An organophosphorus catalytic method for the synthesis of substituted 2-amidopyridines is reported. The method employs a small-ring organophosphorus-based catalyst and a hydrosilane reductant to drive the conversion of ketoximes and pyridine-N-oxides into 2-amidopyridines through sequential Beckmann rearrangement followed by [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement. The readily available ketoximes could be activated to nitrilium ions in PIII/PV redox catalysis and could efficiently participate in the domino reaction of pyridine-N-oxides, thus providing various substituted 2-amidopyridines in moderate to excellent yields. This presented strategy features excellent functional group tolerance and a broad substrate scope.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether Hetong decoction (, HTT) alleviates constipation via regulating AQPs expression. METHODS: Constipation in rats was induced by loperamide, and rats were randomly assigned into model (saline), HHT-low (95 g/kg), HTT-medium (190 g/kg), HTT-high (380 g/kg) and positive control (mosapride) groups. Then the defecation function, the concentration of serum arginine vasopressin (AVP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and the expression of AQP3 and AQP8 in colon tissues were assessed. NCM460 colon cells with AQP3 and AQP8 knockdown or overexpression were exposed to serum from rats that received low or high dose of HTT, followed by detection of AQP3 and AQP8 expression. RESULTS: The model group showed lower fecal weight and water content, weaker intestinal transit, higher serum concentration of AVP and cAMP, increased proximal and distal AQP8 expression, increased proximal but decreased distal AQP3 expression. However, these trends were reversed in both the HTT group (low, medium and high dose) and the positive control group. In NCM460 cells, HTT dose-dependently stabilized AQP3 and AQP8 expression under AQP3/8 plasmid interference or overexpression. CONCLUSIONS: HTT relieves constipation in rats through regulating AQP3 and AQP8 expression.
Aquaporins , Loperamide , Rats , Animals , Loperamide/adverse effects , Loperamide/metabolism , Constipation/chemically induced , Constipation/drug therapy , Constipation/genetics , Aquaporins/genetics , Aquaporins/metabolism , Colon/metabolism , Intestines , Cyclic AMP/genetics , Cyclic AMP/metabolism
Conventional head-up displays (HUDs) suffer from a limited exit pupil and a lack of compactness mainly due to the use of bulky optics. HUDs need a high-quality image with a large field of view (FOV) in small packaging to gain commercial acceptability. Holographic HUDs are phase-only devices that allow vision correction and focus adjustment while having a wide FOV. However, the limited bandwidth of a spatial light modulator (SLM) imposes a trade-off between the FOV and eye-box size. Combining a holographic system with an image-replicating element eliminates such a tradeoff. For image replication, we designed and fabricated a compact 2D diffractive beam splitter formed from two perpendicular volume gratings operating in the Raman-Nath regime. The gratings were recorded holographically in photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass, with optimized index modulation, thickness, and period to provide uniform intensity distribution across all desired orders for the fundamental red, green and blue (RGB) colors. We demonstrated a full-color holographic projection with an eye-box expanded by the designed 2D diffractive beam splitters.
Objective:To explore the changes of right ventricular myocardial perfusion in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) pig models with a quantitative analysis technique based on dynamic SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging, and analyze the relationship between myocardial blood flow, hemodynamics and right ventricular function.Methods:Eleven Chinese miniature pigs (all males, 6-8 months old) weighing 25-30 kg were selected. The PAH models were established by ligating the main pulmonary artery and embolizing the right lower pulmonary artery. After the models were established, dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging with one-day resting/adenosine stress 99Tc m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) SPECT was performed, and the quantitative parameters of left and right ventricles were obtained, including stress myocardial blood flow (SMBF), rest myocardial blood flow (RMBF) and myocardial flow reserve (MFR: the ratio of stress to rest myocardial blood flow). Right heart catheterization was performed to evaluate the mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), and the right heart function index tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. According to TAPSE, animals were divided into right heart function preserved group ( n=5, TAPSE≥17 mm) and right heart dysfunction group ( n=4, TAPSE<17 mm). Pearson correlation analysis and the independent-sample t test were used for data analysis. Results:Nine experimental pig models were established with increased mPAP of (38.1 ± 11.6 ) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). Myocardial perfusion imaging showed clear radiotracer uptake in the right heart and myocardial hypertrophy. There was a significant positive correlation between right ventricular myocardial RMBF ((0.71±0.13) ml·min -1·g -1) and mPAP ( r=0.94, P< 0.001). The SMBF in the decreased right ventricular function group was significantly lower than that in the preserved right ventricular function group ((1.66±0.35) vs (2.24±0.30) ml·min -1·g -1;t=2.68, P=0.032). Conclusion:SPECT myocardial blood flow quantification can be used to evaluate the right ventricular myocardial blood flow in pig models of PAH.
