Influencing factors comparing different vault groups after phakic implantable collamer lens implantation: review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Studies on the factors affecting vault after posterior chamber phakic Implantable Collamer Lens (ICL) have been carried out, but most of them are single-centered and subjective selections of parameters. The present study aimed to systematically analyze the factors for vault. METHODS: A systematic review of case series, case-control, and cohort studies derived from the articles published in PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, CBM, Wanfang and VIP, as well as ClinicalTrials, which were conducted to search for studies on factors of vault using four core terms: phakic intraocular lenses, vault, risk factor and observational study, from January 01, 1997, to February 20, 2023. The included studies were meta-analyzed quantitatively and described qualitatively. Subsequently, meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used. RESULTS: We identified 13 studies (1,607 subjects), and 14 factors were considered. Meta-analysis showed that anterior chamber depth (ACD), horizontal corneal white-to-white (hWTW), ICL-size, and age are dual effects of the abnormal vaults; anterior chamber volume (ACV) and lens thickness (LT) are a one-way effect; while axial length (AL), ICL- spherical equivalent (ICL-SE) and Km are insignificant. In addition, descriptive analysis of anterior chamber angle (ACA), horizontal sulcus to sulcus (hSTS), ciliary processes height (T value), crystalline lens rise (CLR), and gender showed that all factors except gender tend to have significant effects on vault. Sensitivity analysis showed stable combined results. Country and design respectively affect the heterogeneity in ACD and ICL-size at low vault, while design affects the heterogeneity in ACD at high vault. No publication bias exists. CONCLUSIONS: Vault after ICL is related to multiple factors, especially anterior segmental biologic parameters, and they are weighted differently. We hope to provide a reference for the selection and adjustment of ICL.

The hepatic GABAergic system promotes liver macrophage M2 polarization and mediates HBV replication in mice.

Macrophages display functional phenotypic plasticity. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection induces polarizations of liver macrophages either to M1-like pro-inflammatory phenotype or to M2-like anti-inflammatory phenotype. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling exists in various non-neuronal cells including hepatocytes and some immune cells. Here we report that macrophages express functional GABAergic signaling components and activation of type A GABA receptors (GABAARs) promotes M2-polarization thus advancing HBV replication. Notably, intraperitoneal injection of GABA or the GABAAR agonist muscimol increased HBV replication in HBV-carrier mice that were generated by hydrodynamical injection of adeno-associated virus/HBV1.2 plasmids (pAAV/HBV1.2). The GABA-augmented HBV replication in HBV-carrier mice was significantly reduced by the GABAAR inhibitor picrotoxin although picrotoxin had no significant effect on serum HBsAg levels in control HBV-carrier mice. Depletion of liver macrophages by liposomal clodronate treatment also significantly reduced the GABA-augmented HBV replication. Yet adoptive transfer of liver macrophages isolated from GABA-treated donor HBV-carrier mice into the liposomal clodronate-pretreated recipient HBV-carrier mice restored HBV replication. Moreover, GABA or muscimol treatment increased the expression of "M2" cytokines in macrophages, but had no direct effect on HBV replication in the HepG2.2.15 cells, HBV1.3-transfected Huh7, HepG2, or HepaRG cells, or HBV-infected Huh7-NTCP cells. Taken together, these results suggest that increasing GABA signaling in the liver promotes HBV replication in HBV-carrier mice by suppressing the immunity of liver macrophages, but not by increasing the susceptibility of hepatocytes to HBV infection. Our study shows that a previously unknown GABAergic system in liver macrophage has an essential role in HBV replication.

An iterative BP-CNN decoder for optical fiber communication systems.

