Ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are the most commonly used fungi for synthesis of metal-containing nanoparticles (NPs). The advantages of NPs created by fungi include the use of non-toxic fungus-produced biochemicals, energy efficiency, ambient temperature, pressure conditions, and the ability to control and tune the crystallinity, shape, and size of the NPs. Furthermore, the presence of biomolecules might serve a dual function as agents in NP formation and also capping that can tailor the (bio)activity of subsequent NPs. This review summarizes and reviews the synthesis of different metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, and other metal-based NPs mediated by reactive media derived from various species. The phyla ascomycetes and basidiomycetes are presented separately. Moreover, the practical application of NP mycosynthesis, particularly in the fields of biomedicine, catalysis, biosensing, mosquito control, and precision agriculture as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides, has been studied so far. Finally, an outlook is provided, and future recommendations are proposed with an emphasis on the areas where mycosynthesized NPs have greater potential than NPs synthesized using physicochemical approaches. A deeper investigation of the mechanisms of NP formation in fungi-based media is needed, as is a focus on the transfer of NP mycosynthesis from the laboratory to large-scale production and application.

Emerging Trends in Pullulan-Based Antimicrobial Systems for Various Applications.

Global reports on multidrug resistance (MDR) and life-threatening pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and Candida cruris have stimulated researchers to explore new antimicrobials that are eco-friendly and economically viable. In this context, biodegradable polymers such as nisin, chitin, and pullulan play an important role in solving the problem. Pullulan is an important edible, biocompatible, water-soluble polymer secreted by Aureobasidium pullulans that occurs ubiquitously. It consists of maltotriose units linked with α-1,6 glycosidic bonds and is classed as Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA. Pullulan is known for its antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and antitumor activities when incorporated with other additives such as antibiotics, drugs, nanoparticles, and so on. Considering the importance of its antimicrobial activities, this polymer can be used as a potential antimicrobial agent against various pathogenic microorganisms including the multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Moreover, pullulan has ability to synthesize biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are remarkably efficacious against pathogenic microbes. The pullulan-based nanocomposites can be applied for wound healing, food packaging, and also enhancing the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. In this review, we have discussed biosynthesis of pullulan and its role as antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal agent. Pullulan-based films impregnated with different antimicrobials such as AgNPs, chitosan, essential oils, and so on, forming nanocomposites have also been discussed as natural alternatives to combat the problems posed by pathogens.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles: What We Know and What Do We Need to Know?

Nanobiotechnology is considered to be one of the fastest emerging fields. It is still a relatively new and exciting area of research with considerable potential for development. Among the inorganic nanomaterials, biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) have been frequently used due to their unique physicochemical properties that result not only from their shape and size but also from surface coatings of natural origin. These properties determine antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and many more activities of bio-AgNPs. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the methods and mechanisms of biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles as well as their potential applications in different fields such as medicine, food, agriculture, and industries.

Fusarium as a Novel Fungus for the Synthesis of Nanoparticles: Mechanism and Applications.

Nanotechnology is a new and developing branch that has revolutionized the world by its applications in various fields including medicine and agriculture. In nanotechnology, nanoparticles play an important role in diagnostics, drug delivery, and therapy. The synthesis of nanoparticles by fungi is a novel, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach. Among fungi, Fusarium spp. play an important role in the synthesis of nanoparticles and can be considered as a nanofactory for the fabrication of nanoparticles. The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Fusarium, its mechanism and applications are discussed in this review. The synthesis of nanoparticles from Fusarium is the biogenic and green approach. Fusaria are found to be a versatile biological system with the ability to synthesize nanoparticles extracellularly. Different species of Fusaria have the potential to synthesise nanoparticles. Among these, F. oxysporum has demonstrated a high potential for the synthesis of AgNPs. It is hypothesised that NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzyme secreted by F. oxysporum is responsible for the reduction of aqueous silver ions into AgNPs. The toxicity of nanoparticles depends upon the shape, size, surface charge, and the concentration used. The nanoparticles synthesised by different species of Fusaria can be used in medicine and agriculture.

Curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: antipathogenic and antiparasitic activities.

Introduction: Curcumin is an important bioactive compound present in Curcuma longa, and is well known for its bioactivities such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, antiparasitic and antioxidant activity. The use of curcumin is limited owing to its poor solubility in water, fast degradation, and low bioavailability. This problem can be solved by using nano-curcumin, which is soluble in water and enhances its activity against various microbial pathogens and parasites.Areas covered: We have reviewed curcumin, curcumin-loaded nanoparticles and their activities against various pathogenic microbes (antifungal, antiviral and antiprotozoal) and parasites, as curcumin has already demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. It has also inhibited biofilm formation by various bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The antimicrobial activity of curcumin can be increased in the presence of light radiation due to its photo-excitation. Further, it has been found that the activity of curcumin nanoparticles is enhanced when used in combination with antibiotics. Finally, we discussed the toxicity and safety issues of curcumin.Expert opinion: Since many microbial pathogens have developed resistance to antibiotics, the combination of curcumin with different nanoparticles will prove to be a boon for their treatment. Moreover, curcumin and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles can also be used against various parasites.

Catalytic hydrolysis of cellobiose using different acid-functionalised Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles.

The present study demonstrated the preparation of three different acid-functionalised magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and evaluation for their catalytic efficacy in hydrolysis of cellobiose. Initially, iron oxide (Fe3O4)MNPs were synthesised, which further modified by applying silica coating (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si) and functionalised with alkylsulfonic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS), butylcarboxylic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@BCOOH) and sulphonic acid (Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H) groups. The Fourier transform infrared analysis confirmed the presence of above-mentioned acid functional groups on MNPs. Similarly, X-ray diffraction pattern and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis confirmed the crystalline nature and elemental composition of MNPs, respectively. TEM micrographs showed the synthesis of spherical and polydispersed nanoparticles having diameter size in the range of 20-80 nm. Cellobiose hydrolysis was used as a model reaction to evaluate the catalytic efficacy of acid-functionalised nanoparticles. A maximum 74.8% cellobiose conversion was reported in case of Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H in first cycle of hydrolysis. Moreover, thus used acid-functionalised MNPs were magnetically separated and reused. In second cycle of hydrolysis, Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@SO3H showed 49.8% cellobiose conversion followed by Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@AS (45%) and Fe3O4-MNPs@Si@BCOOH (18.3%). However, similar pattern was reported in case of third cycle of hydrolysis. The proposed approach is considered as rapid and convenient. Moreover, reuse of acid-functionalised MNPs makes the process economically viable.

The emerging role of metallic nanoparticles in food.

Nanotechnology is widely used in biomedical applications, engineering sciences, and food technology. The application of nanocompounds play a pivotal role in food protection, preservation, and increasing its shelf life. The changing lifestyle, use of pesticides, and biological and/or chemical contaminants present in food directly affect its quality. Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are useful to develop products with antimicrobial activity and with the potential to improve shelf life of food and food products. Due to the prevention of microbial growth, MNPs have attracted the attention of researchers. Biopolymers/polymers can be easily combined with different MNPs which act as a vehicle not only for one type of particles but also as a hybrid system that allows a combination of natural compounds with metallic nanocompounds. However, there is a need for risk evaluation to use nanoparticles in food packaging. In this review, we aim to discuss how MNPs incorporated into polymers/biopolymers matrices can be used for food preservation, considering the quality and safety, which are desirable in food technology.

Overcoming challenges in lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment for second-generation (2G) sugar production: emerging role of nano, biotechnological and promising approaches.

