The burden, causes, and determinants of blindness and vision impairment in Asia: An analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study.

Background: Asia accounts for more than half of the world's population and carries a substantial proportion of the global burden of blindness and vision impairment. Characterising this burden, as well as its causes and determinants, could help with devising targeted interventions for reducing the occurrence of blindness and visual impairment. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 database, we retrieved data on the number of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); crude and age-standardised rates; and the prevalence (with 95% uncertainty intervals (95%UIs)) of blindness and vision loss due to six causes (age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, glaucoma, near-vision impairment, refractive error, and other vision loss) for Asian countries for the period between 1990 and 2019. We defined DALYs as the sum of the years lost due to disability and years of life lost, and calculated age-standardised figures for the number of DALYs and prevalence by adjusting for population size and age structure. We then evaluated the time trend of the disease burden and conducted subgroup analyses by gender, age, geographic locations, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Results: In 2019, the DALYs and prevalence of blindness and vision loss had risen by 90.1% and 116% compared with 1990, reaching 15.84 million DALYs (95% UI = 15.83, 15.85) and 506.71 million cases (95% UI = 506.68, 506.74). Meanwhile, the age-standardised rate of DALYs decreased from 1990 to 2019. Cataracts, refractive error, and near vision impairment were the three most common causes. South Asia had the heaviest regional disease burden (age-standardised rate of DALYs = 517 per 100 000 population; 95% UI = 512, 521). Moreover, the burden due to cataracts ranked high in most Asian populations. Being a woman; being older; and having a lower national SDI were factors associated with a greater vision loss burden. Conclusions: The burden due to vision loss remains high in Asian populations. Cataracts, refractive error, and near vision loss were the primary causes of blindness and vision loss. Greater investment in ocular disease prevention and care by countries with lower socioeconomic status is needed, as well as specific strategies targeting cataract management, women and the elderly.

Association Between Preoperative Ocular Parameters and Myopic Shift in Children Undergoing Primary Intraocular Lens Implantation.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between preoperative ocular parameters and myopic shift following primary intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in pediatric cataracts. Methods: Eyes from pediatric patients undergoing bilateral cataract surgery with primary IOL implantation were included. Eyes were grouped by age at surgery and subdivided into three axial length (AL) subgroups and three keratometry subgroups. Mixed-effects linear regression was utilized to assess the trend in myopic shift among subgroups. Multivariable analysis was performed to determine factors associated with myopic shift. Results: A total of 222 eyes were included. The median age at surgery was 4.36 years (interquartile range [IQR], 3.16-6.00 years) and the median follow-up was 4.18 years (IQR, 3.48-4.64 years). As preoperative AL increased, a decreased trend was observed in myopic shift and rate of myopic shift (P = 0.008 and P = 0.003, respectively, in the 4 to <6 years old group; P = 0.002 and P < 0.001, respectively, in the ≥6 years old group). Greater myopic shift and rate of myopic shift were associated with younger age at surgery (P = 0.008 and P = 0.008, respectively). Both myopic shift and rate of myopic shift were negatively associated with AL. Conclusions: Age at surgery and preoperative AL were associated with myopic shift in pediatric cataracts following primary IOL implantation. Adjusting the target refraction based on preoperative AL could potentially improve patients' long-term refractive outcome. Translational Relevance: This study may help to guide the selection of postoperative target refraction according to age at surgery and preoperative ocular parameters for pediatric cataracts.

Autosomal Dominant Weill-Marchesani-Like Syndrome in a Chinese Family due to Novel Haplotypic Mutations in LTBP2.

