Chloroquine enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs against acute myeloid leukemia by inactivating the autophagy pathway.

Current therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is largely hindered by the development of drug resistance of commonly used chemotherapy drugs, including cytarabine, daunorubicin, and idarubicin. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the chemotherapy drug resistance and potential strategy to improve the efficacy of these drugs against AML. By analyzing data from ex vivo drug-response and multi-omics profiling public data for AML, we identified autophagy activation as a potential target in chemotherapy-resistant patients. In THP-1 and MV-4-11 cell lines, knockdown of autophagy-regulated genes ATG5 or MAP1LC3B significantly enhanced AML cell sensitivity to the chemotherapy drugs cytarabine, daunorubicin, and idarubicin. In silico screening, we found that chloroquine phosphate mimicked autophagy inactivation. We showed that chloroquine phosphate dose-dependently down-regulated the autophagy pathway in MV-4-11 cells. Furthermore, chloroquine phosphate exerted a synergistic antitumor effect with the chemotherapy drugs in vitro and in vivo. These results highlight autophagy activation as a drug resistance mechanism and the combination therapy of chloroquine phosphate and chemotherapy drugs can enhance anti-AML efficacy.

Targeting C/EBPα overcomes primary resistance and improves the efficacy of FLT3 inhibitors in acute myeloid leukaemia.

The outcomes of FLT3-ITD acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) have been improved since the approval of FLT3 inhibitors (FLT3i). However, approximately 30-50% of patients exhibit primary resistance (PR) to FLT3i with poorly defined mechanisms, posing a pressing clinical unmet need. Here, we identify C/EBPα activation as a top PR feature by analyzing data from primary AML patient samples in Vizome. C/EBPα activation limit FLT3i efficacy, while its inactivation synergistically enhances FLT3i action in cellular and female animal models. We then perform an in silico screen and identify that guanfacine, an antihypertensive medication, mimics C/EBPα inactivation. Furthermore, guanfacine exerts a synergistic effect with FLT3i in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we ascertain the role of C/EBPα activation in PR in an independent cohort of FLT3-ITD patients. These findings highlight C/EBPα activation as a targetable PR mechanism and support clinical studies aimed at testing the combination of guanfacine with FLT3i in overcoming PR and enhancing the efficacy of FLT3i therapy.

Phosphorylation of PHF2 by AMPK releases the repressive H3K9me2 and inhibits cancer metastasis.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a crucial role in cancer metastasis, accompanied with vast epigenetic changes. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor, plays regulatory roles in multiple biological processes. Although a few studies have shed light on AMPK regulating cancer metastasis, the inside epigenetic mechanisms remain unknown. Herein we show that AMPK activation by metformin relieves the repressive H3K9me2-mediated silencing of epithelial genes (e.g., CDH1) during EMT processes and inhibits lung cancer metastasis. PHF2, a H3K9me2 demethylase, was identified to interact with AMPKα2. Genetic deletion of PHF2 aggravates lung cancer metastasis and abolishes the H3K9me2 downregulation and anti-metastasis effect of metformin. Mechanistically, AMPK phosphorylates PHF2 at S655 site, enhancing PHF2 demethylation activity and triggering the transcription of CDH1. Furthermore, the PHF2-S655E mutant that mimics AMPK-mediated phosphorylation status further reduces H3K9me2 and suppresses lung cancer metastasis, while PHF2-S655A mutant presents opposite phenotype and reverses the anti-metastasis effect of metformin. PHF2-S655 phosphorylation strikingly reduces in lung cancer patients and the higher phosphorylation level predicts better survival. Altogether, we reveal the mechanism of AMPK inhibiting lung cancer metastasis via PHF2 mediated H3K9me2 demethylation, thereby promoting the clinical application of metformin and highlighting PHF2 as the potential epigenetic target in cancer metastasis.

Discovery of Novel N-(5-(Pyridin-3-yl)-1H-indazol-3-yl)benzamide Derivatives as Potent Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 7 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease.

