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Background and Aim: Small ruminants require vaccines to prevent and manage diseases. Unfortunately, no studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of small ruminant farmers (SRF) regarding vaccine use against infectious diseases, affecting the success of vaccination campaigns. The present study aims to assess SRF's KAP regarding vaccines, revealing gaps and barriers to efficient vaccination. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and twenty-eight SRF in northern Bangladesh were surveyed in a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from random participants through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire. KAP levels were categorized as "good" or "poor" and "positive" or "negative" using a scoring method with a 60% cutoff. The analysis comprised the utilization of descriptive statistics as well as logistic regression models. Results: Results showed that most participants were female (60.5%), aged 31-40 (34.2%), with secondary education (28.1%), and vaccination training (22.8%). While 75% knew about vaccines, only 37.3% understood their role in preventing infectious diseases, and 63.6% in reducing antibiotic use 68.4% of farmers were aware of negative drawbacks, and 61.8% reported vaccinating their herds. About 42.1% of the farmers had good knowledge, 52.6% had a positive attitude, and 22.8% followed good practices. Female farmers with graduate degrees and 6-10 years of goat farming experience, but not those with vaccination training, demonstrated stronger knowledge. Female farmers with a graduate degree and 6-10 years of goat farming experience displayed positive attitudes. Female goat farmers from Thakurgaon had a higher likelihood of following good vaccination practices than those with vaccination training. Conclusion: The study unearths disparities in KAP scores among farmers. To effectively address KAP gaps concerning vaccine usage and prevent potential infectious diseases, it is essential to design focused educational and training programs. About 52.6% of SRF hold a positive view toward vaccines.
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Actinide +IV complexes with six nitrates [AnIV(NO3)6]2- (An = Th, U, Np, and Pu) have been studied by 15N and 17O NMR spectroscopy in solution and first-principles calculations. Magnetic susceptibilities were evaluated experimentally using the Evans method and are in good agreement with the ab initio values. The evolution in the series of the crystal field parameters deduced from ab initio calculations is discussed. The NMR paramagnetic shifts are analyzed based on ab initio calculations. Because the cubic symmetry of the complex quenches the dipolar contribution, they are only of Fermi contact origin. They are evaluated from first-principles based on a complete active space/density functional theory (DFT) strategy, in good accordance with the experimental one. The ligand hyperfine coupling constants are deduced from paramagnetic shifts and calculated using unrestricted DFT. The latter are decomposed in terms of the contribution of molecular orbitals. It highlights two pathways for the delocalization of the spin density from the metallic open-shell 5f orbitals to the NMR active nuclei, either through the valence 5f hybridized with 6d to the valence 2p molecular orbitals of the ligands, or by spin polarization of the metallic 6p orbitals which interact with the 2s-based molecular orbitals of the ligands.
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The production of ruminant livestock is greatly impacted by climate change, as it is anticipated to jeopardise food security due to the increasing heat stress experienced by the animals, which can be measured using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The objective of our study was to analyze climatic patterns, identify influential variables and evaluate heat stress episodes through the utilization of the THI to establish a rearing system for ruminants in Bangladesh. The THI value was determined by analyzing meteorological station data spanning from 1995 to 2022 across various climatic zones in Bangladesh. The Mann-Kendall evaluation was used to analyze the THI patterns throughout the study. Our findings indicated that heat stress problems are expected to occur in Bangladesh when THI for ruminant rearing exceeds 74, particularly from February to December. The severity of heat stress in THIruminant 71-90 varied significantly, ranging from normal to extremely severe. We observed that June (90) was the hottest month in the west central region, while January (71) was the coldest in the northwest area. When examining the impact of climatic factors on the THI, we found that air temperature has the highest influence, while relative humidity had the second-highest influence on THI in all areas of Bangladesh. Sunlight length and wind speed influenced the yearly THI marginally but not seasonally. Our findings highlighted a seasonal threat associated with heat stress in the climatic conditions of Bangladesh. It is essential to identify heat stress in ruminants, especially considering the continuing global warming issue. Our results recommend the implementation of heat stress mitigation strategies for ruminant farmers in Bangladesh.
