Experiences of the Parents of Children Admitted to PICU.

Introduction: A pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) is a highly technological and fast-paced setting in a hospital. Objective: To explore the experiences of the parents in the critical care area of a selected tertiary care facility. Materials and methods: In a qualitative study, we interviewed 10 purposively selected parents of the children admitted to PICU using a pre-validated in-depth interview schedule. All parents, whose children were admitted to PICU for more than 5 days, who understood Hindi or English and were willing to participate in the study, were enrolled in the study. Parents of critically ill children having readmission to PICU or prolonged stay of more than 15 days and not accompanied by parents were excluded. Results: Parents had unmet needs, such as the need for information, counseling and education from the healthcare team (HCT) members, having trusting relationship with the HCT, and expecting receiving orientation of the routines and the protocols of PICU, and empathy from the various levels of PICU team. The majority of subjects expressed the desire to talk to a dedicated person for their queries. The parents had multiple feelings of distress, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, and the fear of losing the child and used various coping strategies. Conclusion: Parents of critically ill children in the PICU have unmet needs. Healthcare team members should take initiative in relieving parental distress and improving their coping abilities. How to cite this article: Kichu S, Joshi P, Bhandari S, Lodha R, Jaykrishnan K. Experiences of the Parents of Children Admitted to PICU. Indian J Crit Care Med 2024;28(7):696-701.

Efficacy of TheraCal LC and Biodentine as Direct Pulp Capping Agents - An Clinico-Histological Study.

Aim: To assess clinically and histologically the efficacy of TheraCal LC and Biodentine as Direct Pulp Capping agents. Materials and Method: Sixty caries-free maxillary first premolar teeth which were scheduled for orthodontic extraction were selected for the study and were divided equally into Group 1 (Theracal LC) and Group 2 (Biodentine). Thermal and electric pulp testing was performed on the teeth to assess pulp vitality followed by tooth preparation to expose pulp horns under local anesthesia. After achieving hemostasis, the direct pulp capping agent was placed and composite restoration was done. All the teeth were evaluated and compared in terms of clinical and histological findings after 6 weeks. The statistical analysis used was the Kruskal-Wallis test. Results: Teeth with Theracal LC showed no sensitivity to heat, cold, or percussion, whereas sensitivity to heat, cold, or percussion was noted with Biodentine. Histological evaluation revealed that TheraCal LC has higher efficiency in complete dentin bridge formation, had maximum dentin thickness, and showed minimal or no pulpal disorganization and pulpal inflammation as compared to Biodentine. Conclusion: TheraCal LC proves to be a promising future as a direct pulp capping agent.

Surgical management of patients with distant metastasized adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck.

BACKGROUND: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and malignant tumor of the salivary glands. Despite its slow-growing nature, this clinical entity is notorious for presenting with distant metastasis (DM) which significantly worsens patient outcomes. The role of surgery in patients with ACC and distant metastasis (DM) remains controversial. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 47 patients with ACC who underwent surgery for the primary tumor and presented with DM at baseline or developed DM during follow-up. We compared survival outcomes between patients with DM at baseline (Group A) and those who developed DM during follow-up (Group B). RESULTS: The median overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 88%. Patients with DM at baseline (Group A) had significantly worse OS (51%) compared to those without DM at baseline (Group B) (91%; P = .04). Local recurrence (LR) was associated with poor survival in both groups. However, salvage surgery for LR+DM was associated with improved OS compared to palliative treatment (100% vs 77%; P = .79). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that surgery for the primary tumor of ACC may provide survival benefits in patients with DM. Salvage surgery should be considered particularly for patients who develop local recurrence and distant metastasis during follow-up.

A prospective health economic evaluation to determine the productivity loss due to premature mortality from oral cancer in India.

