Biofuel production from waste cooking oil (WCO) offers an alternative to fossil fuels, especially for high-value bio-jet fuel. However, this industry is hindered by informal recyclers who covertly divert large amounts of WCO to illegal gutter oil production. Investigating the dynamic evolution of stakeholder behavior will help explore solutions. Thus, this study presents a tripartite evolutionary game model that includes the government, formal recyclers, and informal recyclers, aims to redesign the government intervention strategy to promote the directional flow of WCO from restaurant trash cans to bio-jet fuel production. We find that the evolutionary game model exists eight possible evolutionary stability strategies (ESSs), and the choice of each ESS depends mainly on the trade-off between costs and revenues for each stakeholder. The numerical study results reveal that formal recyclers are driven to carry out technological innovation by government support, profiting from bio-aviation kerosene products, and income from carbon emission reduction. These factors also have an indirect impact on the transformation of informal recyclers. Therefore, the government should provide adequate support for technological innovation to formal recyclers and increase their profitability of products to enable them to actively implement innovative strategies. This can be achieved by expanding the sales channels of bio-jet fuel products, implementing patent protection measures, and improving the carbon reduction trading mechanism. Furthermore, the government's high tax rate on formal recyclers and the significant profits earned by informal recyclers through illegal gutter oil production may dissuade them from transitioning their businesses. Above findings are in line with the actual issues of WCO recycling and provide a new dynamic decision-making method for enterprises and government managers.
Ovarian cancer (OC) presents significant challenges, characterized by limited treatment options and therapy resistance often attributed to dysregulation of the HER2 signaling pathway. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as key players in regulating gene expression in OC. This comprehensive review underscores the pivotal role of ncRNAs in modulating HER2 signaling, with a specific focus on their mechanisms, impact on chemoresistance, and prognostic/diagnostic implications. MicroRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs have been identified as essential regulators in the modulation of the HER2 pathway. By directly targeting key components of the HER2 axis, these ncRNAs influence its activation and downstream signaling cascades. Dysregulated ncRNAs have been closely associated with chemoresistance, leading to treatment failures and disease progression in OC. Furthermore, distinct expression profiles of ncRNAs hold promise as reliable prognostic and diagnostic markers, facilitating personalized treatment strategies and enhancing disease outcome assessments. A comprehensive understanding of how ncRNAs intricately modulate HER2 signaling is imperative for the development of targeted therapies and the improvement of patient outcomes. The integration of ncRNA profiles into clinical practice has the potential to enhance prognostic and diagnostic accuracy in the management of ovarian cancer. Further research efforts are essential to validate the clinical utility of ncRNAs and elucidate their precise roles in the regulation of HER2 signaling. In conclusion, ncRNAs play a crucial role in governing HER2 signaling in ovarian cancer, impacting chemoresistance and providing valuable prognostic and diagnostic insights. The exploration of ncRNA-mediated HER2 modulation offers promising avenues for the development of personalized treatment approaches, ultimately advancing patient care and outcomes in OC.
