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PURPOSE: The authors examined the urothelium of exstrophy-epispadias complex spectrum patients for histological differences and expression of terminal markers of urothelial differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 2012 and 2017 bladder biopsies were obtained from 69 pediatric exstrophy-epispadias complex patients. These specimens were compared to bladder specimens from normal controls. All bladder specimens underwent histological assessment followed by immunohistochemical staining for uroplakin-II and p63. Expression levels of uroplakin-II and p63 were then assessed by a blinded pathologist. RESULTS: Forty-three classic bladder exstrophy biopsies were obtained (10 newborn closures, 22 delayed closures, and 11 repeat closures). Additional biopsies from 18 cloacal exstrophy patients and 8 epispadias patients were also evaluated. These specimens were compared to 8 normal control bladder specimens. Overall, uroplakin-II expression was lower in exstrophy-epispadias complex patients compared to controls (p <0.0001). Among classic bladder exstrophy patients, there was reduced expression of uroplakin-II in the delayed and repeat closures in comparison to newborn closures (p=0.045). Expression of p63 was lower in patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex compared to controls (p <0.0001). Expression of p63 was similar among classic bladder exstrophy patients closed as newborns when compared to delayed or repeat closures. Classic bladder exstrophy patients had a higher rate of squamous metaplasia when compared to controls (p=0.044). Additionally, there was a higher rate of squamous metaplasia in the patients undergoing delayed closure in comparison to those closed in the newborn period (p <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The urothelium in the exstrophy-epispadias complex bladder is strikingly different than that of healthy controls. Uroplakin-II expression is greatly reduced in exstrophy-epispadias complex bladders and is influenced by the timing of bladder closure. Reduced uroplakin-II expression and increased rates of squamous metaplasia in exstrophy-epispadias complex patients undergoing delayed closure suggests that exposure of the urothelium may induce these changes. These findings shed light on the molecular changes in exstrophy-epispadias complex bladders and may have implications on the appropriate timing of primary bladder closure, as those closed in the newborn period appear to have a greater potential for growth and differentiation.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/patología , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/patología , Epispadias/cirugía , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Urotelio/patología , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biopsia , Extrofia de la Vejiga/metabolismo , Niño , Preescolar , Epispadias/metabolismo , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Transcripción/análisis , Factores de Transcripción/biosíntesis , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/análisis , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/biosíntesis , Vejiga Urinaria/química , Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismo , Uroplaquina II/análisis , Uroplaquina II/biosíntesis , Urotelio/química , Urotelio/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore a series of classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) cases referred to the authors' institution where primary closure with penile disassembly epispadias repair was complicated by penile injury. The penile disassembly technique is frequently combined with bladder closure in patients with CBE undergoing the complete primary repair of exstrophy (CPRE). Penile disassembly has been posited as a risk for penile injury by ischemic mechanisms. METHODS: A prospectively-maintained institutional database of 1337 exstrophy-epispadias complex patients was reviewed for CPRE cases referred to the authors' institution, and those with injury to the penis were identified. The location, extent of injury, and subsequent management is reported. RESULTS: One hundred and thirteen male CBE patients were referred after prior CPRE. Twenty-six (20%) were identified with penile loss and reviewed. Eighty-one percent were closed in the neonatal period, and 54% had a pelvic osteotomy. Median follow-up time was 9.9 years (range 0.6-21.3). Of 26 patients with penile loss, 77% had unilateral loss and in 23% had bilateral loss involving the glans and/or one or both corpora cavernosa. Three patients were successfully managed with myocutaneous neophalloplasty. CONCLUSION: Complete penile disassembly during bladder exstrophy closure may lead to penile injury. This major complication questions the continued application of complete penile disassembly in the reconstruction of bladder exstrophy.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/cirugía , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias , Enfermedades del Pene , Pene , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos , Atrofia , Niño , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/diagnóstico , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/cirugía , Masculino , Evaluación de Procesos y Resultados en Atención de Salud , Enfermedades del Pene/diagnóstico , Enfermedades del Pene/etiología , Enfermedades del Pene/cirugía , Pene/irrigación sanguínea , Pene/lesiones , Pene/patología , Pene/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Reoperación/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/efectos adversos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A failed closure of classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) has a negative long-term impact on the patient and the health care system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the outcomes of CBE patients with failed primary bladder closure. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A database of 1317 exstrophy-epispadias complex patients was retrospectively reviewed for CBE patients with failed primary bladder closure from 1965 to 2017 with subsequent repeat closure. INTERVENTION: Repeat bladder exstrophy closure and subsequent continence procedure. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Failed exstrophy closures are defined as occurrence of bladder prolapse, dehiscence, vesicocutaneous fistula, outlet obstruction, or combination of these factors. Successful repeat closures are defined as closures that require no further operative intervention as a consequence of these factors. Kaplan-Meier to determine time to successful repeat closure and receiver operator characteristic curve to determine the optimal time for secondary closure were determined. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: In total, 170 CBE patients had at least one repeat closure following a failed primary closure (115 male/55 female). With continued closure attempts, 166/170 (97.6%) patients were successfully closed. The median time to successful closure from birth was 12.9 mo (95% confidence interval: 11.7-15.7). Furthermore, 52/153 (34%) patients had more than one osteotomy. Of 215 total osteotomies, 50 (29.4%) were performed during the 170 failed primary closures, 128 (75.3%) during the 170second closures, and 27 (64.3%) during the 42 third closures. Of 96 patients with available continence data, 74 (77.1%) achieved urinary continence. CONCLUSIONS: A successful repeat closure is possible, especially when used in conjunction with a pelvic osteotomy. Continent urinary diversion yielded the highest continence rate in this cohort. PATIENT SUMMARY: We looked at outcomes of classic bladder exstrophy closure in a large population. Successful repeat closure is possible in the majority of cases when used with pelvic osteotomy. A majority of patients achieved urinary continence using a continent diversion.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Reoperación , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Insuficiencia del Tratamiento , Resultado del Tratamiento , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We investigated surgical approaches to urinary incontinence and long-term continence outcomes after successful bladder reconstruction in a heterogeneous patient population with classic bladder exstrophy. We hypothesized that while most patients will achieve urinary continence after surgery, only a select group will void volitionally per urethra. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional database of 1,323 patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex was reviewed for patients with classic bladder exstrophy who underwent successful bladder closure and a subsequent continence procedure between 1975 and 2017. Procedures included bladder neck reconstruction, bladder neck reconstruction with augmentation cystoplasty or continent catheterizable stoma, and bladder neck closure with continent catheterizable stoma. Cloacal exstrophy, epispadias and variant exstrophy cases were excluded from analysis. Continence at last followup was defined as a dry interval of 3 or more hours without nighttime leakage. Those patients with more than 3 months of followup were assessed. RESULTS: Overall 432 patients underwent successful bladder closure (primary 71.5%, repeat 28.5%) and a urinary continence procedure. At last followup 162 (37%) underwent bladder neck reconstruction, 76 (18%) underwent bladder neck reconstruction with augmentation cystoplasty or continent catheterizable stoma, 173 (40%) underwent bladder neck closure with continent catheterizable stoma and 18 underwent other procedures. Median followup from the first continence procedure was 7.2 years (IQR 2.3-13.7). Continence was assessed in 350 patients. After isolated bladder neck reconstruction 91 of 142 patients were continent (64%, 95% CI 56-72). After bladder neck closure with continent catheterizable stoma 124 of 133 patients evaluated were continent (93%, 95% CI 87-97). CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with classic bladder exstrophy require multiple reconstructive procedures to achieve continence. Only about 25% of patients are expected to void normally per urethra without reliance on catheterization or urinary diversion.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Incontinencia Urinaria/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) represents a group of congenitally acquired malformations involving the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary systems. Classic bladder exstrophy (CBE) is the most common and best studied entity within the EEC. In this review, imaging features of CBE anatomy will be presented with surgical correlation. RECENT FINDINGS: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a useful modality for pre- and postnatal assessment of the abdominal wall, pelvic floor, and gastrointestinal and genitourinary systems of children with CBE. The authors' experience supports use of preoperative MRI, in conjunction with navigational software, as a method for identifying complex CBE anatomy. Imaging facilitates surgical approach and improves visualization of complex anatomy, potentially helping to avoid complications. Continued investigation of imaging guidance in CBE repair is needed as surgical techniques improve.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/diagnóstico por imagen , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/diagnóstico por imagen , Epispadias/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos UrológicosRESUMEN
Spontaneous rupture of a continent urinary reservoir is a rare, but clinically important event. The diagnosis of reservoir rupture should be considered in any patient with peritonitis and a history of continent urinary diversion. A pouchogram may confirm the diagnosis, but ultimately a laparotomy is mandatory in the setting of peritonitis and sepsis. Catheter drainage alone has been reportedly successful for patients who meet certain criteria. This case highlights the key steps in evaluation and management of a ruptured continent urinary reservoir.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine if urinary microbial communities similar to those described in adults exist in children and to profile the urinary and gastrointestinal microbiome in children presenting to urology for both routine and complex urologic procedures. METHODS: Prepubertal boys (nâ¯=â¯20, ages 3 months-8 years; median age 15 months) who required elective urologic procedures were eligible. Urine samples were collected via sterile catheterization and fecal samples were obtained by rectal swabs. DNA was extracted from urine pellet and fecal samples and subjected to bacterial profiling via 16S rDNA Illumina sequencing and 16S rDNA quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We assessed within and between sample diversity and differential species abundance between samples. RESULTS: Urine samples had low bacterial biomass that reflected the presence of bacterial populations. The most abundant genera detected in urine samples are not common to skin microbiota and several of the genera have been previously identified in the urinary microbiome of adults. We report presumably atypical compositional differences in both the urinary and gastrointestinal microbiome in children with prior antibiotic exposure and highlight an important case of a child who had undergone lifelong antibiotic treatment as prophylaxis for congenital abnormalities. CONCLUSION: This study provides one of the first characterizations of the urinary microbiome in prepubertal males. Defining the baseline healthy microbiome in children may lay the foundation for understanding the long-term impact of factors such as antibiotic use in the development of a healthy microbiome as well as the development of future urologic and gastrointestinal diseases.