Recent evidence suggests that CDK7 is a novel potential drug target for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) treatment. Herein, on the basis of structural analysis, a hit compound 3 with a novel scaffold was designed and subsequent medicinal chemistry efforts by a rational design strategy were conducted to improve CDK7 inhibitors' potency and selectivity. The representative compound B2 potently inhibited CDK7 with an IC50 value of 4 nM and showed high selectivity over CDKs. Compound B2 showed high potency to inhibit cyst growth and exhibited lower cytotoxicity than THZ1 in an in vitro Madin-Darby canine kidney cyst model. In addition, compound B2 was also highly efficacious in suppressing renal cyst development in an ex vivo embryonic kidney cyst model and in vivo ADPKD mouse model. These results indicate that compound B2 represents a promising lead compound that deserves further investigation to discover novel therapeutic agents for ADPKD.

Structural Feature Analyzation Strategies toward Discovery of Orally Bioavailable PROTACs of Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase for the Treatment of Lymphoma.

Bruton's tyrosine kinase proteolysis-targeting chimeras (BTK-PROTACs) have emerged as a promising approach to address the limitations of BTK inhibitors. However, conducting the rational discovery of orally bioavailable BTK-PROTACs presents significant challenges. In this study, dimensionality reduction analysis and model molecule validation were utilized to identify some key structural features for improving the oral absorption of BTK-PROTACs. The results were applied to optimize the newly discovered BTK-PROTACs B1 and B2. Compound C13 was discovered with improved oral bioavailability, high BTK degradation activity, and selectivity. It exhibited inhibitory effects against different hematologic cancer cells and attenuated the BTK-related signaling pathway. The oral administration of C13 effectively reduced BTK protein levels and suppressed tumor growth. This study led to the discovery of a new orally bioavailable BTK-PROTAC for the treatment of lymphoma, and we hope that the strategy will find wide utility.

Structure-Activity Relationship Study of Indolin-5-yl-cyclopropanamine Derivatives as Selective Lysine Specific Demethylase 1 (LSD1) Inhibitors.

LSD1 is identified as an essential drug target, which is closely correlated to the development of several tumor types. In this work, on the basis of comprehensive analysis of the binding site of LSD1 and other FAD-dependent enzymes, a novel series of potent and selective LSD1 inhibitors were designed by incorporation of privileged indoline scaffold strategies. Representative compound 7e (LSD1; IC50 = 24.43 nM, selectivity over LSD2 and MAOs of >200- and 4000-fold) possessed selective antiproliferative activities against MV-4-11 cell lines. Further study indicates that 7e could activate CD86 expression (EC50 = 470 nM) and induce differentiation of AML cell lines. More importantly, compound 7e demonstrated an acceptable oral PK profile and good in vivo antitumor efficacy with a T/C value of 30.89% in an MV-4-11 xenograft mouse model. Collectively, this work provides a promising lead compound for the development of novel LSD1 inhibitors for the treatment of AML.

Downregulation of c-Myc expression confers sensitivity to CHK1 inhibitors in hematologic malignancies.

Checkpoint kinase 1 inhibitors (CHK1i) have shown impressive single-agent efficacy in treatment of certain tumors, as monotherapy or potentiators of chemotherapy in clinical trials, but the sensitive tumor types and downstream effectors to dictate the therapeutic responses to CHK1i remains unclear. In this study we first analyzed GDSC (Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer) and DepMap database and disclosed that hematologic malignancies (HMs) were relatively sensitive to CHK1i or CHK1 knockdown. This notion was confirmed by examining PY34, a new and potent in-house selective CHK1i, which exhibited potent anti-HM effect in vitro and in vivo, as single agent. We demonstrated that the downregulation of c-Myc and its signaling pathway was the common transcriptomic profiling response of sensitive HM cell lines to PY34, whereas overexpressing c-Myc could partially rescue the anticancer effect of PY34. Strikingly, we revealed the significant correlations between downregulation of c-Myc and cell sensitivity to PY34 in 17 HM cell lines and 39 patient-derived cell (PDC) samples. Thus, our results demonstrate that HMs are more sensitive to CHK1i than solid tumors, and c-Myc downregulation could represent the CHK1i efficacy in HMs.