This study presents a vision-based water color identification system designed for monitoring aquaculture ponds. The algorithm proposed in this system can identify water color, which is an important factor in aquaculture farming management. To address the effect of outdoor lighting conditions on the proposed system, a color correction method using a color checkerboard was introduced. Several candidates for water-only image patches were extracted by performing image segmentation and fuzzy inferencing. Finally, a deep learning-based model was employed to identify the color of these patches and then find the representative color of the water. Experiments at different aquaculture sites verified the effectiveness of the proposed system and its algorithm. The color identification accuracy exceeded 96% for the test data.
Aquaculture , Water , Agriculture/methods , Algorithms , Aquaculture/methods , Color , Farms
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that reflective learning and mind mapping have many advantages in nursing education, but the relevant researches on the joint application of the two strategies are very limited. OBJECTIVES: To confirm the efficacy of reflective learning based on visual mind mapping for educational purposes to support the critical thinking, academic self-efficacy, and professional self-concept of nursing students. DESIGN: A quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest model. SETTINGS: A nursing college in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China. PARTICIPANTS: Eighty 2nd year baccalaureate nursing students in two parallel classes were assigned to an intervention group (n = 40) and a control group (n = 40) with one class for each group. METHODS: This study was carried out from September 15 to November 30, 2021. The Chinese version of Critical Thinking Disposition Inventory (CTDI-CV), the Chinese version of Academic Self-Efficacy Scale (ASE-CV), and the Chinese version of Professional Self-Concept of Nurses Instrument (PSCNI-CV) were used to evaluate the effects of the study intervention on nursing students. Firstly, the pretest data were collected from students in the two groups. Then, the intervention group students made regular reflective entries based on mind mapping and the control group students conducted traditional reflective journal, while attending routine educational and clinical activities, about their experiences of the Fundamentals of Nursing course learning process. After the intervention, both groups completed the three scale tests again, and an open-ended question was set for intervention group to explore the difficulties or challenges encountered by students. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U test, and content analysis were performed. RESULTS: There were no significant baseline demographic variables differences between the two groups. The intervention group showed significant improvement in critical thinking (P = 0.000), including truth-seeking, open-mindedness, analyticity, systematization, and inquisitiveness sub-dimensions (P = 0.000-0.014), and professional self-concept (P = 0.015), including flexibility and satisfaction sub-dimensions (P = 0.015-0.039), as compared to the baseline. There was no significant difference in students' academic self-efficacy level between pretest and posttest of the two groups. Compared to the total level of critical thinking between the intervention and the control group, the difference median values (posttest score-pretest score) were 14.0 and 1.5 respectively; and for professional self-concept, were 4.5 and 0.5 respectively, which were statistically significant at P < 0.05 level (P = 0.001-0.020). According to open-ended question survey, difficulties or challenges faced by the intervention group students were mainly problem of charting mind mapping, unfamiliar with tools, problem of mentors' guidance, and time-consuming. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that it is appropriate for students to adopt reflective learning based on visual mind mapping. Although there were no significant differences in the improvement level of students' academic self-efficacy, students' critical thinking and professional self-concept were greatly improved by the intervention. This approach may be used as a complementary learning method for baccalaureate nursing education.
Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate , Education, Nursing , Students, Nursing , Humans , Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate/methods , Learning , Thinking
Among many transition-metal oxides, Fe3O4 anode based lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been well-investigated because of their high energy and high capacity. Iron is known for elemental abundance and is relatively environmentally friendly as well contains with low toxicity. However, LIBs based on Fe3O4 suffer from particle aggregation during charge-discharge processes that affects the cycling performance. This study conjectures that iron agglomeration and material performance could be affected by dopant choice, and improvements are sought with Fe3O4 nanoparticles doped with 0.2% Ti. The electrochemical measurements show a stable specific capacity of 450 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C rate for at least 100 cycles in Ti doped Fe3O4. The stability in discharge capacity for Ti doped Fe3O4 is achieved, arising from good electronic conductivity and stability in microstructure and crystal structure, which has been further confirmed by density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Detailed distribution function of relaxation times (DFRTs) analyses based on the impedance spectra reveal two different types of Li ion transport phenomena, which are closely related with the electron density difference near the two Fe-sites. Detailed analyses on EIS measurements using DFRTs for Ti doped Fe3O4 indicate that improvement in interfacial charge transfer processes between electrode and Li metal along with an intermediate lithiated phase helps to enhance the electrochemical performance.
Recently, the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) in the three-dimensional (3D) printing of thermal interface materials (TIMs) has garnered increasing attention. Because fillers orient themselves along the direction of the melt flow during printing, this method could effectively enhance the thermal conductivity of existing composite materials. However, the poor compatibility and intensive aggregation of h-BN fillers in polymer composites are still detrimental to their practical application in thermally conductive materials. In this study, hydroxyl-functionalized boron nitride (OH-BN) particles were prepared by chemical modification and ultrasonic-assisted liquid-phase exfoliation to explore their impact on the surface compatibility, mechanical properties and the final anisotropic thermal conductivity of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites fabricated by FDM printing. The results show that the surface-functionalized OH-BN fillers are homogeneously dispersed in the TPU matrix via hydrogen bonding interactions, which improve the interfacial adhesion between the filler and matrix. For the same concentration of loaded filler, the OH-BN/TPU composites exhibit better mechanical properties and thermal conductivities than composites incorporating non-modified h-BN. These composites also show higher heat conduction along the stand-vertical direction, while simultaneously exhibiting a low dielectric constant and dielectric loss. This work therefore provides a possible strategy for the fabrication of thermal management polymers using 3D-printing methods.
Objective:To investigate differences in cardiac function and perfusion parameters measured by IQ-SPECT and low energy high-resolution (LEHR)-SPECT, as well as effects of scattering correction (SC) and CT attenuation correction (AC) on myocardial perfusion imaging.Methods:From May 2020 to September 2020, 80 patients (58 males, 22 females, age (57±10) years) who underwent SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging were retrospectively enrolled in Fuwai Hospital. According to the standardized left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of body surface measured by two-dimensional echocardiography, patients were divided into 2 groups: A group ( n=34) with significantly enlarged left ventricle and B group ( n=46) with no significant enlargement of left ventricle. LEHR-SPECT and IQ-SPECT gated myocardial perfusion imaging were performed in all patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), ejection fraction (EF), summed rest score (SRS) and total perfusion defect (TPD) were measured. Parameters measured by two methods and differences before and after SC and AC were compared by using paired t test and Wilcoxon signed rank test. The correlation was analyzed by Pearson correlation or Spearman rank correlation analyses, and the consistency was analyzed by Bland-Altman analysis. Results:In A group, EDV, EF and SRS measured by IQ-SPECT were significantly lower than those assessed by LEHR-SPECT after SC and AC (EDV: (257±137) vs (276±154) ml, EF: (21±11)% vs (26±13)%, SRS: 17(6, 25) vs 18(8, 28); t values: -2.63, -7.46, z=-2.14, all P<0.05); all parameters measured by LEHR-SPECT and IQ-SPECT had well correlation ( r values: 0.965, 0.969, 0.967, rs values: 0.920, 0.960, all P<0.001) and consistency. In B group, EDV and EF measured by IQ-SPECT were significantly lower than those assessed by LEHR-SPECT after SC and AC (EDV: (96±40) vs (107±39) ml, EF: (46±15)% vs (54±16)%; t values: -6.23, -10.71, both P=0.001); SRS and TPD measured by IQ-SPECT after SC and AC were significantly lower than non-SC and non-AC (SRS: 2(1, 4) vs 5(3, 11), TPD: (3%(1%, 5%) vs 7%(3%, 12%); z values: -4.11, -4.16, both P<0.001); all parameters measured by LEHR-SPECT and IQ-SPECT had well correlation ( r values: 0.956, 0.978, 0.958, rs values: 0.926, 0.944, all P<0.001) and consistency. Conclusions:There are good correlation and consistency of left ventricular function and myocardial perfusion parameters acquired by IQ-SPECT and LEHR-SPECT. Moreover, IQ-SPECT is able to shorten acquisition time, resulting in great potential in clinical application.
Complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors can cause noise in images collected or transmitted in unfavorable environments, especially low-illumination scenarios. Numerous approaches have been developed to solve the problem of image noise removal. However, producing natural and high-quality denoised images remains a crucial challenge. To meet this challenge, we introduce a novel approach for image denoising with the following three main contributions. First, we devise a deep image prior-based module that can produce a noise-reduced image as well as a contrast-enhanced denoised one from a noisy input image. Second, the produced images are passed through a proposed image fusion (IF) module based on Laplacian pyramid decomposition to combine them and prevent noise amplification and color shift. Finally, we introduce a progressive refinement (PR) module, which adopts the summed-area tables to take advantage of spatially correlated information for edge and image quality enhancement. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the efficiency, superiority, and robustness of our proposed method.
Algorithms , Image Enhancement , Signal-To-Noise Ratio
Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) includes a subset of patients with particularly unfavorable prognosis characterized by combined defects in at least two of three tumor suppressor genes: PTEN, RB1, and TP53 as aggressive variant prostate cancer molecular signature (AVPC-MS). We aimed to identify circulating tumor cells (CTC) signatures that could inform treatment decisions of patients with mCRPC with cabazitaxel-carboplatin combination therapy versus cabazitaxel alone. Liquid biopsy samples were collected prospectively from 79 patients for retrospective analysis. CTCs were detected, classified, enumerated through a computational pipeline followed by manual curation, and subjected to single-cell genome-wide copy-number profiling for AVPC-MS detection. On the basis of immunofluorescence intensities, detected rare cells were classified into 8 rare-cell groups. Further morphologic characterization categorized CTC subtypes from 4 cytokeratin-positive rare-cell groups, utilizing presence of mesenchymal features and platelet attachment. Of 79 cases, 77 (97.5%) had CTCs, 24 (30.4%) were positive for platelet-coated CTCs (pc.CTCs) and 25 (38.5%) of 65 sequenced patients exhibited AVPC-MS in CTCs. Survival analysis indicated that the presence of pc.CTCs identified the subset of patients who were AVPC-MS-positive with the worst prognosis and minimal benefit from combination therapy. In AVPC-MS-negative patients, its presence showed significant survival improvement from combination therapy. Our findings suggest the presence of pc.CTCs as a predictive biomarker to further stratify AVPC subsets with the worst prognosis and the most significant benefit of additional platinum therapy. IMPLICATIONS: HDSCA3.0 can be performed with rare cell detection, categorization, and genomic characterization for pc.CTC identification and AVPC-MS detection as a potential predictive biomarker of mCRPC.
Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics , Neoplastic Cells, Circulating/metabolism , Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics , Humans , Male , Neoplasm Metastasis , Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/mortality , Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology , Survival Analysis
Coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging public health problem threatening not only the life but also the normal psychology of people. University students' mental health is the focus in the field of higher education. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has brought into attention the mental health problems of this vulnerable group. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on the mental health of university students in Sichuan Province, China. We conducted a cross-sectional study from April 2020 to May 2020. The participants responded to an online questionnaire that included informed consent, basic information, 20-item Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). We received 521 effective responses. The results included the following: 19.0% of respondents reported distress, and 31.5%, 8.1%, and 5.8% of them reported mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively; respondents aged ≤ 22 years, medical students, and those who were in general health reported more distress than others; and medical students and those who paid more attention to pandemic information reported more anxiety than others. Findings suggest that the mental health of university students should be monitored during pandemic, especially for younger students, medical students, students in general health status, and those who paid too much attention to the news of the pandemic. Due to the limited sample representativeness, we must be cautious when generalizing these findings to other regions of China or other countries.
COVID-19 , Mental Health , Aged , Anxiety/epidemiology , China/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Depression , Humans , SARS-CoV-2 , Self Report , Students , Surveys and Questionnaires , Universities
Thermal management has become one of the crucial factors in designing electronic equipment and therefore creating composites with high thermal conductivity is necessary. In this work, a new insight on hybrid filler strategy is proposed to enhance the thermal conductivity in Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU). Firstly, spherical aluminium oxide/hexagonal boron nitride (ABN) functional hybrid fillers are synthesized by the spray drying process. Then, ABN/TPU thermally conductive composite material is produced by melt mixing and hot pressing. Then, ABN/TPU thermally conductive composite material is produced by melt mixing and hot pressing. Our results demonstrate that the incorporation of spherical hybrid ABN filler assists in the formation of a three-dimensional continuous heat conduction structure that enhances the thermal conductivity of the neat thermoplastic TPU matrix. Hence, we present a valuable method for preparing the thermal interface materials (TIMs) with high thermal conductivity, and this method can also be applied to large-scale manufacturing.
Objective:To study the feasibility of cardiac 99Tc m-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI)/ 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) dual-isotope imaging with cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) SPECT. Methods:Using a heart phantom, 99Tc m-MIBI single-isotope imaging and 99Tc m-MIBI/ 123I-MIBG dual-isotope imaging were acquired separately. Model A, B, C represented normal heart, 99Tc m/ 123I matched myocardium, 99Tc m/ 123I mismatched myocardium, respectively. Nineteen patients (9 males, 10 females; age (56±16) years) from September 2018 to June 2020 at Fuwai Hospital were enrolled to participate 99Tc m-MIBI myocardial perfusion imaging and myocardial perfusion/cardiac sympathetic imaging with 99Tc m-MIBI/ 123I-MIBG dual-isotope. Perfusion percent (PP%) and summed rest score (SRS) for all myocardial segments were obtained using quantitative perfusion SPECT (QPS) software by analyzing myocardial perfusion images. Difference and relationship between PP% and SRS were analyzed (Pearson and Spearman correlation analyses). No physical correction was applied for both acquisitions. Analysis of variance for repeated measurement data and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results:There was no significant difference in myocardial perfusion images between 99Tc m single-isotope and 99Tc m/ 123I dual-isotope imaging with the heart phantom. 123I did not significantly impact on 99Tc m images. For patients, PP% did not differ between 99Tc m single-isotope ((69.2±14.5)%) and 99Tc m/ 123I dual-isotope imaging ((69.5±16.2)%; F=0.005, P=0.946) and correlated well ( r=0.845, P<0.01). SRS for 99Tc m single-isotope was 2(1, 13) and 2(2, 12) for 99Tc m/ 123I dual-isotope imaging ( z=-0.774, P=0.439) and the correlation between the two acquisitions was excellent ( rs=0.975, P<0.01). Conclusions:Even without physical correction, cardiac images interpretation won′t be significantly influenced by the interference of 123I with relatively higher energy on 99Tc m images. Cardiac 99Tc m-MIBI/ 123I-MIBG dual-isotope imaging is feasible.