INTRODUCTION: Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a hereditary connective tissue disorder with substantial heterogeneity in clinical features and genetic etiology, so it is essential to define the full mutation spectrum for earlier diagnosis. In this study, we report Weill-Marchesani-like syndrome (WMS-like) change to autosomal dominance inheritance caused by novel haplotypic mutations in latent transforming growth factor beta-binding protein 2 (LTBP2). METHODS: Twenty-five members from a 4-generation Chinese family were recruited from Guangzhou, of whom nine were diagnosed with WMS-like disease, nine were healthy, and seven were of "uncertain" clinical status because of their young age. All members received detailed physical and ocular examinations. Whole-exome sequencing, Sanger sequencing, and real-time PCR were used to identify and verify the causative mutations in family members. RESULTS: Genetic sequencing revealed novel haplotypic mutations on the same LTBP2 chromosome associated with WMS-like, c. 2657C>A/p.T886K in exon 16 and deletion of exons 25-36. Real-time PCR and Sanger sequencing verified both mutations in patients with clinically diagnosed WMS-like, and in one "uncertain" child. In these patients, the haplotypic mutations led to ectopia lentis, short stature, and obesity. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed that WMS-like may be associated with haplotypic LTBP2 mutations with autosomal dominant inheritance.

Evaluation of systemic medications associated with diabetic retinopathy: a nested case-control study from the UK Biobank.

AIMS: This study aims to investigate the associations between commonly used systemic medications and diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: Individuals with linked primary care prescription data from the UK Biobank were included. Cases were defined as individuals with a Hospital Episode Statistics-coded or primary care recorded diagnosis of DR or self-reported DR. Controls were matched for age, sex, glycosylated haemoglobin, duration of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension status and cardiovascular disease status. ORs and 95% CIs were calculated using conditional univariate and multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: A total of 3377 case subjects with DR were included in the study and matched with 3377 control subjects. In multivariable logistic regression, increased odds of incident DR were observed for exposure to short-acting insulins (OR 1.63; 95% CI 1.22 to 2.18), medium-acting insulins (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.60 to 2.75), sulfonylureas (OR 1.30; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.46). Instead, the use of fibrates (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.53 to 0.94) and Cox-2 inhibitors (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.58 to 0.79) was associated with decreased odds of incident DR. Dose-response relationships were observed for all five drug categories (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This study comprehensively investigated the associations between systemic medication use and DR and found significant associations between the use of short-acting insulins, medium-acting insulins and sulfonylureas with increased odds of incident DR. In contrast, fibrates and Cox-2 inhibitors were associated with decreased odds of incident DR. These findings may provide valuable insights into DM medication management and serve as a reference for the prevention of DR in patients with DM.

Changes in corneal endothelial cells after scleral-sutured fixation of intraocular lens in children with congenital ectopia lentis: a 2-year follow-up.

PURPOSE: To investigate the changing patterns of corneal endothelial cells and the associated factors in children with congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) after scleral-sutured fixation of intraocular lens (SSFIOL). SETTING: Zhongshan ophthalmic center, Guangzhou, China. DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Patients were divided into the surgery group and the control group. Central endothelial cell density (ECD), coefficient of variation in cell size (CV), the percentage of hexagonal cells (hexagonality, HEX), average cell size (AVG) and central corneal thickness (CCT) were analyzed for both group at baseline and each follow-up visit. Clinic characteristic, ocular parameters, IOL decentration and IOL tilt of patients in the surgery group were collected. Multiple linear regression was performed to assess the potential associated factors for the postoperative changes in corneal endothelial cells in the surgery group. RESULTS: After 2-year follow-up, the decline of ECD was 17.8% (95%CI: -21.8 to -13.9) in the surgery group and -3.1% (95%CI: -5.2 to -1.0) in the control group(P<0.001), while the increase of AVG was 24.3%(17.1to 31.6) in the surgery group and 2.7%(1.0 to 4.5) in the control group (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that AL≥24mm and WTW<12.2mm were significantly associated with greater loss of ECD (ß=-241.41, 95% CI: -457.91 to -24.91, P=0.030 and ß=251.63, 95% CI: 42.10 to 461.17,P=0.020, respectively) and AL≥ 24mm was significantly positively associated with the increase of AVG (ß=34.81, 95% CI: 0.90 to 68.71, P=0.044). CONCLUSIONS: SSFIOL has a significant impact on corneal endothelium in children with CEL. More attention should be paid to monitor postoperative corneal endothelium change during long-term follow-up in CEL children, especially for those with longer AL and smaller WTW.