INTRODUCTION: India contributes two-thirds of the global mortality due to oral cancer and has a younger population at risk. The societal costs of this premature mortality are barely discussed. METHODS: Using the human capital approach, we aimed to estimate the productivity lost due to premature mortality, valued using individual socioeconomic data, related to oral cancer in India. A bottom-up approach was used to prospectively collect data of 100 consecutive patients with oral cancer treated between 2019 and 2020, with a follow-up of 36 months. RESULTS: The disease-specific survival for early and advanced stage was 85% and 70%, with a median age of 47 years. With 671 years lost prematurely, the loss of productivity was $41 900/early and $96 044/advanced stage. Based on population level rates, the total cost of premature mortality was $5.6 billion, representing 0.18% of GDP. CONCLUSION: India needs to implement tailored strategies to reduce the economic burden from premature mortality.

Creating and Testing a New Computer Vision System for Detecting Dental Problems in Orthodontic Patients.

Aim: The research project focuses on the creation and assessment of an innovative computer vision system designed to identify dental irregularities in individuals undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: To establish the computer vision system, a comprehensive dataset of dental images was collected, encompassing various orthodontic cases. The system's algorithm was trained to recognize patterns indicative of common dental anomalies, such as malocclusions, spacing issues, and misalignments. Rigorous testing and refinement of the algorithm were conducted to enhance its accuracy and reliability. Results: The validation of the system was carried out using the dental records and images of the 40 patients. The computer vision system's performance was evaluated against assessments made by experienced orthodontists. The results demonstrated a commendable level of concurrence between the system's automated detections and the orthodontists' evaluations, suggesting its potential as a valuable diagnostic tool. Conclusion: In conclusion, the development and validation of this novel computer vision system exhibit promising outcomes in its ability to automatically detect dental anomalies in orthodontic patients.

Factors Associated with Nursing Professionalism: Insights from Tertiary Care Center in India.

BACKGROUND: Professionalism among nurses plays a critical role in ensuring patient safety and quality care and involves delivering competent, safe, and ethical care while also working with clients, families, communities, and healthcare teams. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the level of nursing professionalism and the factors affecting professionalism among nurses working at a tertiary care center in India. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to March 2023 using a total enumeration sampling technique. Following institutional ethics committee approval, standardized tools were administered consisting of Nursing Professionalism Scale and socio-demographic, personal, and organizational characteristics. RESULTS: A total of 270 nurses participated, with a response rate of 93.7%. The mean age of the participants was 27.33 ± 2.75 years, with the majority being female (82.6%) and belonged to the age group of 23-27 years (59.6%). More than half of the nurses exhibited high professionalism (53%), with the highest and lowest median scores for professional responsibility (29.0) and valuing human beings (13.0) respectively. Multivariate regression analysis demonstrated that, compared with their counterparts, nurses with a graduate nursing qualification (AOR = 4.77, 95% CI = 1.16-19.68), up-to-date training (AOR = 4.13, 95% CI = 1.88-9.06), and adequate career opportunity (AOR = 33.91, 95% CI = 14.48-79.39) had significant associations with high nursing professionalism. CONCLUSION/IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The majority of the nurses had high professionalism, particularly in the domains of professional responsibility and management. Hospitals and healthcare institutions can use these findings to develop policies and prioritize opportunities for nurses to attend conferences and workshops to enhance their professional values, ultimately leading to improved patient care outcomes. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Health-related quality of life, psychological issues and concerns among sarcoma survivors: a mixed method study.

Purpose: We aimed to explore the health-related quality of life (HRQoL), psychological issues and concerns among sarcoma survivors in India and assess their satisfaction with nursing care. Methods: This study employed a sequential mixed-methods design, enrolling 100 sarcoma survivors from July to December 2021, with data collected using standardised questionnaires for HRQoL, depression, anxiety, stress, cognitive impairment and self-structured satisfaction with nursing care. Qualitative data were gathered through focused group discussions. Results: The mean global health score among sarcoma survivors was 79.48 ± 16.26. A significant number of survivors had symptoms of mild-to-moderate depression (30%), severe anxiety (12%), stress (16%) and mild cognitive impairment (5%). Significant mean rank differences were observed between anxiety and financial difficulty (p < 0.05), emotional functioning (p < 0.001), cognitive functioning (p < 0.001), pain (<0.05), insomnia (p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.001), anorexia (p < 0.05) and nausea/vomiting (p < 0.001). Educational qualification had a significant association with depression and anxiety while family history of cancer emerged as a significant factor associated with anxiety and stress among survivors. Qualitative analysis revealed themes related to body image, societal discrimination, socio-economic impact, marriage concerns and fertility issues. Survivor satisfaction with nursing care was good. Conclusion: A substantial number of sarcoma survivors had an average HRQoL and experienced depression, anxiety and stress. Our study emphasizes the importance of holistic survivorship care, involving nurses in post-treatment support, and addressing societal discrimination and psychosocial concerns to enhance their quality of life. Implications for cancer survivors: Our study calls for a holistic approach to sarcoma survivor care and emphasizes the importance of personalised survivorship care plans led by nurses to address the diverse needs of sarcoma survivors in India. Such plans should encompass strategies for managing depression, anxiety and stress, along with addressing body image concerns and social support.

