Demonstration of Epstein-Barr Virus by in situ hybridization in papillary thyroid carcinomas developing on background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

AIM: This study aimed to demonstrate the role of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) developing on background of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). METHODS: The presence of EBV in tumoral tissue, lymphocytes, and peritumoral normal thyroid tissue was investigated by the in situ hybridization method in paraffin blocks. The subtype of PTC, tumor diameter, TNM stage, multifocality, invasion of thyroid capsule, perineural invasion, and muscular tissue invasion were identified, and compared according to EBV involvement. RESULTS: 81 HT diagnosed patients, 93.8% (n= 76) female, and 6.2% (n= 5) male were included in the study. Papillary microcarcinoma was the pathological diagnosis in 24.2% (n= 15) of the cases. EBV was identified in 58.06% (n= 36) of the tumor cells' nuclei, 58.06% (n= 36) in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, 16.12% (n= 10) in tumor infiltrative lymphocytes and 53.2% (n= 33) in normal parenchymal follicle epithelial cells (NPFEC). In the T2 stage, the rate of patients EBV nuclear positivity was significantly higher (p= 0.034). The classic variant of papillary carcinoma was accompanied by a significantly higher rate of EBV-negative NPFEC (67.6%, p=0.049). In multifocal tumors, EBV positivity was found to be significantly higher in lymphocytes in the surrounding tissues (58.3%, p= 0.034). CONCLUSION: In multifocal PTC developing on a background of HT, a significant increase in EBV positivity in the surrounding tissues lymphocytes has been observed. This suggests a possibility of an association between HT and EBV.

Comparison of nylon-flocked swabs and cotton swabs in the detection of human papillomavirus infection in men.

BACKGROUND: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an oncogenic virus and the commonest sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide. Appropriate sampling is an important factor in infection management. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of cotton swabs (CS) and nylon-flocked swabs (NFS) in sampling for HPV-DNA PCR testing in male patients with genital warts. METHODS: The study included men with genital warts who presented to the urology outpatient clinic of Antalya Medical Park Hospital. Before wart treatment, multisite sampling of the penis and genital area was performed separately with CS and NFS. The samples were analyzed for HPV-DNA using real-time PCR. RESULTS: The study included 45 men with a mean age of 32.1 ± 8.6 years. At least one HPV type was detected in all 45 patients with NFS sampling and 44 patients with CS sampling (total HPV types detected: 106 and 84, respectively). NFS sampling detected 52 high-risk HPV types in 37 of the 45 patients, while CS sampling detected 37 high-risk types in 19 patients (p = 0.029). NFS sampling also detected a total of 54 low-risk HPV types in all 45 patients, versus 47 low-risk HPV types in 41 patients with CS sampling. Multiple HPV types were detected in 30 patients with NFS and 17 patients with CS (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: NFS were more effective than CS for HPV-DNA testing in men with genital warts. NFS were superior to CS in detecting multiple-type HPV infection and high-risk HPV types. The use of NFS should be recommended for HPV-DNA PCR testing in men.

Multiplex enumeration of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis in a passive capillary microfluidic chip.

Multiplex detection and quantification of bacteria in water by using portable devices are particularly essential in low and middle-income countries where access to clean drinking water is limited. Addressing this crucial problem, we report a highly sensitive immunoassay sensor system utilizing the fluorescence technique with magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to separate target bacteria and two different types of quantum dots (CdTe and Ni doped CdTe QDs) incorporated into a passive microfluidic chip to transport and to form sandwich complexes for the detection of two target bacteria, namely Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) in less than 60 min. The assay is carried out on a capillary driven microfluidic chip that can be operated by merely pipetting the samples and reagents, and fluorescence measurements are done by using a handheld fluorescence spectrophotometer, which renders the system portable. The linear range of the method was found to be 101 to 105 cfu mL-1 for both E. coli and S. enteritidis. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 5 and 3 cfu mL-1 for E. coli and S. enteritidis, respectively. The selectivity of the method was examined by testing Enterobacter dissolvens (E. dissolvens) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) samples, and no significant interference was observed. The method was also demonstrated to detect bacteria in tap water and lake water samples spiked with target bacteria.