Predicting Marfan Syndrome in Children With Congenital Ectopia Lentis: Development and Validation of a Nomogram.

Purpose: To derive an effective nomogram for predicting Marfan syndrome (MFS) in children with congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) using regularly collected data. Methods: Diagnostic standards (Ghent nosology) and genetic test were applied in all patients with CEL to determine the presence or absence of MFS. Three potential MFS predictors were tested and chosen to build a prediction model using logistic regression. The predictive performance of the nomogram was validated internally through time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves, calibration curves, and decision curve analysis. Results: Eyes from 103 patients under 20 years old and with CEL were enrolled in this study. Z score of body mass index (odds ratio [OR] = 0.659; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.453-0.958), corneal curvature radius (OR = 3.397; 95% CI, 1.829-6.307), and aortic root diameter (OR = 2.342; 95% CI, 1.403-3.911) were identified as predictors of MFS. The combination of the above predictors shows good predictive ability, as indicated by area under the curve of 0.889 (95% CI, 0.826-0.953). The calibration curves showed good agreement between the prediction of the nomogram and the actual observations. In addition, decision curve analysis showed that the nomogram was clinically useful and had better discriminatory power in identifying patients with MFS. For better individual prediction, an online MFS calculator was created. Conclusions: The nomogram provides accurate and individualized prediction of MFS in children with CEL who cannot be identified with the Ghent criteria, enabling clinicians to personalize treatment plans and improve MFS outcomes. Translational Relevance: The prediction model may help clinicians identify MFS in its early stages, which could reduce the likelihood of developing severe symptoms and improve MFS outcomes.

Corneal biomechanics and their association with severity of lens dislocation in Marfan syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate corneal biomechanical properties and its associations with the severity of lens dislocation in patients with Marfan syndrome. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with Marfan syndrome and 30 age-, sex- and axial length (AL)-matched controls were recruited. Corneal biomechanical parameters of both groups were measured by CorVis ST and were compared between groups. Potential associations between corneal biomechanical parameters and severity of lens dislocation were also investigated. RESULTS: Lower applanation 1 velocity (A1V) (0.13 ± 0.004 vs. 0.15 ± 0.003, P = 0.016), shorter applanation 2 time (A2T)(22.64 ± 0.11 vs. 22.94 ± 0.11, P = 0.013), longer peak distance (PD) (5.03 ± 0.07 vs. 4.81 ± 0.05, P = 0.008), longer radius (R) of highest concavity (7.44 ± 0.16 vs. 6.93 ± 0.14, P = 0.012), greater Ambrosio relational thickness horizontal (ARTh) (603 ± 20 vs. 498 ± 12, P < 0.001), and integrated radius (IR) (8.32 ± 0.25 vs. 8.95 ± 0.21, P = 0.033) were detected among Marfan eyes compared with controls (all P < 0.05). Marfan individuals with more severe lens dislocation tended to have increased stiffness parameter as longer A1T, slower A1V, shorter A2T, slower application 2 velocity (A2V), smaller PD and smaller Distance Amplitude (DA) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Marfan patients were detected to have increased corneal stiffness compared with normal subjects. Corneal biomechanical parameters were significantly associated with the severity of lens dislocation in Marfan patients.

Longitudinal changes of refractive error in preschool children with congenital ectopia lentis.