Knowledge, attitude, and practices among caregivers of children with Cystic Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Caregivers have crucial role in the care of the children with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), but there is limited knowledge about their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) regarding chronic disease. This pilot study aimed to validate a self-developed KAP questionnaire for caregivers of young children with CF in India and determine factors associated with KAP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 95 caregivers of children with CF attending the specialty clinic of the pediatric outpatient department (OPD) in Northern India. Participants possessing certain characteristics such as willingness to participate and ability to understand Hindi or English language were enrolled in the study. Caregivers of children reported to the OPD with acute exacerbation requiring immediate hospitalization were excluded from the study. RESULTS: The self-developed KAP questionnaire had good content validity (CVI- 0.87-1.0) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient = 0.70, 0.71, 0.75 respectively). The majority of participants belonged to the Good KAP group (85.3%), while the remaining were in the Poor KAP group (14.7%). A χ2 test showed that KAP clusters vary significantly with sociodemographic variables like gender, marital status, educational status and monthly family income (p < .05). A weak negative correlation was found between knowledge and attitude scores in the Good KAP group (p < .001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the KAP of the caregivers was significantly influenced by knowledge related to clinical manifestation and complications, and attitude. CONCLUSION: All three sections of the KAP tool demonstrated good content validity and internal consistency. Caregivers had good knowledge, a positive attitude, and appropriate practices related to CF. However, targeted interventions are necessary to address specific areas for improvement, particularly for male caregivers with lower educational levels belonging to poor socioeconomic strata.

Attitude of Indian nurses towards importance of families in nursing care: A cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the attitudes of Indian nurses towards the importance of family involvement in nursing care and the association between nurse attitudes and sociodemographic characteristics. BACKGROUND: Involving the family in the care process is crucial for delivering family- and patient-centred care and ensuring the best possible patient outcomes. Nevertheless, published literature revealed that the nurses may lack clarity regarding the role of family members in the patient's care, which in turn hinders families' participation in care. DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. The STROBE checklist was used to report the present study. METHODS: A total of 203 Nurses participated in a prospective cross-sectional study between May 2022 and August 2022. They were recruited through convenience sampling from two tertiary care centres in India. A two-part questionnaire was used to gather the data; the first section contained questions for gathering sociodemographic information, and the second part contained the standardized FINC-NA scale. RESULTS: The mean age of the nurses was (28.08 ± 4.722) years, and their median professional experience was 2.5 (1-5.5) years. Nurses' attitude regarding family's importance in patient care was found to be significantly associated (p ≤ .05) with education level, marital status, religion and hometown region. CONCLUSION: In several items Indian nurses have positive attitudes towards family involvement in care but some of the lower scoring items can present opportunities for focused improvement. Continuing development programmes about family-centered care can constitute important strategies to improve the positive attitudes of nurses towards families in practice. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: No patient or public contribution.

Malignant Minor Salivary gland neoplasms ofLarynx: Our Experience.

