Characterisation of meteorological drought at sub-catchment scale in Afghanistan using station-observed climate data.

Droughts have severely affected Afghanistan over the last four decades, leading to critical food shortages where two-thirds of the country's population are in a food crisis. Long years of conflict have lowered the country's ability to deal with hazards such as drought which can rapidly escalate into disasters. Understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of droughts is needed to be able to respond effectively to disasters and plan for future occurrences. This study used Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) at monthly, seasonal and annual temporal scales to map the spatiotemporal change dynamics of drought characteristics (distribution, frequency, duration and severity) in Afghanistan. SPEI indices were mapped for river basins, disaggregated into 189 sub-catchments, using monthly precipitation and potential evapotranspiration derived from temperature station observations from 1980 to 2017. The results show these multi-dimensional drought characteristics vary along different years, change among sub-catchments, and differ across temporal scales. During the 38 years, the driest decade and period are 2000s and 1999-2022, respectively. The 2000-01 water year is the driest with the whole country experiencing 'severe' to 'extreme' drought, more than 53% (87 sub-catchments) suffering the worst drought in history, and about 58% (94 sub-catchments) having 'very frequent' drought (7 to 8 months) or 'extremely frequent' drought (9 to 10 months). The estimated seasonal duration and severity present significant variations across the study area and among the study period. The nation also suffers from recurring droughts with varying length and intensity in 2004, 2006, 2008 and most recently 2011. There is a trend towards increasing drought with longer duration and higher severity extending all over sub-catchments from southeast to north and central regions. These datasets and maps help to fill the knowledge gap on detailed sub-catchment scale meteorological drought characteristics in Afghanistan. The study findings improve our understanding of the influences of climate change on the drought dynamics and can guide catchment planning for reliable adaptation to and mitigation against future droughts.

2019-2020 Bushfire impacts on sediment and contaminant transport following rainfall in the Upper Murray River catchment.

During the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, large expanses (~47%) of agricultural and forested land in the Upper Murray River catchment of southeastern (SE) Australia were burned. Storm activity and rainfall following the fires increased sediment loads in rivers, resulting in localized fish kills and widespread water-quality deterioration. We collected water samples from the headwaters of the Murray River for sediment and contaminant analysis and assessed changes in water quality using long-term monitoring data. A robust runoff routing model was used to estimate the effect of fire on sediment loads in the Murray River. Peak turbidity in the Murray River reached values of up to 4200 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), shown as pitch-black water coming down the river. The increase in suspended solids was accompanied by elevated nutrient concentrations during post-bushfire runoff events. The model simulations demonstrated that the sediment load could be five times greater in the first year after a bushfire than in the prefire condition. It was estimated that Lake Hume, a large reservoir downstream from fire-affected areas, would receive a maximum of 600 000 metric tonnes of sediment per month in the period immediately following the bushfire, depending on rainfall. Total zinc, arsenic, chromium, nickel, copper, and lead concentrations were above the 99% toxicant default guideline values (DGVs) for freshwater ecosystems. It is also likely that increased nutrient loads in Lake Hume will have ongoing implications for algal dynamics, in both the lake and the Murray River downstream. Information from this study provides a valuable basis for future research to support bushfire-related policy developments in fire-prone catchments and the mitigation of postfire water quality and aquatic ecosystem impacts. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1203-1214. © 2021 Commonwealth of Australia. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management © 2021 Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

Impact of climate change and management strategies on water and salt balance of the polders and islands in the Ganges delta.

Enhancing crop production, particularly by growing a crop in the typically-fallow dry season is a key strategy for alleviating poverty in the Ganges delta region. We used a polder water and salt balance model to examine the impact of several crop management, salt management and climate change scenarios on salinity and crop evapotranspiration at Dacope and Amtali in Bangladesh and Gosaba in India. A key (and unsurprising) finding is that salt management is very important, particularly at the two drier sites, Dacope and Gosaba. Good salt management lowers salinity in the shallow groundwater, soil and water storage ponds, and leads to more irrigation. Climate change is projected to alter rainfall, and this in turn leads to modelled increases or decreases in runoff from the polders, and thence affect salt concentrations in the soil and ponds and canals. Thus, the main impacts of climate change are through the indirect impacts on salt concentrations, rather than the direct impacts of the amount of water supplied as rainfall. Management practices to remove salt from polders are therefore likely to be effective in combatting the impacts of projected climate change particularly at Dacope and Gosaba.

Bund removal to re-establish tidal flow, remove aquatic weeds and restore coastal wetland services-North Queensland, Australia.