BACKGROUND: Congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) is a hereditary eye disease which severely impacts preschool children's visual function and development. This study aimed to evaluate the longitudinal changes in spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error in preschool children with CEL. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangzhou, China. Medical records of CEL patients under 6-year-old who were diagnosed with Marfan syndrome at the initial visit from January 2014 to March 2022 were collected and were divided into surgery and non-surgery groups. Mean change rate of SE in the two groups was evaluated, and the potential associated factors of SE change rate were investigated by mixed-effect regression model. RESULTS: A total of 94 preschool patients from 14 provinces of China were included. Among the 42 children of the surgery group, the mean age with standard deviation (SD) was 5.02 ± 0.81 years and patients experienced a myopic shift of -0.05 ± 0.09 D/month in average. The mean age with SD of the 52 children of the non-surgery group was 4.34 ± 1.02 years, and the mean myopic shift was -0.09 ± 0.14 D/month. The mixed-effect regression model identified that higher degree of myopia at baseline was associated with slower myopic shift both in surgery (ß = 0.901, 95% CI: 0.822 ~ 0.980, P < 0.001) and in non-surgery group (ß = 1.006, 95% CI: 0.977 ~ 1.034, P < 0.001) in CEL patients. Surgical treatment (ß = 2.635, 95% CI: 1.376 ~ 3.894, P < 0.001) was associated with slower myopic shift in all participants CEL patients. CONCLUSIONS: Myopic progression was slower in the surgery group than in the non-surgery group of CEL. Preschool CEL patients who met the surgical indication are suggested being performed with timely surgery to slow down the myopic progression.

Effect of Posterior Keratometry on the Accuracy of 10 Intraocular Lens Calculation Formulas: Standard Keratometry versus Total Keratometry.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of posterior keratometry (PK) on the accuracy of 10 intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas using standard keratometry (K) and total keratometry (TK). METHODS: This is a retrospective consecutive case-series study. The IOL power was calculated using K and TK measured by IOLMaster 700 in 6 new-generation formulas (Barrett Universal II, Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) 2.0, RBF Calculator 3.0, Hoffer QST, Kane, and Ladas Super Formula) and 4 traditional formulas (Haigis, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T). The arithmetic prediction error (PE) and mean absolute PE (MAE) were evaluated. The locally-weighted scatterplot smoothing was performed to assess the relationship between PE and PK. RESULTS: A total of 576 patients (576 eyes) who underwent cataract surgery were included. Compared with using K, all formulas using TK showed a hyperopic shift in the whole group. Specifically, for eyes with PK exceeding -5.90 D, all formulas using TK exhibited a hyperopic shift (all P < 0.001), while eyes with PK less than -5.90 D showed a myopic shift (all P < 0.001). The MAE of new-generation formulas calculated with TK and K showed no statistical differences, while the MAE of traditional formulas with TK was larger (TK: 0.34 ~ 0.43 D; K: 0.33 ~ 0.42 D, all P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The prediction bias of formulas with TK increased as PK deviated from -5.90 D. TK did not improve the prediction accuracy of new-generation formulas, and even performed worse in traditional formulas.

Intraocular lens tilt and decentration in secondary ciliary sulcus implantation in paediatric eyes: A 3-year prospective study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the tilt and decentration of one-piece anti-vaulting haptic intraocular lenses (IOL) and three-piece C-loop haptic IOLs in paediatric eyes undergoing secondary IOL implantation into the ciliary sulcus. METHODS: Paediatric aphakic patients receiving either one-piece anti-vaulting haptic or three-piece C-loop haptic IOL implants into the ciliary sulcus were enrolled in this prospective non-randomized interventional study and followed up for 3 years. IOL decentration and tilt were measured using Scheimpflug images. Preoperative and postoperative information, including demographic data and ocular biometric parameters and complications, were collected and analysed. RESULTS: Among 123 eyes of 79 paediatric patients, there were 72 eyes (58.54%) in the anti-vaulting haptic IOL group and 51 eyes (41.46%) in the C-loop haptic group. The anti-vaulting haptic IOL group had a lower incidence of clinically significant vertical IOL decentration than the C-loop haptic IOL group (23.88% vs. 43.14%, p = 0.037). No intergroup differences were observed in vertical or horizontal tilt or in horizontal decentration (all p > 0.05). One-piece anti-vaulting haptic IOL implantation was associated with a lower risk of clinically significant vertical decentration than three-piece C-loop haptic IOL implantation (odds ratio: 0.42, p = 0.037). There was a higher incidence of IOL dislocation in the C-loop haptic IOL group (15.22% vs. 4.17%, p = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: In paediatric aphakic eyes undergoing secondary IOL implantation into the ciliary sulcus, one-piece anti-vaulting haptic IOLs can reduce the risk of clinically significant vertical IOL decentration compared with three-piece C-loop haptic IOLs and may favour long-term IOL positional stability.