<br><b>Introduction:</b> Malignant minor salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all laryngeal cancers.</br> <br><b>Aim:</b> This study aims to share our experiences regarding clinical, radiological, pathological profiles and their management.</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> The current study reviews 11 cases of malignant minor salivary gland tumors of the larynx treated surgically at our Institute between 2005 and 2019.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> The mean age of the patients was 54 years (range 38-75 years) with six females and five males in the series (1.2:1). Subglottis and trachea were the sites of origin in 54% of the cases, and hoarseness with dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms. There were nine Adenoid cystic and two Mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. Surgery was the primary mode of treatment.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> Most of the larynx's malignant minor salivary gland tumors are submucosal in origin. The outcome and prognosis vary considerably based on the tumor's histology, grade, and stage.</br>.

New Horizons in Diabetic Neuropathies: An Updated Review on their Pathology, Diagnosis, Mechanism, Screening Techniques, Pharmacological, and Future Approaches.

BACKGROUND: One of the largest problems for global public health is diabetes mellitus (DM) and its micro and macrovascular consequences. Although prevention, diagnosis, and treatment have generally improved, its incidence is predicted to keep rising over the coming years. Due to the intricacy of the molecular mechanisms, which include inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, among others, discovering treatments to stop or slow the course of diabetic complications is still a current unmet need. METHODS: The pathogenesis and development of diabetic neuropathies may be explained by a wide variety of molecular pathways, hexosamine pathways, such as MAPK pathway, PARP pathway, oxidative stress pathway polyol (sorbitol) pathway, cyclooxygenase pathway, and lipoxygenase pathway. Although diabetic neuropathies can be treated symptomatically, there are limited options for treating the underlying cause. RESULT: Various pathways and screening models involved in diabetic neuropathies are discussed, along with their possible outcomes. Moreover, both medicinal and non-medical approaches to therapy are also explored. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the probable involvement of several processes and pathways in the establishment of diabetic neuropathies and presents in-depth knowledge of new therapeutic approaches intended to stop, delay, or reverse different types of diabetic complications.

Comparative Evaluation of Debris Extrusion, Remaining Dentin Thickness and Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth Using Rotary and Reciprocating Endodontic File Systems: An In Vitro Study.

BACKGROUND: Preventing the apical extrusion of debris during instrumentation is of paramount importance to reduce the occurrence of flare-ups in endodontically treated teeth. Furthermore, an essential requirement for the longevity and strength of an endodontically treated tooth and its ability to resist fracture is the preservation of residual dentin thickness during instrumentation. The aim of this study was to compare the amount of debris extrusion, remaining dentin thickness at the coronal third, middle third, apical third, and the fracture resistance of the teeth using rotary (TruNatomy; Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC) and reciprocating (WaveOne Gold; Dentsply Sirona) endodontic file systems. METHODS: An in vitro study included 52 single-rooted, oval canal shaped teeth that underwent exploration and initial cleaning with a no. 15 K-file. The prepared canals were then randomly assigned to two groups: Group I, with instrumentation with the TruNatomy rotary file (n=26) and Group II, with instrumentation with the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file. Parameters like debris extrusion, remaining dentin thickness, and fracture resistance were evaluated in both the groups. Analysis was performed using a paired t-test for the assessment of difference between groups and one-way ANOVA test followed by the post-hoc Tukey test for difference between the coronal, middle and apical third for each study group. RESULTS: The results revealed no significant difference (t=0.454, p=0.652) between the TruNatomy rotary file and WaveOne Gold reciprocating file in apical extrusion of debris after their use in root canal therapy. For the remaining dentin thickness, a significant difference was present between the TruNatomy rotary file and WaveOne Gold reciprocating rotary file at the coronal (t=5.766, p<0.0001) and middle (t=3.690, p=0.001) levels. The mean fracture resistance was significantly more (t=15.877, p<0.0001) with the TruNatomy rotary file compared to the WaveOne Gold reciprocating rotary file. CONCLUSION: The TruNatomy rotary file system outperformed the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file system in terms of maintaining the remaining dentin thickness and providing improved fracture resistance. Nevertheless, debris extruded apically was comparable between the TruNatomy rotary file system and the WaveOne Gold reciprocating file system.

A qualitative study to assess the psychological experiences and coping strategies of families affected with Li-Fraumeni syndrome in the Indian population.