The shallow tidal and freshwater coastal wetlands adjacent to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon provide a vital nursery and feeding complex that supports the life cycles of marine and freshwater fish, important native vegetation and vital bird habitat. Urban and agricultural development threaten these wetlands, with many of the coastal wetlands becoming lost or changed due to the construction of artificial barriers (e.g. bunds, roads, culverts and floodgates). Infestation by weeds has become a major issue within many of the wetlands modified (bunded) for ponded pasture growth last century. A range of expensive chemical and mechanical control methods have been used in an attempt to restore some of these coastal wetlands, with limited success. This study describes an alternative approach to those methods, investigating the impact of tidal reinstatement after bund removal on weed infestation, associated changes in water quality, and fish biodiversity, in the Boolgooroo lagoon region of the Mungalla wetlands, East of Ingham in North Queensland. High resolution remote sensing, electrofishing and in-water logging was used to track changes over time- 1 year before and 4 years after removal of an earth bund. With tides only penetrating the wetland a few times yearly, gross changes towards a more natural system occurred within a relatively short timeframe, leading to a major reduction in infestation of olive hymenachne, water hyacinth and salvina, reappearance of native vegetation, improvements in water quality, and a tripling of fish diversity. Weed abundance and water quality does appear to oscillate however, dependent on summer rainfall, as changes in hydraulic pressure stops or allows tidal ingress (fresh/saline cycling). With an estimated 30% of coastal wetlands bunded in the Great Barrier Reef region, a passive remediation method such as reintroduction of tidal flow by removal of an earth bund or levee could provide a more cost effective and sustainable means of controlling freshwater weeds and improving coastal water quality into the future.

SIRT7 regulates the nuclear export of NF-κB p65 by deacetylating Ran.

Sirtuin 7 (SIRT7) is an NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylase that regulates diverse biological processes. We recently observed that SIRT7 deficiency suppresses the nuclear accumulation of p65, which is a component of nuclear factor kappa B. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that SIRT7 interacts with a small GTPase, Ras-related nuclear antigen (Ran), and deacetylates Ran at K37. The nuclear export of p65 was facilitated in SIRT7-deficient fibroblast cells, while the nuclear export was inhibited in SIRT7-deficient cells expressing K37R-Ran (deacetylation-mimicking mutant). Additionally, the nuclear export of p65 in wild-type fibroblast cells was promoted by K37Q-Ran (acetylation-mimicking mutant). K37Q-Ran exhibited an increased ability to bind to chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1), which is a major nuclear receptor that mediates the export of cargo proteins, and enhanced the binding between p65 and CRM1. These data suggest that SIRT7 is a lysine deacetylase that targets the K37 residue of Ran to suppress the nuclear export of p65.

Assessing the potential underestimation of sediment and nutrient loads to the Great Barrier Reef lagoon during floods.

Much of the sediment and nutrient load to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) lagoon happens during over bank floods, when discharge can be significantly underestimated by standard river gauges. This paper assesses the potential need for a flood load correction for 28 coastal rivers that discharge into the GBR lagoon. For each river, daily discharge was divided into flows above and below a 'flood' threshold to calculate the mean annual percentage flow above this threshold. Most GBR rivers potentially need a flood load correction as over 15% of their mean annual flow occurs above the minor flood level; only seven rivers need little/no correction as their flood flows were less than 5% of the mean annual flow. Improved assessment of the true load of materials to the GBR lagoon would be an important contribution to the monitoring and reporting of progress towards Reef Plan and associated marine load targets.

Mortality in perforated peptic ulcer patients after selective management of stratified poor risk cases.

INTRODUCTION: Perforated peptic ulcer disease continues to inflict high morbidity and mortality. Although patients can be stratified according to their surgical risk, optimal management has yet to be described. In this study we demonstrate a treatment option that improves the mortality among critically ill, poor risk patients with perforated peptic ulcer disease. METHODS: In our study, two series were retrospectively reviewed: group A patients (n = 522) were treated in a single surgical unit at the Dhaka Medical College Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh during the 1980s. Among them, 124 patients were stratified as poor risk based on age, delayed presentation, peritoneal contamination, and coexisting medical problems. These criteria were the basis for selecting a group of poor risk patients (n = 84) for minimal surgical intervention (percutaneous peritoneal drainage) out of a larger group of patients, group B (n = 785) treated at Khulna Medical College Hospital during the 1990s. RESULTS: In group A, 479 patients underwent conventional operative management with an operative mortality of 8.97%. Among the 43 deaths, 24 patients were >60 years of age (55.8%), 12 patients had delayed presentation (27.9%), and 7 patients were in shock or had multiple coexisting medical problems (16.2%). In group B, 626 underwent conventional operative management, with 26 deaths at a mortality rate of 4.15%. Altogether, 84 patients were stratified as poor risk and were managed with minimal surgical intervention (percutaneous peritoneal drainage) followed by conservative treatment. Three of these patients died with an operative mortality of 3.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Minimal surgical intervention (percutaneous peritoneal drainage) can significantly lower the mortality rate among a selected group of critically ill, poor risk patients with perforated peptic ulcer disease.

