RESUMEN
Various mutations have occurred during evolution among orthologs, genes in different species that diverged from a common ancestral gene by speciation. Here, we report the remarkable deterioration of a characteristic mammalian maternal behavior, pup retrieval, in nonmammalized mice, in which the transcription factor Pou3f2 was replaced with the Xenopus ortholog lacking all of the homopolymeric amino acid repeats of mammalian POU3F2. Most of the pups born to the nonmammalized mice died within days after birth, depending on the dam genotype alone. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreases in the rate-limiting enzymes of dopamine and serotonin synthesis in various brain structures. Similar results were obtained in knock-in mice in which all of the homopolymeric amino acid repeats of mammalian POU3F2 were removed. Pup retrieval behavior in mammals is thus strongly related to monoamine neurotransmitter levels via the acquisition of homopolymeric amino acid repeats during mammalian evolution.
Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/metabolismo , Mamíferos/genética , Conducta Materna/fisiología , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Factores del Dominio POU/genética , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Conducta Animal/fisiología , Dopamina/biosíntesis , Femenino , Técnicas de Sustitución del Gen , Ratones Mutantes , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Factores del Dominio POU/metabolismo , Secuencias Repetitivas de Aminoácido , Serotonina/biosíntesis , Triptófano Hidroxilasa/metabolismo , Tirosina 3-Monooxigenasa/metabolismo , Proteínas de Xenopus/genéticaRESUMEN
We report on a sodium D(2) resonance coherent light source achieved in single-pass sum-frequency generation in periodically poled MgO-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate with actively mode-locked Nd:YAG lasers. Mode-locked pulses at 1064 and 1319 nm are synchronized with a time resolution of 37 ps with the phase adjustment of the radio frequencies fed to acousto-optic mode lockers. An output power of 4.6 W at 589.1586 nm is obtained, and beam quality near the diffraction limit is also achieved in a simple design.