AIM: To investigate the protective effects and possible mechanisms of action of resina draconis (RD) on acute liver injury and liver regeneration after 2/3 partial hepatectomy (PH) in mice. METHODS: 2/3 PH was used to induce acute liver injury. Mice were divided into three groups: sham, vehicle + 2/3 PH, and RD + 2/3 PH. Resina draconis was administered intragastrically after 2/3 PH into the RD + 2/3 PH group, and the same volume of vehicle (1% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) was injected into the vehicle + 2/3 PH group and sham group mice. The index of liver to body weight (ILBW) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were assayed to evaluate liver regeneration. Blood and liver tissues were collected for serological and western blotting analysis. RESULTS: Resina draconis protected against 2/3 PH-induced acute severe liver injury and promoted liver regeneration as shown by significantly increased ILBW compared with that of controls. 2/3 PH increased serum AST and ALT levels, which were significantly decreased by RD treatment, while 2/3 PH decreased serum TP and ALB, which were increased by RD treatment. In the RD + 2/3 PH group, PCNA expression was significantly increased compared with the 2/3 PH group. Further, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), TNFα, and EGFR levels were increased in the RD group at postoperative days 2 and 4 compared with the those in the 2/3 PH group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that RD ameliorates acute hepatic injury and promotes liver cell proliferation, liver weight restoration, and liver function after 2/3 PH, probably via HGF, TNFα, and EGFR signaling.
OBJECTIVE: Patient delay in the recognition of and response to the symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a worldwide problem. A community education program about chest pain was implemented in China, and was aimed at providing better community intervention. In this study, the impact of this program on the time of symptom onset to the first medical contact (SO-to-FMC) in ACS patients was investigated, as was the incidence of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in these patients. METHODS: A total of 10 local communities were included in this study. A 9-month intensive community education program about chest pain was conducted in these communities. The data on the demographics, mode of transportation, procedures, clinical outcomes, and discharge diagnoses of all ACS patients in these communities were collected. RESULTS: The study communities had a combined population of 361,609, and all community population sizes ranged from 12,823 to 66,127. The average SO-to-FMC time of the control period was 510â¯min, whereas, following community intervention, the average SO-to-FMC time was 256â¯min (Pâ¯<⯠0.001). Furthermore, comparative analyses revealed that, following discharge from the hospital, the 1.5-year MACCE-free survival rate was higher in the community intervention group than in the control group (95.0 % vs. 90.5 %, Pâ¯=⯠0.025), and the 1.5-year mortality rate was lower in the community intervention group than in the control group (3.3 % vs. 6.3 %, Pâ¯=⯠0.03). CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The Hangzhou Chest Pain Science Education Project(HCPSEP) was found to reduce the SO-to-FMC time and improve the outcome of ACS patients. This indicates that a scientific, educational program on chest pain can be effective in improving the knowledge and alertness of the local residents about chest pain. This type of program may be recognized and carried out in other regions.
Acute Coronary Syndrome/diagnosis , Chest Pain/etiology , Health Education/methods , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Myocardial Infarction/diagnosis , Time-to-Treatment , Acute Coronary Syndrome/epidemiology , Aged , China/epidemiology , Community Health Services , Coronary Disease/diagnosis , Coronary Disease/epidemiology , Coronary Disease/therapy , Emergency Medical Services , Emergency Service, Hospital , Female , Humans , Incidence , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Program Evaluation , Time Factors
CONTEXT: Squats and lunges are common exercises frequently applied in muscle-strengthening and therapeutic exercises. The loading devices are often used to increase the training intensity. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of loading devices on muscle activation in squat and lunge and to compare the differences in muscle activation between squat and lunge. DESIGN: Cross-sectional cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen healthy, male, recreationally active individuals without a history of lower limb injury. INTERVENTIONS: Each participant performed 10 repetitions of a squat under 5 conditions: unloaded, barbell, dumbbell, loaded vest, and kettlebell, and 10 repetitions of a lunge under 4 conditions: unloaded, barbell, dumbbell, and loaded vest. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The electromyography signals of quadriceps, hamstrings, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius lateralis and medialis were measured. One-way repeated-measure analysis of variance was used to compare the difference among different loading conditions. Paired t test was used to compare the difference between squat and lunge. RESULTS: The muscle activation in the loaded conditions was significantly higher than that in nonloaded conditions in squat and lunge. Compared with the barbell, dumbbell, and loaded vest conditions, the semitendinosus showed significantly higher activation, and the tibialis anterior showed significantly lower activation in kettlebell condition in squat. No significant difference in muscle activation was found among barbell, dumbbell, and kettlebell conditions in lunge. In addition, quadriceps and hamstring activities were significantly higher in lunge than in squat. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle activation was affected by the loading devices in squat but not affected in lunge. Kettlebell squat could be suggested for targeting in strengthening medial hamstring. Progressive strengthening exercise could be recommended from squat to lunge based on sequential activation level.