The conventional belief propagation (BP) of the low-density parity-check (LDPC) is designed based on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) close to the Shannon limit; however, the correlated noise due to chromatic dispersion or square-law detection results in a performance penalty in the intensity modulation and direct-detection (IM/DD) system. We propose an iterative BP cascaded convolution neural network (CNN) decoder to mitigate the correlated channel noise. We use a model of correlated Gaussian noise to verify that the noise correlation can be identified by the CNN and the decoding performance is improved by the iterative processing. We successfully demonstrate the proposed method in a 50-Gb/s 4-ary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) IM/DD system. The simulation results show that the proposed decoder can achieve a BER performance improvement which is robust to transmission distance and launch optical power. The experimental results show that the iterative BP-CNN decoder outperforms the standard BP decoder by 1.2 dB in received optical power over 25-km SSMF.

Design of fully interpretable neural networks for digital coherent demodulation.

In this paper, we propose a digital coherent demodulation architecture using fully interpretable deep neural networks (NNs). We show that all the conventional coherent digital signal processing (DSP) is deeply unfolded into a well-structured NN so that the established training algorithms in machine learning can be applied. In contrast to adding or replacing certain algorithms of existing DSP in coherent receivers, we replace all the coherent demodulation algorithms with a fully interpretable NN (FINN), making the whole NN interpretable. The FINN is modular and flexible to add or drop modules, including chromatic dispersion compensation (CDC), the digital back-propagation (DBP) algorithm for fiber nonlinearity compensation, carrier recovery and residual impairments. The resulted FINN can be quickly initialized by straightforwardly referring to the conventional DSP, and can also enjoy further performance enhancement in the nonlinear fiber transmissions by NN. We conduct a 132-Gb/s polarization multiplexed (PM)-16QAM transmission experiment over 600-km standard single mode fiber. The experimental results show that without fiber nonlinearity compensation, FINN-CDC obtains less than 0.06-dB SNR gain than chromatic dispersion compensation (CDC). However, with fiber nonlinearity compensation, 2-steps per span FINN-DBP (FINN-2sps-DBP) and FINN-1sps-DBP bring about 0.59-dB and 0.53-dB SNR improvement compared with the conventional 2sps-DBP and 1sps-DBP, respectively.

[The genes associated with termination of the critical period of neuroplasticity in visual cortex].

OBJECTIVE: To screening genes associated with termination of the critical period of neuroplasticity in visual cortex and investigate the molecular mechanism. METHODS: To construct a cDNA library using visual cortex of dark rearing rats and normal light rearing 1 week after dark rearing 60 days rats with suppression subtractive hybridization technique. PCR, reverse Northern hybridization, sequencing and homology search were used to analysis the differential expression genes fragments. RESULTS: The cDNA library of termination the critical period was set up successfully. After screening, sequencing and homology search 14 sequences were obtained. Among of the genes 13 were known genes and one was novel gene fragment. They were up-regulated genes in visual cortex when the critical period termination. CONCLUSIONS: Through construction the cDNA library, we screened a crop of candidate genes related to termination the critical period. The results provided important foundation to further illuminate the molecular mechanism of termination the critical period of neuroplasticity in visual cortex.

[Effects of electroacupuncture at different acupoints on FVEP in the rabbit with separated monocular optic nerve].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on the visual system and the mechanism. METHODS: Twenty-four rabbits were randomly divided into a "Hegu" (Ll 4) group and a "Taixi" (KI 3) group, 12 rabbits in each group. The rabbit model with separated monocular optic nerve was developed, cutting the link between the retina with the center, but do not injure the blood circulation in the retina. The effect of electroacupuncture on flicker vision evoked potential (FVEP) was investigated. RESULTS: When the optic nerve was cut off, the distal fibers of descending regulating the retina were cut off, the FVEP of the operative eye extinguished. Elctroacupuncture at "Hegu" (LI 4) and "Taixi" (KI 3) at various stages have stronger inhibiting action on the latent time and amplitudes of N1, P1, N2 of FVEP, marked by prolongation of the latent time of peak, and obvious decrease of the amplitude. And this inhibiting action has difference of acupoints. CONCLUSION: The distal fiber plays a certain role in the process of electroacupuncture influencing flicker electroretinogram (FERG) and FVEP, but the effect of acupuncture on FERG is induced through the distal fibers to influence the retina in a limited extent, but not through the central descending inhibition.