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The purpose of the current investigation was to conduct a detailed analysis of the chemical components and medicinal properties of the methanolic crude extract derived from the leaves of Cassia fistula. This analysis was carried out using both experimental (in vivo) and computational (in silico) methods. Eleven chemicals were chromatographically isolated using GC-MS/MS, which utilizes a library of NIST and Wiley 2020 versions. FTIR analysis of the extract was performed to identify the functional group of the compounds. The glucose-lowering capacity, analgesic, and anti-diarrheal activities of methanolic crude extract were analyzed utilizing a well-known oral glucose tolerance test, tail immersion method, writhing assay, and castor oil-induced diarrheal mice methods, respectively. After 60 min, 120 min, and 180 min of loading the drugs, a significant reduction of blood glucose levels was examined (p < 0.05) in all the extracts of this plant (200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg) utilized in this research at a time-dependent manner. Similarly, all the crude extracts showed significant (p < 0.05) effects against pain centrally and peripherally compared to the standard drug morphine (2 mg/kg bw) and diclofenac sodium (50 mg/kg bw). Moreover, the methanol extract (400 mg/kg bw) manifested anti-diarrheal efficacy by inhibiting 72.0 % of the diarrheal episode in mice compared to the standard drug loperamide (inhibition = 80.0%). The results of the computational investigations corroborated existing in-vivo findings. Greater or close to equivalent binding affinity to the active binding sites of kappa opioid receptor, glucose transporter 3 (GLUT 3), and cyclooxygenase 2 was indicative of the potential anti-diarrheal, hypoglycemic, and analgesic characteristics of the isolated compounds (COX-2). Moreover, anticancer and antimicrobial potentiality was also found impressive through evaluation of binding affinity with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) receptors. Results from this study indicated that C. fistula might be a beneficial natural resource for treating diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and pain. However, additional research is required to conduct a comprehensive phytochemical screening and establish precise action mechanisms of the crude extract or the plant-derived compounds.
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The chemical shielding tensor for a paramagnetic system has been derived from the macroscopically observed magnetization using the perturbation theory. An approach to calculate the paramagnetic chemical shifts in transition metal systems based on the spin-only magnetic susceptibility directly evaluated from the ab initio Hilbert space of the electronic Zeeman Hamiltonian has been discussed. Computationally, several advantages are associated with this approach: (a) it includes the state-specific paramagnetic Curie (first-order) and Van Vleck (second-order) contributions of the paramagnetic ion to the paramagnetic chemical shifts; (b) thus it avoids the system-specific modeling and evaluating effectively in terms of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin Hamiltonian parameters of the magnetic moment of the paramagnetic ion formulated previously; (c) it can be utilized both in the point-dipole (PD) approximation (in the long-range) and with the quantum chemical (QC) method based the hyperfine tensors (in the short-range). Additionally, we have examined the predictive performance of various density functional theory (DFT) functionals of different families and commonly used core-augmented basis sets for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) chemical shifts. A selection of transition metal ion complexes with and without first-order orbital contributions, namely the [M(AcPyOx)3(BPh)]+ complexes of M = Mn2+, Ni2+ and Co2+ ions and CoTp2 complex and their reported NMR chemical shifts are studied from QC methods for illustration.
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The increasing number of passengers and services using railways and the corresponding increase in rail use has caused the acceleration of rail wear and surface defects which makes rail defect identification an important issue for rail maintenance and monitoring to ensure safe and efficient operation. Traditional visual inspection methods for identifying rail defects are time-consuming, less accurate, and associated with human errors. Deep learning has been used to improve railway maintenance and monitoring tasks. This study aims to develop a structured model for detecting railway artifacts and defects by comparing different deep-learning models using ultrasonic image data. This research showed whether it is practical to identify rail indications using image classification and object detection techniques from ultrasonic data and which model performs better among the above-mentioned methods. The methodology includes data processing, labeling, and using different conventional neural networks to develop the model for both image classification and object detection. The results of CNNs for image classification, and YOLOv5 for object detection show 98%, and 99% accuracy respectively. These models can identify rail artifacts efficiently and accurately in real-life scenarios, which can improve automated railway infrastructure monitoring and maintenance.