Production of green chemicals and biofuels in biorefineries is the potential alternative for petrochemicals and gasoline in transitioning of petro-economy into bioeconomy. However, an efficient biomass pretreatment process must be considered for the successful deployment of biorefineries, mainly for use of lignocellulosic raw materials. However, biomass recalcitrance plays a key role in its saccharification to obtain considerable sugar which can be converted into ethanol or other biochemicals. In the last few decades, several pretreatment methods have been developed, but their feasibility at large-scale operations remains as a persistent bottleneck in biorefineries. Pretreatment methods such as hydrodynamic cavitation, ionic liquids, and supercritical fluids have shown promising results in terms of either lignin or hemicellulose removal, thus making remaining carbohydrate fraction amenable to the enzymatic hydrolysis for clean and high amount of fermentable sugar production. However, their techno-economic feasibility at industrial scale has not been yet studied in detail. Besides, nanotechnological-based technologies could play an important role in the economically viable 2G sugar production in future. Considering these facts, in the present review, we have discussed the existing promising pretreatment methods for lignocellulosic biomass and their challenges, besides this strategic role of nano and biotechnological approaches towards the viability and sustainability of biorefineries is also discussed.

Evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of sulfur nanoparticles alone and in combination with antibiotics against multidrug-resistant uropathogenic bacteria.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) have been frequently reported from different parts of the world. The current knowledge on distribution of causative agents of urinary infections and antibiotics susceptibility pattern is essentially required. In the present study, total 351 uropathogenic bacteria were isolated; among them most prevalent were Escherichia coli (75%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (8%), Proteus mirabilis (6%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (4%), Staphylococcus aureus (4%) and Enterococcus faecalis (3%). Most isolates of uropathogenic bacteria showed resistance to amoxicillin and trimethoprim, followed by chloramphenicol and kanamycin. Biosynthesis of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) was performed by co-precipitation method using sodium thiosulfate in presence of Catharanthus roseus leaf extract. The characterization data showed that SNPs were polydispersed, spherical in shape with size range of 20-86 nm and having negative zeta potential of -9.24 mV. The potential antibacterial activity was observed for SNPs alone and in combination with antibiotics particularly amoxicillin and trimethoprim against majority of the uropathogens. The synergistic effect yielded increase in fold area with high activity index against tested uropathogens. Based on overall results, it can be recommended to use SNPs for the management of UTI alone and also in combination with antibiotics.

From biotechnology principles to functional and low-cost metallic bionanocatalysts.

Chemical, physical and mechanical methods of nanomaterial preparation are still regarded as mainstream methods, and the scientific community continues to search for new ways of nanomaterial preparation. The major objective of this review is to highlight the advantages of using green chemistry and bionanotechnology in the preparation of functional low-cost catalysts. Bionanotechnology employs biological principles and processes connected with bio-phase participation in both design and development of nano-structures and nano-materials, and the biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles is becoming even more popular due to; (i) economic and ecologic effectiveness, (ii) simple one-step nanoparticle formation, stabilisation and biomass support and (iii) the possibility of bio-waste valorisation. Although it is quite difficult to determine the precise mechanisms in particular biosynthesis and research is performed with some risk in all trial and error experiments, there is also the incentive of understanding the exact mechanisms involved. This enables further optimisation of bionanoparticle preparation and increases their application potential. Moreover, it is very important in bionanotechnological procedures to ensure repeatability of the methods related to the recognised reaction mechanisms. This review, therefore, summarises the current state of nanoparticle biosynthesis. It then demonstrates the application of biosynthesised metallic nanoparticles in heterogeneous catalysis by identifying the many examples where bionanocatalysts have been successfully applied in model reactions. These describe the degradation of organic dyes, the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds, dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatic compounds, reduction of Cr(VI) and the synthesis of important commercial chemicals. To ensure sustainability, it is important to focus on nanomaterials that are capable of maintaining the important green chemistry principles directly from design inception to ultimate application.

Marine-derived Phoma-the gold mine of bioactive compounds.

The genus Phoma contains several species ubiquitously present in soil, water, and environment. There are two major groups of Phoma, viz., terrestrial and marine. After 1981 researchers all over the world have focused on marine-derived Phoma for their bioactive compounds. The marine Phoma are very rich sources for novel bioactive secondary metabolites, which could potentially be used as drugs. Recently, a large number of structurally unique metabolites with potential biological and pharmacological activities have been isolated from the marine Phoma species particularly Phoma herbarum, P. sorghina, and P. tropica. These metabolites mainly include diterpenes, enolides, lactones, quinine, phthalate, and anthraquinone. Most of these compounds possess antimicrobial, anticancer, radical scavenging, and cytotoxic properties. The present review has been focused on the general background of Phoma, current approaches used for its identification and their limitations, difference between terrestrial and marine Phoma species. In addition, this review summarizes the novel bioactive compounds derived from marine Phoma and their biological activities.