Fast fluorometric enumeration of E. coli using passive chip.

In this report, a passive microfluidic chip design was developed for fast and sensitive fluorometric determination of Escherichia coli (E. coli) based on sandwich immunoassay. Initially, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and chitosan modified mercaptopropionic acid capped cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) were functionalized with E.coli specific antibody to form a sandwich immunoassay with the E. coli. The magnetic separation and preconcentration of the E.coli from the sample solution was performed in the vial. Conjugation of QDs to the magnetically captured E. coli and washing were performed using a passive type of microchip. The microfluidic chip consists of four microchambers connected to each other by microchannels which act as capillary valves. Signal measurement was performed at the last chamber by using a hand-held spectrofluorometer equipped with a fiber optic reflection probe. The selectivity of the method was tested with Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) and Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis), it was observed that these bacteria have no interference effect on E.coli determination. The calibration curve was found to be linear in the range of 101-105 cfu/mL with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.99. The limit of detection was calculated as 5 cfu/mL. The method was successfully applied to spiked tap and lake water samples. The results suggest that the developed method is applicable for on-site E. coli detection and offers several advantages such as large dynamic range, high sensitivity, high selectivity and short analysis time.

A comparison of 2 cesarean section methods, modified Misgav-Ladach and Pfannenstiel-Kerr: A randomized controlled study.

BACKGROUND: The modified Misgav-Ladach method (MML) is a minimally invasive cesarean section procedure compared with the classic Pfannenstiel-Kerr (PK) method. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the MML method and the PK method in terms of intraoperative and short-term postoperative outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This prospective, randomized controlled trial involved 252 pregnant women scheduled for primary emergency or elective cesarean section between October, 2014 and July, 2015. The primary outcome measures were the duration of surgery, extraction time, Apgar score, blood loss, wound complications, and number of sutures used. Secondary outcome measures were the wound infection, time of bowel restitution, visual analogue scale (VAS) scores at 6 h and 24 h after the operation, limitations in movement, and analgesic requirements. At 6 weeks after surgery, the patients were evaluated regarding late complications. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in total operating and extraction time in the MML group (p < 0.001). Limitations in movement were lower at 24 h after the MML operation, and less analgesic was required in the MML group. There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of febrile morbidity or the duration of hospitalization. At 6 weeks after the operation, no complaints and no additional complications from the surgery were noted. CONCLUSIONS: The MML method is a minimally invasive cesarean section. In the future, as surgeons' experience increases, MML will likely be chosen more often than the classic PK method.

Vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy may affect fetal thymus development.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to evaluate the association of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) during pregnancy with thymus size in full-term fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this prospective study, we evaluated mid-pregnancy serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3) concentrations. The fetal thymus size was measured by ultrasound in the third trimester. Neonatal 25(OH)D3 levels were evaluated by umbilical cord blood sampling. Correlation of maternal and neonatal vitamin D levels and association between thymus size and both, maternal and neonatal vitamin D concentrations were investigated. RESULTS: Serum 25(OH) D3 concentrations were within the normal range in 48 (29.8%) mothers and 10 (13.1%) new-borns. A strong correlation between mid-pregnancy maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D3 concentration (r = 0.8, p < 0.001) was found. A significant linear correlation was observed between both, maternal and neonatal 25(OH)D3 concentrations and thymus perimeter length (r = 0.45, p = 0.04 and r = 0.43, p < 0.01, respectively). Both, maternal and fetal VDDs were associated with decreased thymus perimeter (p = 0.04, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy may be associated with smaller fetal thymus. Our data suggest that VDD in pregnancy may lead to systemic inflammatory response in the fetus.