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This study presents a 2D comprehensive analytical and numerical analysis of the thermomechanical stresses in an unsymmetric dual compound thick cylinder under steady-state conditions. By employing mathematical analysis, this research aims to investigate the effectiveness of a 2D compound cylinder in reducing elastic and thermoelastic stresses. The temperature and displacement fields are thought to be dependent on the radial and circumferential directions, subject to asymmetric thermal and mechanical boundary conditions on the inner and outer surfaces. In this scenario, the Poisson ratio is considered to be a constant. The techniques of variable separation and complex Fourier series are employed analytically in the solution of heat conduction and Navier equations. The results obtained from the developed analytical method are compared and validated against those obtained from a finite difference method (FDM). The findings of this study suggest that the clamping of the outer layer has a significant influence on stress distribution in the structure, and the impact of tangential stress on the behavior of a compound cylinder is highly dominant. Furthermore, changes in temperature significantly influence hoop stress compared to variations in internal pressure levels. Moreover, the influence of internal pressure is relatively attenuated when a pressure vessel is fabricated utilizing different metals. In addition, the findings indicated that the configuration of layers and the location of the highest temperature had a significant impact on the performance of the vessel. Nevertheless, the technology provided has sufficient robustness to effectively address the complexities associated with the design of multilayered graded materials (GM) in additive manufacturing applications.
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Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) supports a significant proportion of animal production in subtropical and tropical regions, but its quality is low and when offered alone, results in low ruminant production. Shifting the management of Napier grass towards a higher-quality feed increased milk yield and liveweight gain for small, mature cattle without supplementation. This review highlights the opportunity for further increases in milk and meat production for differing classes of livestock in the tropics and subtropics by improving the nutritive value of Napier grass using new best management practice flowing on to improve food security for the millions of people in these regions.
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Background: With the rapid growth of cities, the extent of road accidents has increased, posing a threat to the safety of citizens. In Bangladesh, like many other countries, urban areas face a high incidence of road accidents, leading to loss of life, injuries, and economic costs. This research aims to investigate the factors affecting citizen safety of urban transportation service in Bangladesh. Methods: This study utilized verbal interviews maintained by questionnaires to gather data on citizen perception regarding factors impacting transportation safety. The questionnaire consisted of two sections, collecting non-parametric data on travel behavior and socioeconomic factors, and parametric data on factors related to transportation safety. The dataset was subsequently analyzed using statistical devices such as descriptive statistics, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Pearson's Correlation Matrix (PCM), and Cluster Analysis (CA). Results and conclusion: The findings of the study indicate strong significant correlations among several pairs of variables. Notably, traffic rules and enforcement, and driver travel behavior demonstrate a strong positive correlation of 0.784. Similarly, vehicle condition and safety features, and traffic rules and enforcement display a robust positive association of 0.764. PCA demonstrate 23% of the total variance, with a significant positive loading affecting citizen safety, which is influenced by traffic rules enforcement and drivers' travel behavior. The research findings emphasize the implication of traffic rule enforcement and responsible driver behavior in ensuring citizen safety. In Bangladesh, inadequate transportation regulation enforcement has led to high rates of reckless driving and traffic accidents, especially among pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists.
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Characterization of paramagnetic compounds, in particular regarding the detailed conformation and electronic structure, remains a challenge, and - still today it often relies solely on the use of X-ray crystallography, thus limiting the access to electronic structure information. This is particularly true for lanthanide elements that are often associated with peculiar structural and electronic features in relation to their partially filled f-shell. Here, we develop a methodology based on the combined use of state-of-the-art magnetic resonance spectroscopies (EPR and solid-state NMR) and computational approaches as well as magnetic susceptibility measurements to determine the electronic structure and geometry of a paramagnetic Yb(III) alkyl complex, Yb(III)[CH(SiMe3)2]3, a prototypical example, which contains notable structural features according to X-ray crystallography. Each of these techniques revealed specific information about the geometry and electronic structure of the complex. Taken together, both EPR and NMR, augmented by quantum chemical calculations, provide a detailed and complementary understanding of such paramagnetic compounds. In particular, the EPR and NMR signatures point to the presence of three-centre-two-electron Yb-γ-Me-ß-Si secondary metal-ligand interactions in this otherwise tri-coordinate metal complex, similarly to its diamagnetic Lu analogues. The electronic structure of Yb(III) can be described as a single 4f13 configuration, while an unusually large crystal-field splitting results in a thermally isolated ground Kramers doublet. Furthermore, the computational data indicate that the Yb-carbon bond contains some π-character, reminiscent of the so-called α-H agostic interaction.
