Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is a life-threatening disease that occurs due to the mutation of the TNSALP (Tissue nonspecific isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase) encoding gene. There is no approved treatment for Hypophosphatasia. Therefore, the only effective treatment for HPP is enzyme replacement therapy using the drug asfotase alfa which increases the patient's life span. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of asfotase alfa (enzyme replacement therapy) in treating HPP. A Literature search was done using PubMed, Google scholar, science direct, and Wiley LILACS utilizing MeSH keywords such as - Hypophosphatasia and asfotase alfa. A total of 411 articles were screened, of which four articles were taken for this qualitative analysis. Reporting of this systematic review is done by using PRISMA guidelines. Asfotase alfa/enzyme replacement therapy is examined on patients with different age groups and on congenital HPP patients to assess the effectiveness of HPP treatment. Enzyme replacement therapy using asfotase alfa is an effective and assured treatment for infants, children, and adults suffering from HPP.
Drought is one of the major environmental constrains that limit plant performance worldwide. Plant apoplast which acts as connecting link between environment and plant protoplast carries multiple functions in plant metabolism and signalling. To investigate the drought induced changes in apoplast, proteome analysis in conjunction with antioxidant enzyme activity changes were studied in chilli (Capsicum annuum L). Drought induced apoplast proteome revealed augmented phenyl alanine ammonia lyase, peroxidase activities and reduced catalase activity. LC-MS analysis of apoplast proteome revealed differential expression of proteins under water stress conditions. Up-regulation of 43 protein species which encompass stress related proteins such as defensins, peroxidises, polygalaturonase inhibitor proteins, superoxide dismutase proteins were observed. Unlike control, twenty unique protein species were identified to be present in proteome of drought treated plants. Qualitative and quantitative changes in apoplast proteome emphasize the dynamics of plant apoplast and its role in drought stress. This work would provide insights into drought induced proteomic changes in apoplast and also would prove to be useful for protein phenotyping.