Effective management of soft rot of ginger caused by Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp.: emerging role of nanotechnology.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a tropical plant cultivated all over the world due to its culinary and medicinal properties. It is one of the most important spices commonly used in food, which increases its commercial value. However, soft rot (rhizome rot) is a common disease of ginger caused by fungi such as Pythium and Fusarium spp. It is the most destructive disease of ginger, which can reduce the production by 50 to 90%. Application of chemical fungicides is considered as an effective method to control soft rot of ginger but extensive use of fungicides pose serious risk to environmental and human health. Therefore, the development of ecofriendly and economically viable alternative approaches for effective management of soft rot of ginger such diseases is essentially required. An acceptable approach that is being actively investigated involves nanotechnology, which can potentially be used to control Pythium and Fusarium. The present review is aimed to discuss worldwide status of soft rot associated with ginger, the traditional methods available for the management of Pythium and Fusarium spp. and most importantly, the role of various nanomaterials in the management of soft rot of ginger. Moreover, possible antifungal mechanisms for chemical fungicides, biological agents and nanoparticles have also been discussed.

Biogenically engineered nanoparticles inhibit Fusarium oxysporum causing soft-rot of ginger.

Soft-rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) is the most important disease usually caused by Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) leading to significant yield loss. In this study, chitosan, copper and sulphur nanoparticles synthesised from leaf extract of selected plants were screened against two isolates of F. oxysporum recovered from the infected rhizome of ginger and soil samples. Moreover, among these, sulphur nanoparticles showed maximum inhibition of F. oxysporum isolated from soil samples (ZOI = 12.33 mm) followed by copper (ZOI = >12 mm) and chitosan nanoparticles (ZOI = >9 mm). Similarly, in the case of F. oxysporum isolated from infected ginger, sulphur nanoparticles showed maximum inhibition (ZOI = 13.33) as compared to copper (ZOI = >11 mm) and chitosan nanoparticles (ZOI = >9 mm). Considering the high efficacy, sulphur nanoparticles were further evaluated in combination with commercial fungicides, viz., bavistin, ridomil gold, sunflex and streptocycline. The combination of sulphur nanoparticles with bavistin demonstrated maximum inhibition (ZOI = 45.16 mm, MIC -20 µg/ml), whereas the minimum inhibition was shown by its combination with ridomil gold (ZOI = 10.5 mm, MIC -40 µg/ml). Therefore, it can be concluded that the combination of sulphur nanoparticles with bavistin can be used for effective and eco-friendly management of F. oxysporum causing soft-rot of ginger.

Broadening the spectrum of small-molecule antibacterials by metallic nanoparticles to overcome microbial resistance.

Now-a-days development of microbial resistancce have become one of the most important global public health concerns. It is estimated that about 2 million people are infected in USA with multidrug resistant bacteria and out of these, about 23,000 die per year. In Europe, the number of deaths associated with infection caused by MDR bacteria is about 25,000 per year, However, the situation in Asia and other devloping countries is more critical. Considering the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in various pathogens, it is estimated that MDR organisms can kill about 10 million people every year by 2050. The use of antibiotics in excessive and irresponsible manner is the main reason towards its ineffectiveness. However, in this context, promising application of nanotechnology in our everyday life has generated a new avenue for the development of potent antimicrobial materials and compounds (nanoantimicrobials) capable of dealing with microbial resistance. The devlopement and safe incorporation of nanoantimicrobials will bring a new revolution in health sector. In this review, we have critically focused on current worldwide situation of antibiotic resistance. In addition, the role of various nanomaterials in the management of microbial resistance and the possible mechanisms for antibacterial action of nanoparticles alone and nanoparticle-antibiotics conjuagte are also discussed.