Background: Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is a rare autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndrome. Due to the high risk of occurrence of multiple cancers, families with LFS may have an overwhelming psychosocial burden. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center using face-to-face interviews through a grounded theory approach. Statistical analysis was done using Smith's Interpretative Phenomenological Approach. Themes and sub-themes were extracted, and a thematic schema was developed. Results: A total of five themes were identified. The extracted themes were psychological experiences, behavioural responses, stressors, coping strategies and perceived needs. The interlay of the themes deepened the impact of LFS on the affected ones and brought into light the turmoil of emotions and difficulties that these individuals were going through in the face of the disease. Conclusions: LFS-affected individuals had a range of experiences with this rare and little-known disease. The lack of information seems to be a precursor to the denial of diagnosis. Their experience with the illness sheds light on the grey areas like guilt and helplessness that demand immediate attention. Future policies need to be developed in accordance with the identified perceived needs to potentially guide the treatment and rising needs of LFS-affected individuals.

Hemodynamic Responses to Recorded Maternal Voice Among Sedated Children in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: An Open-Label Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of maternal audiotaped voice on clinical parameters of sedated children. METHODS: A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 25 sedated critically ill children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. An audiotaped maternal voice was played to the children in the experimental group (n=13) via a headphone for 15 minutes, twice a day for 3 days. Children in the control group (n=12) received routine care without any additional auditory stimulation. Clinical and hemodynamic variables were recorded at 5 minutes interval three times. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the mean (SD) heart rate (per minute) at 10 minutes [129.83 (19.14) vs 124.29 (14.90), P=0.051], respiratory rate at 5 minutes [44.38 (17.79) vs 34.65 (7.64), P=<0.001] and 10 minutes [42.79 (13.89) vs 35.44 (7.65) P=<0.001], systolic blood pressure at 5 minutes [95.24 (15.01) vs 101.02 (19.83) P=0.045], and mean blood pressure at 15 minutes [68.66 (13.61) vs 73.61 (17.59) P=0.051] mmHg between the experimental and the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Listening to recorded maternal voice had a positive effect on clinical parameters of sedated critically ill children.

Perception regarding COVID-19 vaccine and COVID appropriate behavior among adolescents at a tertiary hospital, West Bengal: A longitudinal survey.

Background: Vaccination against COVID 19 and observing COVID appropriate behavior are effective measures to control, manage and prevent COVID-19 infection. With India starting its adolescent vaccination program, this study aimed to explore the adolescents' perception of vaccination, their COVID-appropriate behavior, compliance with two doses of COVID-19 vaccines and the experienced side effects following vaccination. Methods: A longitudinal survey was conducted among 440 adolescents visiting the COVID Vaccination Center (CVC) of a tertiary hospital in West Bengal. In the survey, adolescents were asked about family socio-demographic characteristics, their opinions on COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 Appropriate Behavior (CAB) practices. Voluntary participants were given a questionnaire to fill and a telephonic interview was taken regarding side effects experienced following the vaccination and their compliance to both doses of vaccine. Results: The majority of adolescents (99.3%) had taken vaccines by their own wish. The reason for willingness to take the vaccine was the fear of being infected with COVID-19 infection (50.5%). Maximum adolescents got information regarding the COVID vaccination program through the internet (41.8%) followed by family members (30.5%). The majority of adolescents (70.9%) had a good perception of COVID-19 vaccination. A significant number of adolescents (44.8%) strongly disagreed with the statement that they don't need to follow COVID appropriate behavior after vaccination. Conclusion: The majority of adolescents had a good perception regarding COVID-19.

Development of Mobile Application-Based System for Improving Medication Adherence Among Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Therapy.