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In a very dense urban landscape, incorporating renewables becomes challenging due to a lack of space, planning, and mindset. Utilization of already existing large infrastructures in combination with existing technology and necessary adaptation can create the right synergy for harnessing renewables like solar. This paper proposes the installation of a solar power plant in Dhaka, Bangladesh, using available space on Metro Rail Line 6 to meet the increasing demand for clean and renewable energy. The proposed system involves the selection of suitable space, and PV panels, the calculation of annual electricity generation, and performing financial and environmental analyses. The proposed on-grid/grid-tied system offers the advantage of reducing dependence on power supplied to the grid, resulting in lower energy costs, and promoting the use of green energy. The system has a payback period of 7.7 years and a return on investment of 45.7 %. It is estimated that the system saves 14,053.203 tons of CO2 emissions per year and 281,064.06 tons of CO2 emissions over its lifetime. Also, the grid life cycle emission is 584 gCO2/kWh, and the system life cycle emission is 39,119.4 tCO2, which further proves that it is a feasible solution to meeting energy demands while reducing the dependency on fossil fuels and promoting sustainable energy utilization. The results of simulations run using PVsyst and HOMER confirm the economic viability of the proposed solar power station, supporting its viability. The levelized energy cost (LCOE), as projected by PVsyst, is $0.09 per kWh, nearly matching HOMER's prediction of $0.0835. This convergence of results from several simulation tools supports the solar power plant's predicted cost-effectiveness, demonstrating its potential as a key player in the effort to create a greener and more affordable energy landscape.
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Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) comprises up to 80% of the cattle diet in many tropical and subtropical regions and is used primarily by smallholder farmers. Despite the grass's high yield, resulting animal productivity from this grass is low. One of the key reasons for the low animal productivity of Napier grass is its low nutritive value under current management. Taken together, previous work has shown the current yield, crude protein (CP), and metabolisable energy (ME) of Napier grass to be 26 t dry matter (DM)/ha/year, 96 g/kg DM, and 8.7 MJ/kg DM, respectively, ranging from 2 to 86 t DM/ha/year, 9 to 257 g CP/kg DM, and 5.9 to 10.8 MJ ME/kg DM, respectively, suggesting an opportunity for significant improvement on both yield and nutritive value of this grass. The DM yield and nutritive value of this grass are inversely related, indicating a trade-off between yield and quality; however, this trade-off could be minimised by increasing sowing density and harvesting frequency. Available literature shows that this simple management strategy of increasing sowing density (50 cm × 40 cm) and harvesting frequency (11-12 harvests/year) provides 71 t DM/ha with 135 g/kg DM CP and 10.8 MJ ME/kg DM. This quality of Napier grass has the potential to increase both milk and meat production substantially in the tropics and subtropics, and the farmers will likely find this simple management acceptable due to the high yield obtained through this management. However, there is a paucity of work in this field. Therefore, management strategies to improve the nutritive value of Napier grass are required to increase milk and meat production in the tropics and subtropics and in doing so improve the food security of more than half of the global population living in these regions.
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An investigation was carried out in order to develop an accurate analytical solution and a numerical (FEA) solution for steady-state heat transfer in a circular sandwich structure incorporated with convective-radiative boundary conditions. The dimensional governing equations and boundary conditions were developed in the form of a 4th order algebraic equation, and then the solution was obtained using Ferrari's method. By solving for the roots of the quartic equation, we were able to determine the dimensionless temperature fields of the FG sandwich composite. The findings obtained utilizing the exact analytical solution for the FG sandwich composite under thermal loads were satisfactorily validated against those data obtained using the Galerkin finite element approximation. The impact of geometric and thermo-physical characteristics, such as Biot number (Bii=1,2), Inner and outer surface thickness ratio (ri=1,2Ro), ambient temperature ratio (θd), radiation-conduction parameter (Nr), and thermal conductivity ratio (λ3λ1) on the efficiency of heat transfer, has also been studied. This study reveals the distinct effect of Biot number on the inner and outer layers of the composite cylinder. It shows that Bi1 has a negligent effect on temperature distribution; on the other hand, the outer surface (Bi2≤1) minimizes temperature variation. However, for design consideration, a thicker inner face sheet is not recommended in high thermal load, as Nr>4 has an insignificant impact on inner surface thickness on top surface temperature. Moreover, the outer surface temperature appears to be more sensitive to θd than the radiation-convection side. Furthermore, the given analytical solution is adequately verified against the proposed FEA method, having an error of less than 1.5%.