Inner nuclear membrane protein TMEM201 promotes breast cancer metastasis by positive regulating TGFß signaling.

Emerging evidence shows the association between nuclear envelope and tumor progression, however, the functional contributions of specific constituents of the nuclear envelope remain largely unclear. We found that the expression level of transmembrane protein 201 (TMEM201), an integral inner nuclear membrane protein of unknown function, was significantly elevated in invasive breast cancer and predicted poor breast cancer prognosis. We showed that TMEM201, as a positive modulator, was both necessary and sufficient to regulate the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, RNA-sequencing analysis and validation showed that TMEM201 deficiency inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and transforming growth factor-ß signaling. Finally, we showed that TMEM201 physically interacted with SMAD2/3 and was required for the phosphorylation of SMAD2/3, nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of the TGFß. Thus, we demonstrated that specific inner nuclear membrane component mediated signal-dependent transcriptional effects to control breast cancer metastasis.

Discovery and Development of a Potent, Selective, and Orally Bioavailable CHK1 Inhibitor Candidate: 5-((4-((3-Amino-3-methylbutyl)amino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)picolinonitrile.

Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) plays an important role in the DNA damage response pathway, being a potential anti-cancer drug target. In this study, we used a strategy for trifluoromethyl substitution to obtain orally bioavailable CHK1 inhibitors to overcome the limitations of lead compound 1, which can only be administered intravenously. After detailed investigation, we identified compound 6c as an oral CHK1 inhibitor, which demonstrated a considerably higher plasma exposure in mice. Compound 6c also showed good kinase selectivity. Moreover, it exhibited a significant antiproliferative effect in MV-4-11 cells singly and a synergistic effect in combination with gemcitabine in HT-29, A549, and RPMI-8226 cells. Additionally, compound 6c could inhibit tumor growth in the MV-4-11 xenograft mouse model. The combination of 6c and gemcitabine exhibited synergistic effect in the HT-29 xenograft mouse model. Thus, compound 6c was found to be a selective and oral potential anticancer CHK1 inhibitor.

Discovery of Potent and Selective CDK9 Degraders for Targeting Transcription Regulation in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is highly aggressive with very limited treatment options due to the lack of efficient targeted therapies and thus still remains clinically challenging. Targeting transcription-associated cyclin-dependent kinases to remodel transcriptional regulation shows great promise in cancer therapy. Herein, we report the synthesis, optimization, and evaluation of new series of heterobifunctional molecules as highly selective and efficacious CDK9 degraders, enabling potent inhibition of TNBC cell growth and rapidly targeted degradation of CDK9. Moreover, the most potent CDK9 degrader (compound 45) induces cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in the MDA-MB-231 TNBC model. Furthermore, the RNA-seq, immunohistochemistry assays demonstrate that the CDK9 degrader downregulates the downstream targets, such as MYC, at the transcriptional level, resulting apoptosis in TNBC cells. Our work establishes that 45 is a highly potent and efficacious CDK9 degrader for targeting transcription regulation, which represents an effective strategy and great potential as a new targeted therapy for TNBC.

Rational Design and Development of Novel CDK9 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

CDK9 is an essential drug target correlated to the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Starting from the hit compound 10, which was discovered through a screening of our in-house compound library, the structural modifications were carried out based on the bioisosterism and scaffold hopping strategies. Consequently, compound 37 displayed the optimal CDK9 inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 5.41 nM, which was nearly 1500-fold higher than compound 10. In addition, compound 37 exhibited significant antiproliferative activity in broad cancer cell lines. Further investigation of in vivo properties demonstrated that compound 37 could be orally administrated with an acceptable bioavailability (F = 33.7%). In MV-4-11 subcutaneous xenograft mouse model, compound 37 (7.5 mg/kg) could significantly suppress the tumor progression with a T/C value of 27.80%. Compound 37 represents a promising lead compound for the development of a novel class of CDK9 inhibitors for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.