Investigation of the Roles of Cyclooxygenase-2 and Galectin-3 Expression in the Pathogenesis of Premenopausal Endometrial Polyps.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis and etiology of endometrial polyps has not been elucidated. In this study, we aimed to examine the pathogenic mechanisms of endometrial polyp development using immunohistochemistry. We evaluated the expression of galectin-3 and cyclooxgenase-2 (COX-2) during the menstrual cycle in premenopausal women with endometrial polyps or normal endometrium. METHODS: Thirty-one patients with endometrial polyps and 50 healthy control patients were included in this study. The levels of expression of COX-2 and galectin-3 were studied by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The percentage of COX-2-positive cells and the intensity of COX-2 staining in the endometrium did not vary during the menstrual cycle either in the control group or in patients with endometrial polyps. However, expression of galectin-3 was significantly lower in endometrial polyps and during the proliferative phase of the endometrium compared with the secretory phase. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that the pathogenesis of endometrial polyps does not involve expression of COX-2 or galectin-3.

Comparison between resveratrol and cabergoline in preventing ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of resveratrol in a rat model of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) and compare with cabergoline. DESIGN: Randomized controlled, animal study. ANIMAL(S): Female Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A rat OHSS model was used to investigate the effects of resveratrol compare with cabergoline administration for preventing OHSS. Body weight, ovary weight, diameter, vascular permeability (VP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression (immunohistochemistry), and serum estradiol (E2) levels were then compared. RESULTS: The ovarian VEGF concentration was significantly increased in the OHSS Groups (Groups 3-5) compared with the control groups (1 and 2). But vascular permeability, VEGF, and COX-2 expressions were reduced in animals treated with the resveratrol group compared with the cabergoline group (group 5) and the severe OHSS (group 3) group. Blood E2 levels were decreased in group treated with the resveratrol group compared with the cabergoline group (group 5) and severe the OHSS (group 3) group. CONCLUSION(S): Our results in a rat model suggest that resveratrol has a beneficial effect on OHSS by reducing the increases in ovarian daimeter, VP, and VEGF expression associated with OHSS. These effects may be mediated by the COX-2 inhibitory capacity of resveratrol.

Investigation of the relationship between salivary cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, anxiety, and depression in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship of the salivary levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and cortisol with factors related to depression and anxiety in patients with hyperemesis gravidarum (HG). METHODS: Forty patients with a diagnosis of HG were selected for the study and matched with 40 control patients according to body mass index, parity, and age. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were investigated using the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory for Adults, respectively. Saliva samples were collected in the morning and at night and subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of DHEA-S and cortisol levels. RESULTS: We observed a positive correlation between increased levels of depression and anxiety and increased salivary levels of cortisol and DHEA-S in patients with HG. CONCLUSIONS: Salivary cortisol and DHEA-S levels, as well as mood disorders, should be monitored in patients with HG, although further large, prospective studies are needed to confirm our results.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with increased osteopontin levels.

OBJECTIVE: Osteopontin (OPN) is a multi-functional secreted glycoprotein that plays a crucial role in glucose metabolism and inflammatory process. Growing evidence suggests that there is a link between OPN and ovarian function. However, no such link has yet been found for OPN in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Our aim was to ascertain whether circulating OPN levels are altered in women with PCOS and to determine whether OPN levels differ between the follicular phase and mid-cycle of the menstrual cycle in eumenorrheic women. DESIGN AND METHODS: In total, 150 women with PCOS and 150 age- and BMI-matched controls without PCOS were recruited for this prospective observational study. OPN levels were measured using ELISA. Metabolic parameters were also determined. RESULTS: Circulating OPN levels were significantly elevated in PCOS women compared with controls (69.12±31.59  ng/ml vs 42.66±21.28  ng/ml; P<0.001). OPN levels were significantly higher at mid-cycle than in the follicular phase in eumenorrheic women. OPN was positively correlated with BMI, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), free testosterone, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for PCOS was 3.64 for patients in the highest quartile of OPN compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR=3.64; 95% CI=2.42-5.57; P=0.011). Our findings indicate that BMI, HOMA-IR, hs-CRP, and free testosterone are independent factors influencing serum OPN levels and that OPN is an independent predictor for HOMA-IR. CONCLUSION: PCOS is associated with increased OPN levels.