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An all-inorganic lead-free tandem PV cell consisting of two sub-cells CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 (perovskite) based top cell/CIGS-based bottom cell has been designed, simulated, and optimized by varying the thickness of pertinent layers utilizing the SCAPS-1D simulator. In the top sub-cell, a wide bandgap lead-free inorganic CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 perovskite is inserted as the primary absorber layer because of its distinctive characteristics with an ETL of ZnO, which is recognized for its high electron mobility & absorption coefficient, and an HTL of NiO to offer increased hole mobility with good chemical-durability. For the bottom sub-cell, we have selected p-type CIGS as the absorber with Spiro-OMeTAD as the apposite HTL to provide suitable offsets of valence and conduction band distribution and TiO2 as ETL to offer low-cost, low-ecotoxicity, excellent optical properties, and chemical-stability and thus offers improved efficiency of the overall tandem structure. In the beginning, the two sub-cells were simulated independently; the top sub-cell was simulated under the standard spectrum of AM1.5G, while the bottom sub-cell was optimized using a filtered spectrum. Thereafter, the current matching point of both cells was attained by optimizing the absorber layer thicknesses. Finally, our computational modeling and simulation results offer the optimized cell structure revealing an outstanding overall 38.39% power conversion efficiency (PCE), Fill Factor (FF) of 83.4%, open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 2.48 V, and short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 18.64 mA cm-2. The proposed tandem structure's performance matrices outperform those stated in the most recent literature. These outcomes of the proposed structure are expected to facilitate the development and production of a low-cost and highly effective inorganic perovskite Tandem PV cell in the future.
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Background: Medication adherence is a major challenge for patients with diabetes. Adherence rates are often low, and this can lead to poor glycaemic control and increased risk of complications. There are a number of tools available to measure medication adherence, but few have been validated in Arabic-speaking populations. Aim: This study aimed to validate the Arabic version of the General Medication Adherence Scale in patients with type 2 diabetes in Jordan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted for 3 months among patients attending diabetes mellitus outpatient clinic in Irbid, Jordan. The validation procedure included confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and equation modelling (SEM). Fit indices, namely, goodness of fit index (GFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were observed. Corrected item-total correlation (ITC) was reported. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α) and α value based on item deletion was also carried out. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was reported. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v23 and IBM AMOS v25. Results: Data from 119 participants were gathered. The mean adherence score was 27.5 (±6) ranging from 6 to 33. More than half of the patients were adherent to their therapy (n = 79, 66.4%). The reliability of the scale (n = 11) was 0.907, and ICC ranged from 0.880-0.930: 95% CI. The following values were observed in CFA; χ2 = 62.158, df = 41, χ2/df = 1.516, GFI = 0.913, AGFI = 0.860, TLI = 0.960, CFI = 0.971 and RMSEA = 0.066. A total of 10 out of 11 items had corrected ITC >0.5. The α remained between 0.89-0.92 during item deletion. Conclusion: The results obtained in this study suggest that the scale is valid and reliable in measuring adherence to medications in the studied sample of patients with diabetes. This scale can be used by clinicians in Jordan to assess adherence and may further aide in evaluating interventions to improve adherence rates in persons with type 2 diabetes.
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Background: There is no medication adherence scale available in Sindhi language currently. Hence, the Sindhi speaking population will either use a translator or provide their medical history in another language for documentation of medical conditions. This poses a challenge in monitoring and evaluating adherence to medications within this linguistic community. Aim: The aim of this study was to translate and validate the Sindhi version of the General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS-S) in patients with chronic diseases. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 4 months duration and was conducted in out-patient department of a university affiliated hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. All adults with chronic diseases, who were on long-term medications, and able to read and understand Sindhi language were invited. Convenience sampling was employed and a questionnaire consisting of demographic questions and the Sindhi version of GMAS was used. The translation of the scale was carried out. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted, and a structural equation model (SEM) was developed. Fit indices, namely, goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), Tucker Lewis index (TLI), comparative fit index (CFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) were reported. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (α), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), corrected item-to-total correlation (ITC) and item deletion. Data were analysed through IBM SPSS version 23 and IBM AMOS version 25. The study obtained ethical clearance. Results: A total of 150 responses were analysed. The reliability of the Sindhi version of GMAS was (α) = 0.696. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was reported at 0.696 (95% CI: 0.618-0.763). The values for the fit indices were as follows: χ2/df = 1.84, GFI = 0.918, TLI = 0.920, CFI = 0.942, AGFI = 0.864, and RMSEA = 0.075. All values except AGFI were in the acceptable ranges and indicated good fitness. Most participants (80.7%) appeared non-adherent to their medications. Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrate that the Sindhi version of the GMAS is a valid and reliable scale to measure adherence in Sindhi speaking persons with chronic diseases.