Clinical and Genetic Landscape of Ectopia Lentis Based on a Cohort of Patients From 156 Families.

Purpose: To extend the mutation spectrum and explore the characteristics of genotypes and ocular phenotypes in ectopia lentis (EL). Methods: Variants in all 14 reported EL-associated genes were selected from in-house data sets as well as literature review, and available clinical data were analyzed. Results: Likely pathogenic variants in three genes were identified in 156 unrelated families with EL from the in-house cohort, of which 97.4% resulted from variants in FBN1, whereas the remaining were caused by variants in ADAMTSL4 (1.3%) and LTBP2 (1.3%). A comparative analysis of the in-house data and literature review suggested several characteristics: (1) a higher proportion of cysteine involvement variants in FBN1, either variants introducing or eliminating cysteine, and an earlier diagnosis age were presented in our cohort than in published literature; (2) the axial length (AL) and refractive error increased more rapidly with age in preschool EL children than normal children, and the increased rate of AL was slower in patients with surgery than those without surgery; (3) aberrant astigmatism was common in EL; and (4) worse vision and earlier onset age were observed in patients with non-FBN1 variants (all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Variants in FBN1 are the predominant cause of EL, with the most common cysteine involvement variants. Early-stage EL manifests refractive error but gradually converts to axial myopia through defocus introduced by lens dislocation. Aberrant astigmatism is a suggestive sign of EL. Non-FBN1 variants cause early-onset and severe phenotypes. These results provide evidence for early diagnosis as well as timely treatment for EL.

Postoperative longitudinal refractive changes in children younger than 8 years with ectopia lentis and Marfan syndrome.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the postoperative longitudinal refractive changes in children younger than 8 years with ectopia lentis and Marfan syndrome (MFS). SETTING: Zhongshan ophthalmic center, Guangzhou, China. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Medical data of patients diagnosed with ectopia lentis and MFS that underwent surgery younger than 8 years were collected. Refractive errors and ocular biometric parameters were collected preoperatively and at each follow-up visit. Patients were stratified into groups according to age at surgery, and only the eye operated on first was selected. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine the association between refractive shift and potential risk factors. RESULTS: In total, 54 eyes of 54 patients were enrolled. The median age at surgery was 6.21 years (interquartile range [IQR], 5.25 to 6.85), and the median follow-up was 2.0 years (IQR, 1.2 to 2.8 years). At age 8 years, patients demonstrated a median myopic shift ranged from -1.75 diopters (D) (IQR, -2.75 to -1.00 D) for the 4-year-old group to -0.13 D (IQR, -0.50 to -0.06 D) for the 7-year-old group. Multivariate analysis showed that greater myopic shift was associated with younger age at surgery ( P = .004), male sex ( P = .026), and shorter preoperative axis length ( P = .005). CONCLUSIONS: A tendency toward increasing postoperative myopic was demonstrated in children with ectopia lentis and MFS, with the greatest myopic shift in the younger age groups. If the goal is to reach emmetropia by age 8 years, the immediate postoperative hypermetropic targets should be 1.75 D for age 4 years, 1 D for age 5 years, 0.5 D for age 6 years, and 0 to 0.25 D for age 7 years.