Anterior Sacral Meningocele Masquerading as an Ovarian Cyst: A Rare Clinical Presentation Associated with Marfan Syndrome.

Anterior sacral meningocele is a very rare clinical entity characterized by herniation of a meningeal sac through a sacrococcygeal defect. We report a case of a 20-year old female with Marfan syndrome who presented with abdominal distention that was misdiagnosed as an ovarian cyst on pelvic ultrasound. Pelvic magnetic resonance (MR) imaging showed large, well-defined multiloculated intrasacral and presacral cysts communicating via two separate broad necks and extending through defects in anterior aspect of sacral vertebrae. This case emphasizes that anterior sacral meningocele should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cases with pelvic cysts particularly in patients with underlying connective tissue disorders. Because severe neurologic complications or even death may occur without proper preoperative planning in such cases, MR imaging should always be performed for evaluation and characterization of pelvis cystic lesions.

The role of cytokines in first trimester pregnancy losses with fetal chromosomal anomaly.

OBJECTIVES: The contribution of local inflammation to the pathophysiology of abnormal choromosomally miscarriages remains unclear The objective of this study was to investigate the inflammatory response at the maternofetal interface of women presenting with first trimester miscarriage with abnormal choromosomally MATERIAL AND METHODS: Level of TNF-α , IL-6 ve IL-17 were asseyed using immunohistochemistry technique at decidual and placental bed biopsy samples from 23 women with elective termination of pregnancy 21 euploid and 18 aneuploid missed miscarriages. Immunostainig for TNF-α, IL-6 ve IL-17 has been evaluated semi-quantitatively by 'quickscore' method. RESULTS: We found that the intensity of TNF-α staining was high in the miscarriage group, and this has been found in previous studies. Unlike some previous studies, the intensity of IL-6 staining was higher in the miscarriage groups only in decidual glandular epithelium. The intensity of IL-6 staining was found to be higher in the miscarriage group with chromosome anomaly than in the miscarriage group without chromosome anomaly. There was no significant difference in IL-17 levels between any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines are considered to play an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy but the exact mechanism between them and the mutual regulation relationship were not been fully understood, which need our further study.

The efficacy of complete blood count parameters in the diagnosis of tubal ectopic pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is the major cause of maternal morbidity and is responsible for maternal mortality in the first trimester. In order to reduce undesirable results, it is necessary to find rapid and accurate, non-surgical diagnostic tests for ER The goal of the study was to investigate the differences in complete blood count parameters between tubal EPs and healthy pregnancies in be used in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN: White blood cell (WBC), neutrophil, monocyte, lymphocyte, platelet (PLT) counts, mean PLT volume (MPV) and PLT distribution width (PDW) levels in the complete blood count samples have been obtained from subjects with diagnosed tubal EP (n=78; study group) and women with healthy intrauterine gestations (n=79; control group). Statistical comparisons between groups were performed using the t test. RESULTS: PDW levels were found to be significantly higher in the control group than EP (p<0.001). However no differences between the study and control groups with regard to PLT and MPV levels were observed. WBC levels were found to be significantly higher in the EP group as compared to controls (p<0.001). When leukocyte differentials were compared, monocyte counts in the EP group were significantly higher than in controls (p=0.005). No statistically significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte values were observed in either group. CONCLUSION: PDW as an indicator of PLT activation is lower in tubal EP than intrauterine pregnancy so, possibly endometrial invasion in the intrauterine pregnancy needs more PLT activation. Monocyte counts are higher in tubal EP, indicating that monocyte activation in the pathophysiology of EP could be effective in the formation of tubal motility and microenvironment regulation.