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The crystal field parameters are determined from first-principles calculations in the [AnIII(DPA)3]3- series, completing previous work on the [LnIII(DPA)3]3- and [AnIV(DPA)3]2- series. The crystal field strength parameter follows the Ln(III) < An(III) < An(IV) trend. The parameters deduced at the orbital level decrease along the series, while J-mixing strongly impacts the many-electron parameters, especially for the Pu(III) complex. We further compile the available data for the three series. In some aspects, An(III) complexes are closer to Ln(III) than to An(IV) complexes with regard to the geometrical structure and bonding descriptors. At the beginning of the series, up to Pu(III), there is a quantitative departure from the free ion, especially for the Pa(III) complex. The magnetic properties of the actinides keep the trends of the lanthanides; in particular, the axial magnetic susceptibility follows Bleaney's theory qualitatively.
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Unrestrained utilization of plastic has reached an intemperate state, menacing environment and human lives. The preliminary focus of this research was to investigate and divulge the contemporary status of microplastics (MPs) in commercialized and open pan salts from Cox's Bazar and Maheshkhali channels. A total of 27 samples were obtained. The samples were analyzed for the prevalence of MPs by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy (RS); the prevailing amount, color, size, and shapes were analyzed by stereomicroscope and SEM. The abundance of high-density polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) were detected by FTIR, meanwhile exuberance of cellulose acetate, polypropylene, PET, LDPE, and Nylon 6 were identified by RS. The average quantifications of MPs in Cox's Bazar, Maheshkhali, and packaged salts were found to be 6851.11 ± 538.18, 5638.89 ± 1001.18, and 3405.56 ± 638.57 per kg, respectively. ANOVA resulted in highly significant association between MPs and sampling sites (p = .001*). Post hoc Tukey's test revealed prominent link between commercialized and open pan salts based on the amount of MPs (p = .001*). The most prevalent colors were purple (28%) and blue (27%). The most frequent shapes were fibrous (79%) and fragmented (19.9%) MPs. The smallest MP was detected in commercial salt (1.55 µm), nearly identical and closer to the size of nanoplastics.
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OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of several employment-related aspects on overall job satisfaction among pharmacists working in Saudi pharmacy settings. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted for a period of 1-month (December 2020) among pharmacists working in community pharmacies located in 3 cities of Saudi Arabia. Convenience sampling was employed, and the data was collected using the English version of Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) questionnaire. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics such as mean ([Formula: see text]) and 95% confidence interval range were used to report continuous data; frequency (%) and sample counts (N) were used to report categorical data. Bivariate analyses were conducted using chi square (χ2) test. A multiple linear regression model was formulated to report the employment aspects that determined overall job satisfaction of pharmacists. The study was approved by an ethics committee. RESULTS: A total of 241 samples were analyzed. Less than a quarter of pharmacists (N = 54, 22.4%) were satisfied with their job. The overall job satisfaction score was 130.74 out of 199. The sub-scales for co-workers and communication had scores > 15.8 out of 24; subscale for operating conditions had score > 12.5 out of 20. The subscales for promotion and rewards had scores < 14 out of 24. The aspects of communication, fringe benefits and nature of work had the highest contribution towards overall job satisfaction. For a unit increase in score for communication, fringe benefits, and nature of work, the overall job satisfaction score increased by 0.204, 0.2, and 0.199, respectively. CONCLUSION: A very small number of pharmacists seemed satisfied with their job. Satisfaction with communication, nature of work and fringe benefits contributed the most toward overall job satisfaction. Results of this study could provide the means for human resource managers and organizational policy makers to delve into the determinants of satisfaction among pharmacists working in community settings.
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Farmacias , Farmacia , Humanos , Farmacéuticos , Estudios Transversales , Arabia Saudita , Satisfacción en el Trabajo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Satisfacción PersonalRESUMEN
We report on NMR spectroscopy, CAS-based method calculations, and X-ray diffraction of AnV and AnVI complexes with a neutral and slightly flexible TEDGA ligand. After checking that pNMR shifts mainly arise from pseudocontact interactions, we analyze pNMR shifts considering the axial and rhombic anisotropy of the actinyl magnetic susceptibilities. The results are compared to those of a previous study performed on [AnVIO2]2+ complexes with dipicolinic acid. It is shown that 5f2 cations (PuVI and NpV) make very good candidates for determining the structure of actinyl complexes in solution by 1H NMR spectroscopy as shown by the invariance of the magnetic properties to the equatorial ligands, as opposed to the NpVI complexes with a 5f1 configuration.