Objectives: Cancer patients seeking palliative care faces distressing symptoms which affect their quality of life adversely. Patients' lack of adherence to analgesics is one of the major factors contributing to the undertreatment of cancer pain. The objective of this paper is to outline the development of a mobile application-based system to develop a physician-patient relationship and to improve adherence to medications prescribed for cancer pain management. Material and Methods: The mobile application-based system is developed using alarm and cloud based data sysncronisation for improving medication adherence and self-recording symptoms among cancer patients receiving palliative therapy at a palliative care clinic. Results: Ten palliative medicine physicians tested the project website and the mobile application thoroughly instead of patients. The physician recoded the prescription and other details on the project website. The data transferred from website to mobile application. The mobile application reminded scheduled medication by alarm, collected medical adherence details, daily symptom observation, and their severity and SOS medication details. The data from the mobile application was transferred back to project website successfully. Conclusion: The developed system can directly improve the physician-patient relationship, and improve better communication and sharing of information between physician and patient. This will impact the quality of life of the patient, improve the awareness of the patient about the disease, and may reduce rate of hospitalisation. This will also help physicians to treat patients efficiently. The developed system is being tested under a randomised control trial study. The findings of the study can be generalised to all patients suffering from chronic illnesses and on long-term medications.

Translation and validation of the Hindi-Indian version of the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised.

AIM: Critical to maternal outcome and development of a healthy and relationship between mother and baby, is the woman's perception of her birth experience. The Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised (BSS-R) has been demonstrated to be psychometrically robust, easily administered, and scored self-report measure of birth experience. Aim of the study was to translate the UK-BSS-R into Hindi, collect data, and psychometrically validate an Indian (Hindi)-BSS-R. METHODS: Psychometric assessment of the Indian (Hindi)-BSS-R was undertaken following translation using a cross-sectional design. Evaluation of known-groups validity was undertaken using an embedded between-subjects component. Data were collected from (n = 312) postnatal Hindi speaking women in India. Measurement characteristics were assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, divergent validity and internal consistency analysis. RESULTS: The measurement properties of the Indian (Hindi)-BSS-R were observed to be equivocal, with the established tri-dimensional measurement model not achieving best fit to data. Instead, an alternative two-factor model offered an excellent fit to data. Significant differences were observed between Indian (Hindi)-BSS-R scores and family type and gestation term status, which highlights the relevance of these contextual aspects to the Indian birth experience. Internal consistency was observed to be low on some sub-scales, indicating the potential need for future revision. CONCLUSIONS: The Indian (Hindi)-BSS-R is a measure of birth experience, which accepting some measurement caveats, is acceptable for use with Hindi speaking women in India. Further research is required to determine if modification of some of the items is required to improve internal consistency.

Pilot testing of mobile app-based blended learning on selected skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among nursing students.

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a skill-oriented training programme required to be practised and updated periodically by every healthcare provider. Methods In an open-label randomized controlled trial, 81 fourth-year BSc Nursing students were randomized to experimental (n=41) and control (n=40) groups using a computer-generated table. The learning resource material was shared through a mobile-app with the experimental group (EG) and the control group (CG) received the internet link for retrieving the learning resource material, 4 days before a 1-day training programme. Baseline knowledge and skills assessment of the students was done before the commencement of the training programme, using a pre-validated self-developed questionnaire based on standardized CPR guidelines of professional bodies. Post-intervention assessment of knowledge, skills, confidence and satisfaction of the students with the training methodology was done at the end of the training programme. The confidence and satisfaction of the students with the training methodology were assessed using a standardized confidence scale and a self-developed satisfaction scale, respectively. Results The baseline knowledge and skills scores of the students were comparable (EG v. CG, knowledge: 16.04 [2.35] v. 15.52 [2.69], p=0.34; skill: 13.41 [5.28] v. 15.02 [4.66], p=0.16). A comparable improvement was seen in post-intervention knowledge and skills scores between the groups (EG v. CG, knowledge 17.78 [1.49] v. 17.70 [1.51], p=0.82; skill 29.85 [2.44] v. 30.08 [2.79], p=0.60). The post-intervention confidence in performing the skills (20.22 [2.76] v. 19.41 [3.63], p=0.331) and satisfaction with the method of dissemination of educational resource material (29.85 [2.4] v. 30.08 [2.79], p=0.73) were also comparable in both the groups. Conclusion Both mobile app-based and internet link-based learning resource material along with hands-on sessions were effective in bringing comparable improvement in knowledge, skills, self-confidence and satisfaction of students in performing the selected skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.