Network Meta-analysis of Intraocular Lens Power Calculation Formula Accuracy in 1016 Eyes With Long Axial Length.

PURPOSE: To systematically review the literature and quantitatively synthesize the currently available evidence to compare the accuracy of different intraocular lens calculation formulas in eyes with long axial length (AL). DESIGN: Network meta-analysis. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched for studies published between January 2000 and June 2022. Included were prospective or retrospective clinical studies reporting the following outcomes in cataract patients with long AL (ie, ≥26 mm): percentage of eyes with a prediction error (PE) within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.00 diopters (D). Network meta-analysis was conducted using R software (version 4.2.1). RESULTS: Ten prospective or retrospective clinical studies, including 1016 eyes and 11 calculation formulas, were identified. A traditional meta-analysis showed that for the percentage of eyes with PE within ±0.25 and ±0.50 D, the Olsen, Kane, and Emmetropia Verifying Optical (EVO) all had insignificantly higher percentages compared with others. Considering the percentage of eyes with PE within ±1.00 D, the original and modified Wang-Koch adjustment formulas for Holladay 1 (H1-WK and H1-MWK) and EVO formulas showed superiority, but the difference was insignificant. This network meta-analysis revealed that compared with the widely used Barrett Universal II (BUII) formula, the Olsen, Kane, and EVO formulas had higher percentages of eyes with PE within ±0.25, ±0.50, and ±1.00 D (all odds ratios >1 but P >.05). Based on the surface under the cumulative ranking area (SUCRA) values for the percentage of eyes with PE within ±0.25 D, the Olsen (96.4%), Kane (77.5%), and EVO (75.9%) formulas had the highest probability of being in the top 3 of the 11 formulas. CONCLUSIONS: The Olsen, Kane, and EVO formulas may perform better than others in calculating IOL power in eyes with long AL. Nevertheless, there is still considerable uncertainty in this regard and the accuracy of these formulas in highly myopic eyes should be confirmed in studies based on large multicenter registries.

Evaluation of functional vision and eye-related quality of life in children with congenital ectopia lentis: a prospective cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the effect of congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) on functional vision and eye-related quality of life (ER-QOL) in children and their families using the Paediatric Eye Questionnaire (PedEyeQ). DESIGN: A questionnaire survey administered via in-person interviews of patients with CEL and their parents. PARTICIPANTS: 51 children with CEL and 53 visually normal controls accompanied by 1 parent completed the survey questionnaires for the study from March 2022 to September 2022. OUTCOME MEASURES: PedEyeQ domain scores. Functional vision and ER-QOL of children and their families were evaluated by calculating and comparing the Rasch domain scores of the PedEyeQ. RESULTS: PedEyeQ domain scores were significantly worse with CEL compared with controls (p<0.01 for each), with the exception of the Proxy Social domain among children aged 0-4 years (p=0.283). Child PedEyeQ greatest differences were in the functional vision domain (5-11 years, -20 points (95% CI -27 to -12)) and frustration/worry domain (12-17 years, -41 (95% CI -37 to -6)). Proxy PedEyeQ greatest differences were in the functional vision domain (0-4 years, -34 (95% CI -45 to -22)) and frustration/worry domain (5-11 years, -27 (95% CI -39 to -14); 12-17 years, -37(95% CI (-48 to -26))). Parent PedEyeQ greatest difference was in the 'worry about child's eye condition' (-57 (95% CI (-63 to -51))). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, children with CEL had reduced functional vision and ER-QOL compared with controls. Parents of children with CEL also experience reduced quality of life.

Myocardial hypertrophy with aortic dysplasia: a rare case of Noonan syndrome.

.

Hotspots and frontiers of genetic research on pediatric cataracts from 2013 to 2022: a scientometric analysis.

