Myeloperoxidase enhances the migration and invasion of human choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is one of the most abundant proteins in neutrophil granules. It catalyzes the production of reactive oxygen species, which are important in inflammation and immune defense. MPO also binds to several proteins, lipids, and DNA to alter their function. MPO is present at the feto-maternal interface during pregnancy, where neutrophils are abundant. In this study, we determined the effect of MPO on JEG-3 human choriocarcinoma cells as a model of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) during early pregnancy. We found that MPO was internalized by JEG-3 cells and localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei. MPO internalization and activity enhanced JEG-3 cell migration and invasion, whereas this effect was impaired by pre-treating cells with heparin, to block cellular uptake, and MPO-activity inhibitor 4-ABAH. This study identifies a novel mechanism for the effect of MPO on EVT function during normal pregnancy and suggests a potential role of MPO in abnormal pregnancies.

GPR55 promotes migration and adhesion of colon cancer cells indicating a role in metastasis.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumour cell migration and adhesion constitute essential features of metastasis. G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), a lysophospholipid receptor, has been shown to play an important role in carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the involvement of GPR55 in migration and metastasis of colon cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Adhesion and migration assays using the highly metastatic colon cancer cell line HCT116 and an in vivo assay of liver metastasis were performed. The GPR55 antagonist CID16020046, cannabidiol, a putative GPR55 antagonist and GPR55 siRNA were used to block GPR55 activity in HCT116 colon cancer cells. KEY RESULTS: HCT116 cells showed a significant decrease in adhesion to endothelial cells and in migration after blockade with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. The inhibitory effects of CID16020046 or cannabidiol were averted by GPR55 siRNA knock down in cancer cells. The integrity of endothelial cell monolayers was increased after pretreatment of HCT116 cells with the antagonists or after GPR55 siRNA knockdown while pretreatment with lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI), the endogenous ligand of GPR55, decreased integrity of the monolayers. LPI also induced migration in GPR55 overexpressing HCT116 cells that was blocked by GPR55 antagonists. In a mouse model of metastasis, the arrest of HCT116 cancer cells in the liver was reduced after treatment with CID16020046 or cannabidiol. Increased levels of LPI (18:0) were found in colon cancer patients when compared with healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: GPR55 is involved in the migratory behaviour of colon carcinoma cells and may serve as a pharmacological target for the prevention of metastasis. © 2015 The British Pharmacological Society.

Heteromerization of GPR55 and cannabinoid CB2 receptors modulates signalling.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Heteromerization of GPCRs is key to the integration of extracellular signals and the subsequent cell response via several mechanisms including heteromer-selective ligand binding, trafficking and/or downstream signalling. As the lysophosphatidylinositol GPCR 55 (GPR55) has been shown to affect the function of the cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2 receptor) in human neutrophils, we investigated the possible heteromerization of CB2 receptors with GPR55. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: The direct interaction of human GPR55 and CB2 receptors heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells was assessed by co-immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays. The effect of cross-talk on signalling was investigated at downstream levels by label-free real-time methods (Epic dynamic mass redistribution and CellKey impedance assays), ERK1/2-MAPK activation and gene reporter assays. KEY RESULTS: GPR55 and CB2 receptors co-localized on the surface of HEK293 cells, co-precipitated in membrane extracts and formed heteromers in living HEK293 cells. Whereas heteromerization led to a reduction in GPR55-mediated activation of transcription factors (nuclear factor of activated T-cells, NF-κB and cAMP response element), ERK1/2-MAPK activation was potentiated in the presence of CB2 receptors. CB2 receptor-mediated signalling was also affected by co-expression with GPR55. Label-free assays confirmed cross-talk between the two receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Heteromers, unique signalling units, form in HEK293 cells expressing GPR55 and CB2 receptors. The signalling by agonists of either receptor was governed (i) by the presence or absence of the partner receptors (with the consequent formation of heteromers) and (ii) by the activation state of the partner receptor.

The GPCR-associated sorting protein 1 regulates ligand-induced down-regulation of GPR55.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Many GPCRs, including the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor, are down-regulated following prolonged agonist exposure by interacting with the GPCR-associated sorting protein-1 (GASP-1). The CB(1) receptor antagonist rimonabant has also recently been described to be an agonist at GPR55, a cannabinoid-related receptor. Here we investigated the post-endocytic properties of GPR55 after agonist exposure and tested whether GASP-1 is involved in this process. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We evaluated the direct protein-protein interaction of GPR55 with GASP-1 using (i) GST-binding assays and (ii) co-immunoprecipitation assays in GPR55-HEK293 cells with endogenous GASP-1 expression. We further tested the internalization, recycling and degradation of GPR55 using confocal fluorescence microscopy and biotinylation assays in the presence and absence of GASP-1 (lentiviral small hairpin RNA knockdown of GASP-1) under prolonged agonist [rimonabant (RIM), lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI)] stimulation. KEY RESULTS: We showed that the prolonged activation of GPR55 with rimonabant or LPI down-regulates GPR55 via GASP-1. GASP-1 binds to GPR55 in vitro, and this interaction was required for targeting GPR55 for degradation. Disrupting the GPR55-GASP-1 interaction prevented post-endocytic receptor degradation, and thereby allowed receptor recycling. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS: These data implicate GASP-1 as an important regulator of ligand-mediated down-regulation of GPR55. By identifying GASP-1 as a key regulator of the trafficking and, by extension, functional expression of GPR55, we may be one step closer to gaining a better understanding of this receptor in response to cannabinoid drugs. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue-8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.