Activation of unfolded protein response overcomes Ibrutinib resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most widespread type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). As the most aggressive form of the DLBCL, the activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtype is often resistant to standard chemotherapies. Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib provides a potential therapeutic approach for the DLBCL but fails to improve the outcome in the phase III trial. In the current study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying ibrutinib resistance and explored new combination therapy with ibrutinib. We generated an ibrutinib-resistant ABC-DLBCL cell line (OCI-ly10-IR) through continuous exposure to ibrutinib. Transcriptome analysis of the parental and ibrutinib-resistant cell lines revealed that the ibrutinib-resistant cells had significantly lower expression of the unfolded protein response (UPR) marker genes. Overexpression of one UPR branch-XBP1s greatly potentiated ibrutinib-induced apoptosis in both sensitive and resistant cells. The UPR inhibitor tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) partially reduced the apoptotic rate induced by the ibrutinib in sensitive cells. The UPR activator 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) in combination with the ibrutinib triggered even greater cell growth inhibition, apoptosis, and stronger calcium (Ca2+) flux inhibition than either of the agents alone. A combination treatment of ibrutinib (15 mg·kg-1·d-1, po.) and 2-DG (500 mg/kg, po, b.i.d.) synergistically retarded tumor growth in NOD/SCID mice bearing OCI-ly10-IR xenograft. In addition, ibrutinib induced the UPR in the sensitive cell lines but not in the resistant cell lines of the DLBCL. There was also a combined synergistic effect in the primary resistant DLBCL cell lines. Overall, our results suggest that targeting the UPR could be a potential combination strategy to overcome ibrutinib resistance in the DLBCL.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of thioether-containing lenalidomide and pomalidomide derivatives with anti-multiple myeloma activity.

Lenalidomide and its analogs are well-known for treating multiple myeloma. In this work, designed sulfide-modified lenalidomide and pomalidomide were synthesized and evaluated. The anti-proliferative activity against MM.1S cell line of 3ak (IC50 = 79 nM) was similar to lenalidomide (IC50 = 81 nM). Compared to benzylic thioether substituted lenalidomide 3a, the half-live (T1/2) of 4-F-phenyl-thioether analogs 3ak in human liver microsomes was promoted from 3 min to 416.7 min. The corresponding metabolic factor of 3ak was increased from 2.8% to 79.5%, which was slightly lower than lenalidomide (91.5%). Moreover, the IKZF1 degradation of 3y and 3ak was well related with corresponding IC50 values, which suggested the IKZF1 degradation efficiency is correlated to the responses of MM1. S cells. Furthermore, the oral administration of compounds 3y and 3ak at dosages of 60 mg/kg could delay tumor growth in female CB-17 SCID mice. This research helped to prompt the stability of thioether lenalidomide analogs, which paved the way for developing better molecules for treating multiple myeloma.

Microenvironment-Responsive Small-Molecule Probe for Pulmonary Fibrosis Detection.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a fatal disease with increasing prevalence. Nonradioactive and noninvasive diagnosis of PF at an early stage can improve the prognosis but represents a daunting challenge. Up-regulation of nitric oxide (NO) is a typical microenvironmental feature of PF. Here, we report a small-molecule probe, PNO1, that can fluorogenically sense this microenvironmental feature for PF diagnosis. We demonstrate that PNO1 fluorescence is 6-fold higher in PF-diseased mice lungs than in normal-control groups. In addition to this in vivo result, PNO1 can also be applied in vitro to detect PF-diseased cells and ex vivo to detect PF-diseased tissues from clinical patients. These results highlight PNO1 as a complement to the traditional immunostaining-based methods for PF detection to facilitate quick screening for anti-PF drug candidates.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of the thioether-containing lenalidomide analogs with anti-proliferative activities.