AIM: To explore the hotspots and frontiers of genetic research on pediatric cataracts. METHODS: Global publications from 2013 to 2022 related to genes in pediatric cataracts were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection, and were analyzed in terms of the publication counts, countries, journals, authors, keywords, cited references, subject categories, and the underlying hotspots and frontiers. RESULTS: Totally 699 publications were included in the final analysis. The predominant actors were identified, with China (n=240) and PLoS One (n=33) being the most productive country and journal respectively. The research hotspots extracted from keywords were crystallin gene mutations, pathogenicity evaluation, phenotypes of ocular and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, genes encoding membrane proteins, and diagnosis of multisystemic disorders. The co-cited articles formed 10 clusters of research topics, including FYCO1 (56 items), mutation screening (43 items), gap junction (29 items), the Warburg Micro syndrome (29 items), ephrin-A5 (28 items), novel mutation (24 items), eye development and function (22 items), cholestanol (7 items), OCRL (6 items), and pathogenicity prediction (3 items). The research frontiers were FYCO1, ephrin-A5, and cholestanol. Cell biology showed the strongest bridging effects among different disciplines in the field (betweenness centrality=0.44). CONCLUSION: With the progress in next-generation sequencing and multidisciplinary collaboration, genetic research on pediatric cataracts broadens the knowledge scope of the crystalline lens, as well as other organs and systems, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of systemic diseases. Cell biology may integrate multidisciplinary content to address cutting-edge issues in the field.

Vault Height Is a Key Predictive Factor for Anterior Segment Measurement Error by IOLMaster 700 in Eyes With Phakic Intraocular Lens.

Purpose: To identify risk factors of ocular anterior segment measurement error by the IOLMaster 700 in eyes implanted with an implantable Collamer lens (ICL). Methods: In total, 152 patients with clear lens (152 eyes, group 1) and another 32 cataract patients (57 eyes, group 2) who underwent ICL implantation were included, and the presence of measurement error by the IOLMaster 700 was determined based on B-scan images. The risk factors for measurement error were evaluated by logistic regression, and the optimal threshold was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results: The ICL was misidentified as the anterior surface of the crystalline lens in 51.97% of eyes (79/152) in group 1 and 80.70% of eyes (46/57) in group 2. For every 100-µm decrease in the vault height, a 3.57- and 5.78-fold increase in the risk of measurement error was observed in group 1 and group 2, respectively. We identified an optimal threshold of the vault height at 389.47 µm for predicting biometric measurement error in eyes implanted with ICL, which showed an area under the curve of 0.93 (95% confidence interval, 0.90-0.97), a sensitivity of 0.87, and a specificity of 0.86. Conclusions: Patients with ICL implantation, particularly those with a vault height less than 389.47 µm, are at a greater risk of anterior segment biometric measurement error by the IOLMaster 700. Translational Relevance: The threshold of vault height can help to identify high-risk patients and further optimize biometric measurement.

Ocular, cardiovascular, and genetic characteristics and their associations in children with Marfan syndrome and related fibrillinopathies.