Lower Extremity/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Resistance Training/instrumentation , Sports Equipment , Electromyography , Humans , Male , Muscle Strength , Young Adult
Objective To investigate the biodistribution of 4-chloro-2-tert-butyl-5-[2-[[1-[2-[2-18 F-fluroethoxy] ethoxymethyl]-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl] methyl] phenylmethoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinone (18F-MyoZone) and evaluate its clinical potential as a PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) tracer in miniswine.Methods 18F-MyoZone was prepared.Twelve Bama mini-swine were intravenously injected with approximately 111 MBq of 18F-MyoZone to evaluate PET imaging characteristics.Whole-body PET scans were performed at the timing of 5,20,40,60 and 120 min postinjection to measure time-dependent mean stand-ardized uptake value (SUVmean) in multiple organs of health animals (n =6).SUVmean ratios of myocardium/liver and myocardium/lung over time were then calculated.Mini-swine with induced acute myocardial infarction (n =3) and chronic myocardial ischemia (n =3) accompanying with health mini-swine (n =3) were utilized to evaluate the diagnostic capability of 18F-MyoZone PET MPI.Results The typical decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 18 F-MyoZone reached (52.0±4.3)％ (n =3) with a high radiochemical purity (＞98％).In the biodistribution study,high initial myocardial uptake (SUVmean =10.40±2.40 at 5 min postinjection) and remarkable myocardial retention (SUVmean =9.30±2.00 at 120 min postinjection) were observed.The adjacent organs (like the liver and lungs) indicated low tracer uptake and rapid clearance.The heart/liver and heart/lung SUVmean ratios were 4.77±0.91 and 17.14±5.84 respectively at 5 min postinjection,with an increase to 11.16± 1.38 and 21.69±7.09 at 120 min postinjection.In the MPI study of miniswine,normal myocardium demonstrated uniform tracer distribution with clearly visualizable myocardial boundary,infarct myocardium and severe ischemia myocardium performed intense resting perfusion defect,and ischemia myocardium revealed reversible perfusion defect by stress/rest MPI.The myocardial image quality remained stable within 120 min postinjection.Conclusions MPI with 18F-MyoZone exhibits high initial myocardial uptake and low extracardiac activities in adjacent organs.Advantages in early imaging and wide diagnostic time window make it a promising PET MPI tracer.