Lenalidomide and its analogs have exhibited extensive anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties in pharmaceutical research. In this work, a series of novel thioether-containing lenalidomide analogs were designed and synthesized for biological evaluation. Lenalidomide showed significant anti-proliferative activity against the MM.1S cell line (IC50 = 50 nM) while it displayed no anti-proliferative activity against other treated tumor cell lines. Compared with lenalidomide, compound 3j exhibited preferable anti-proliferative activity against the MM.1S (IC50 = 1.1 nM), Mino (IC50 = 2.3 nM) and RPMI 8226 cell lines (IC50 = 5.5 nM). In addition, compound 3j displayed selective anti-proliferative activity against several tumor cell lines, including various B-NHL, MM and AML cell lines, and showed no cytotoxicity on the normal human cell line PBMC, suggesting a good safety profile. Following oral administration, compound 3j achieved a Cmax of 283 ng/mL at 0.83 h, and had a higher relative oral bioavailability value (F = 39.2%) than that of CC-220 (F = 22.8%), but its oral exposure in vivo was somewhat low (AUC = 755 h ng/mL). Furthermore, it was found that oral administration of compound 3j at dosages of 60 mg/kg could delay RPMI 8226 tumor growth in the female CB-17 SCID mice. The current work confirmed that installing thioether moiety at the 4-position of isoindolinone is an effective strategy for identifying new promising lenalidomide analogs with anti-tumor activities in preclinical study.

Ardisiphenol D, a resorcinol derivative identified from Ardisia brevicaulis, exerts antitumor effect through inducing apoptosis in human non-small-cell lung cancer A549 cells.

CONTEXT: The in vitro and in vivo antitumor activities of ardisiphenol D, a natural product isolated from the roots of Ardisa brevicaulis Diels (Myrsinaceae), have been studied. OBJECTIVE: Previously, we have isolated and identified some chemical constituents from this plant. Furthermore, these compounds showed significant inhibition of the proliferation of human pancreatic PANC-1, human lung A549, human gastrointestinal carcinoma SGC 7901, human breast MCF-7, and human prostate PC-3 cancer cells. In the present paper, a major resorcinol derivative called ardisiphenol D was further studied for its antitumor mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MTT assay was used to detect the proliferation of A549 cancer cells. Apoptosis induced by ardisiphenol D was observed by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining. Caspase-3 enzyme activity was measured by a commercial caspase-3 enzyme activity detection kit. Protein expression of bax, bcl-2, and caspase-3 was tested by Western blots. In vivo antitumor activity of ardisiphenol D was evaluated by determination of A549 tumor growth in nude mice. RESULTS: Ardisiphenol D significantly inhibited the proliferation of A549 cells with an IC50 of 0.997 µM with a 48 h treatment. Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining results indicated the apoptosis of A549 cells induced by 3.125 µM of ardisiphenol D. About 0.39 and 0.78 µM of ardisiphenol D also potently increased the caspase-3 enzyme activity in 24 h. Furthermore, 0.39-3.125 µM of ardisiphenol D induced the activation of caspase-3 protein and the up-regulation of the ratio of bax/bcl-2 protein expression in A549 cells. After i.p. injection, ardisiphenol D (5 mg/kg) also strongly suppressed the A549 tumor growth in nude mice. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Ardisiphenol D induced apoptosis of A549 cells via activation of caspase-3 and up-regulation of the ratio of bax/bcl-2 protein expression. Ardisiphenol D also strongly suppressed the A549 tumor growth in nude mice and exerted antitumor activity in vivo.

[Anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin].

OBJECTIVE: To study and compare the anti-inflammatory effect and molecular mechanism of artemisinin and dihydroartemisinin. METHOD: Mouse mononuclear macrophage RAW264.7 cells were stimulated to release inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NO, in order to assess the drugs' inhibitory effect on macrophage's release of above inflammatory mediators. The levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were determined by ELISA and the cytotoxicity was determined by MTT method. The protein expression of iNOS, COX-2 and beta-actin were tested by Western blot. The enzymatic activity of COX-2 was determined by colorimetric method. RESULT: Dihydroartemisinin significantly inhibited LPS-induced release of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and NO from RAW264.7 in mice with the concentration range of 12.5 - 100 micromol x L(-1), and showed good dose dependence. Artemisinin only inhibited the IL-6 release to a certain extent. CONCLUSION: Dihydroartemisinin inhibits macrophages from releasing inflammatory factors TNF-alpha and IL-6 and inflammatory mediators NO by down-regulating iNOS protein. Artemisinin may help dihydroartemisinin to show its anti-inflammatory effect through metabolism.