PURPOSE: Congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) and heart abnormalities are common clinical symptoms in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) and related fibrillinopathies, which is caused by mutations in fibrillin-1 (FBN1) gene. This study aims to explore the ocular and cardiovascular characteristics and their association with genotype in children with MFS and related fibrillinopathies. METHODS: Seventy-nine children diagnosed with CEL and with FBN1 mutations confirmed via whole-exome sequencing were included for genotypes and phenotypes analysis. The axial length (AL), corneal curvature, and refractive status were included for ocular phenotypes analysis. The cardiovascular examination was performed by echocardiography, and aortic root Z score was calculated to evaluate the severity of aortic dilatation. The heart disorders were classified as aortic root dilatation, valvular disorders, and others. Both the ocular and cardiac manifestations were collected for comprehensive analysis and compared among patients with different genotypes, including the mutation involving cysteine substitution or mutation in different regions. RESULTS: In CEL children with FBN1 mutations, 77.2% patients could be diagnosed as MFS. It was observed that children with mutations in exons 22-42 had significant higher aortic root Z score (P = 0.003) and higher incidence of cardiovascular disorders (P = 0.004). Additionally, children with cysteine substitution mutations had significant higher aortic root Z score (P = 0.011), and the aortic root Z score was positively associated with axial length (AL) in children under 6 years old (P = 0.035). Those with long AL (≥ 26 mm) had significant higher incidence of valve disorders (P = 0.023). In addition, nearly half the children with CEL (46.8%) were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease for the first time. CONCLUSIONS: CEL children with FBN1 mutations involving cysteine substitution or mutations in exons 22-42 or with long AL had higher risks of severe cardiovascular complications. Knowing the phenotype may help in anticipating severe cardiovascular disease in CEL patients.

Characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlations in ADAMTS17 mutation-related Weill-Marchesani syndrome.

Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) manifests as ectopia lentis (EL), microspherophakia and short stature, which is caused by ADAMTS10, LTBP2, or ADAMTS17 gene defects. This study aims to investigate the characteristics and genotype-phenotype correlations of WMS with ADAMTS17 mutations. WMS patients with ADAMTS17 variants were identified by whole-exome sequencing from 185 patients with EL. All the included patients underwent comprehensive ocular and systemic examinations. ADAMTS17 variants were reviewed from included patients, published literature, and public databases. Bioinformatics analysis, co-segregation analysis, species sequence analysis, and protein silico modeling were used to verify the pathogenic mutations. A total of six novel ADAMTS17 mutations (c.1297C > T, c.2948C > T, c.1322+2T > C, c.1716C > G, c.1630G > A, and c.1669C > T) were identified in four WMS probands in our EL cohort (4/185, 2.16%). All probands and their biological parents presented with apparent short stature compared with the standard value. In particular, one child was detected with valvular heart disease, which has not previously been reported in patients with ADAMTS17 mutations. Conserved residues were greatly affected by the substitution of amino acids caused by these six mutations. Short stature could be considered a clue for EL patients with ADAMTS17 mutations, and much more attention needs to be paid to heart disorders among these patients. This study not only reported the characteristics of ADAMTS17 mutation-related WMS but also helped to recognize the genotype-phenotype correlations in these patients.

Evolution and trends of childhood cataract research in the past 10 years: A scientometric analysis.

Purpose: To present a panoramic review of childhood cataract knowledge networks, hotspots and trends. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was used to retrieve the global literature on childhood cataract published between 2012 and 2021. Scientometric data were analyzed and visualized using VOSviewer and CiteSpace for metrics including publication count, citation count, country, journal, author, cited reference, subject category and their temporal trends. Results: A total of 3395 analyzed publications showed an inconsistent annual increasing trend. The USA (n = 939) was the leading contributor among countries. The Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (n = 113) had the highest number of publications among journals. Eight clusters of author collaboration network including 183 authors were identified. Gene mutation, cataract surgery management, intraocular lens implantation complications, prevalence, and glaucoma were identified as the research hotspots. Pediatric cataract surgery, new mutations, artificial intelligence, and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis were identified as frontier research topics. "Biochemistry and molecular biology", "neurosciences", and "radiology, nuclear medicine and medical imaging" had the highest betweenness centrality values (0.38, 0.32, and 0.22). Multidisciplinary (burst years: 2020 to 2021; strength = 4.32) had the greatest strength as of 2021. Conclusions: Childhood cataract research intensely focuses on revealing the genetic background and pheno-spectrum of the diseases, innovating and/or optimizing surgical techniques, and preventing and treating postoperative complications. Artificial intelligence has shed light on the diagnosis and treatment of childhood cataracts. The advance in the research on molecular mechanisms of childhood cataracts depends on multidisciplinary cooperation.