Gender differences in delays in diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the gender variations in delay from symptom onset to help seeking, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) using DOTS at community level, in 10 subdistricts of Bangladesh with 2.5 million people under a non-governmental organization's (Building Resources Across Communities, or BRAC) DOTS programme for TB control. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey of 1000 newly diagnosed pulmonary TB patients (500 women and 500 men). FINDINGS: Women, in comparison with men, had significantly longer mean and median delays in total delay (63.2 and 61.0 days vs. 60.3 and 53 days, respectively), total diagnostic delay (61.2, 60.0 vs. 58.5, 52.0 days), patient's delay (51.9, 50.0 vs. 48.7, 42.0 days) and treatment delay (2.0, 1.0 vs. 1.9, 1.0 day). Patient's mean and median delays were longer than the health system delay. However, patient gender showed strong association with total delay, total diagnostic delay and patient's delay. Older age of women was significantly associated with longer patient and treatment delay categories, respectively. CONCLUSION: Compared with men, women experienced longer delays at various stages of the clinical process of help seeking for TB. This warrants appropriate measures to improve the situation.

Stigma, Gender, and their Impact on Patients with Tuberculosis in Rural Bangladesh.

In addition to marginalization by poverty and ethnicity, gender is likely to contribute to vulnerability to TB-related stigma affecting women. Stigma often contributes to psychosocial problems and emotional suffering, and it may hinder help seeking and treatment adherence. TB-related stigma and its gender-specific features have not been carefully studied in Bangladesh, and such research is needed to reduce adverse effects of stigma. This study assessed and compared stigma in women and men, and identified crosscutting and gender-specific features of TB-related stigma. To assess stigma and the context of TB-related illness experience, meaning and help seeking behavior from patients' perspectives, a cultural epidemiological study administered a locally adapted semi-structured EMIC interview to 50 women and 52 men with pulmonary TB in rural Bangladesh. Indicators of TB-related stigma were assessed individually and collectively in a validated index. They were compared by sex, and illness narratives elaborated features of stigma with reference to features of TB. The study showed that six indicators of TB-related stigma were more prominent in accounts of women and two were more prominent in men's interviews. Gender differences appeared somewhat less after adjusting for other sociodemographic variables, and age was most significantly inversely related to stigma. Features of stigma more prominent in the accounts of women included feeling shamed or embarrassed, thinking less of themselves and feeling that others refused to visit or avoided them. Men were less likely to disclose their condition to a confidant, stay away from work or report that their spouse refused sex because of TB. Effective public health information and counselling sensitive to gender-specific features of stigma are needed to protect TB patients from the adverse impact of avoidable stigma. Further research is needed to clarify effects of gender-specific features of felt and enacted stigma on help seeking and treatment adherence.

Immunization divide: who do get vaccinated in Bangladesh?

This paper examines inequalities in the use of, and access to, vaccination service in Bangladesh by analyzing national and small area-based datasets. The analysis showed that female children had a lower immunization coverage than male children--the difference persists for all antigens and widens against girls for higher doses. The immunization coverage was higher for children whose mothers were more educated. Children whose fathers had a higher-status occupation (salaried employment) were two-and-a-half times more likely to be immunized than children whose fathers held a lower-status job, e.g. day-labourer. The coverage for the poorest quintile was 70% of the well-to-do. Children residing in urban areas were more likely to be fully immunized than their rural counterparts (70% vs 59% for children aged 12-23 months). Within urban areas, the situation in slums was worse. Large differences existed among the various administrative regions of the country. Ethnic minorities in the Chittagong Hill Tracts had a lower immunization coverage than the Bangalees. In Sylhet, children of non-local workers in Bangladesh-owned tea estates had a lower coverage than their counterparts in foreign-owned tea estates. The study identifies children of various disadvantaged groups as having a lower coverage. Managers of immunization programmes must realize that only through removal of such disparities among groups will overall coverage be increased. Affirmative actions in targeting could be effective in reaching such groups.