Objective To assess the superiority of 99Tcm-3SPboroxime (99Tcm-3SP for short) as a fast-myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) tracer in normal and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mini-swine.Methods 99Tcm-3SP and 99Tcm-Teboroxime (99Tcm-TEBO for short) were prepared.Approximately 370 MBq 99Tcm-3SP or 99Tcm-TEBO was injected intravenously in 2 healthy mini-swine separately.Dynamic planar images were acquired immediately after injection and continued for 20 min using a standard SPECT camera.The radioactivity uptakes in the heart,liver,and lungs were measured,and heart/liver and heart/lung ratios over time were calculated.Dynamic SPECT studies were performed in 4 normal swine and 1 AMI-swine using cadmium zinc telluride-SPECT (CZT-SPECT).List mode acquisitions were immediately started and continued for 15 min after intravenous injection of approximately 370 MBq 99Tcm-TEBO and 99Tcm-3SP.The injection of two radiotracers in the same swine was completed within 2 d.The radioactivity uptakes in heart and liver were measured,and heart/liver ratio was calculated.Image quality was also evaluated.Paired t test was used to analyze the data.Results The radiochemical purity of 99Tcm-TEBO or 99Tcm-3SP were both above 95％.The initial heart uptake of 99Tcm-3SP was very close to that of 99Tcm-TEBO (planar image,2 min postinjection:309.32× 103 vs 314.13 × 103 counts/MBq;SPECT image,2 min postinjection (corrected):7.96±0.87 vs 8.24± 1.53,t =0.277,P＞0.05),but the myocardial retention time was much longer than that of 99Tcm-TEBO (planar image,20 min postinjection:218.67× 103 vs 143.19× 103 counts/MBq;SPECT image,15 min postinjection (corrected):6.76±0.45 vs 5.06±0.33,t =-12.412,P =0.001).The uptake of liver and heart/liver ratio between 99Tcm-TEBO and 99Tcm-3SP were similar (t values:-1.332-1.101,all P＞0.05 within 15 min).SPECT MPI images demonstrated uniform tracer distribution with clearly visualizable myocardial boundary in normal myocardium and intense perfusion defect in infarct myocardium.High quality SPECT images could be obtained in any of the 5 min imaging windows over the first 15 min after injection of 99Tcm-3SP in normal swine and AMI-swine.Conclusion 99Tcm-3SP is a promising 99 Tcm-labeled radiotracer for fast-MPI considering its high heart uptake,long myocardial retention time (20 min postinjection) and superior SPECT image quality.
Objective@#To investigate the biodistribution of 4-chloro-2-tert-butyl-5-[2-[[1-[2-[2-18F-fluroethoxy]ethoxymethyl]-1H-1, 2, 3-triazol-4-yl]methyl]phenylmethoxy]-3(2H)-pyridazinone (18F-MyoZone) and evaluate its clinical potential as a PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) tracer in mini-swine.@*Methods@#18F-MyoZone was prepared. Twelve Bama mini-swine were intravenously injected with approximately 111 MBq of 18F-MyoZone to evaluate PET imaging characteristics. Whole-body PET scans were performed at the timing of 5, 20, 40, 60 and 120 min postinjection to measure time-dependent mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) in multiple organs of health animals (n=6). SUVmean ratios of myocardium/liver and myocardium/lung over time were then calculated. Mini-swine with induced acute myocardial infarction (n=3) and chronic myocardial ischemia (n=3) accompanying with health mini-swine (n=3) were utilized to evaluate the diagnostic capability of 18F-MyoZone PET MPI.@*Results@#The typical decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 18F-MyoZone reached (52.0±4.3)%(n=3) with a high radiochemical purity (>98%). In the biodistribution study, high initial myocardial uptake (SUVmean=10.40±2.40 at 5 min postinjection) and remarkable myocardial retention (SUVmean=9.30±2.00 at 120 min postinjection) were observed. The adjacent organs (like the liver and lungs) indicated low tracer uptake and rapid clearance. The heart/liver and heart/lung SUVmean ratios were 4.77±0.91 and 17.14±5.84 respectively at 5 min postinjection, with an increase to 11.16±1.38 and 21.69±7.09 at 120 min postinjection. In the MPI study of mini-swine, normal myocardium demonstrated uniform tracer distribution with clearly visualizable myocardial boundary, infarct myocardium and severe ischemia myocardium performed intense resting perfusion defect, and ischemia myocardium revealed reversible perfusion defect by stress/rest MPI. The myocardial image quality remained stable within 120 min postinjection.@*Conclusions@#MPI with 18F-MyoZone exhibits high initial myocardial uptake and low extracardiac activities in adjacent organs. Advantages in early imaging and wide diagnostic time window make it a promising PET MPI tracer.