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Sistema Urinario/microbiología , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Heces/microbiología , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Microbiota , Estudios Prospectivos , Orina/microbiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: A successful abdominal wall and bladder closure is critical in the management of cloacal exstrophy (CE). This study examines closure outcomes and practices over the last 4 decades at the authors' institution. Beginning in 1995, the authors' institution standardized CE closure and management with the Dual-Staged Pathway (DSP). The DSP consists of a staged bladder closure, a staged or concurrent osteotomy, and postoperative immobilization with external fixation. The authors hypothesize that the DSP has provided better outcomes in CE closures. METHODS: A prospective database of 1332 Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (EEC) patients was reviewed for CE patients closed between 1975 and 2015. The DSP consists of a staged osteotomy and a staged bladder closure in CE patients with a diastasis greater than 4â¯cm. To evaluate the DSP, outcomes of closure at the authors' institution were compared between two equal, twenty-year periods before and after its implementation. Data on timing of closure, postoperative management, surgical complications, and outcomes were collected. RESULTS: There are 142â¯CE patients in the database. In this study, 49â¯CE patients with 50 closures met inclusion criteria. The overall success rate of closures from 1975 to 1994 was 88% (14 of 16), while the success rate of the DSP was 100% (nâ¯=â¯34), pâ¯=â¯0.098. Twenty-two (65%) primary and 12 (35%) secondary closures were performed using the DSP. Overall complication rates of the DSP remained similar to previous closures, (29% vs 19%, pâ¯=â¯0.508). Since incorporation of the DSP, patients referred for closure have generally had a larger preclosure diastasis (7.2â¯cm vs 5.1â¯cm, pâ¯=â¯0.011). CONCLUSION: The standardized DSP closure has proven successful in 34 primary and reoperative cloacal closures in the past 20â¯years. With this approach, the authors feel that the DSP offers greater patient safety and better outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Humanos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is the most severe presentation of the Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex (EEC) and is associated with an omphalocele, making the bladder and abdominal wall closure difficult. If the bladder closure fails, a secondary closure is necessary. The objective of this study is to identify patient or surgical factors associated with a successful secondary closure. METHODS: The institution's EEC database was reviewed for CE patients between 1975 and 2015. Inclusion criteria included a failed primary bladder closure with a secondary closure. Patient demographics, surgical factors and outcomes of the secondary bladder closure were reviewed. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. 8/8 patients had a successful two-staged closure at the author's institution (100%); 2/16 patients had a successful closure at an outside institution (12.5%). Older median age at secondary closure was associated with outcome, pâ¯=â¯0.045. Pelvic osteotomy was associated with successful secondary closure, pâ¯=â¯0.013. Using Buck's immobilization with external fixation was associated with a higher proportion of successful secondary closures compared to Spica cast, pâ¯=â¯0.012. CONCLUSION: Successful reclosure in CE patients is associated with the use of osteotomy as well as Buck's immobilization with external fixation. While successful reclosure can be achieved, it is often at the cost of multiple procedures and, therefore, all efforts should be expended to achieve a successful primary closure. TYPE OF STUDY: Prognostic. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.
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Ano Imperforado/cirugía , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Hernia Umbilical/cirugía , Escoliosis/cirugía , Anomalías Urogenitales/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos , Epispadias/cirugía , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Osteotomía , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Insuficiencia del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the diagnosis, surgical management, and outcomes in patients with variant EEC. Variant presentations of the exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) span a wide range of abnormalities. The rarity and diversity of EEC variants can lead to challenges in the diagnosis and subsequent management of this population. METHODS: The authors reviewed an institutional database of 1336 EEC patients from 1975 to 2018 for variant presentations of EEC. Variant presentations included those with skin covered bladder exstrophy (BE), duplicate bladders, superior vesical fistula, and epispadias with major bladder prolapse. Surgical management and outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 44 EEC variants were identified. Nineteen (43%) presented with a skin-covered BE variant. Five patients presented with duplicate BE, while 6 presented with superior vesical fistula. Fourteen patients (32%) presented with epispadias with major bladder prolapse. Overall, 36 (82%) EEC variants underwent primary bladder closure, at a median of 135 days after birth (range 1-2010), with 21 (58%) undergoing pelvic osteotomy. Primary closures were successful in 89% of cases. Continence procedures were performed in 17 patients. This includes 5 patients who underwent bladder augmentation. However even without a continence procedure, continence with volitional voiding was found in 8 patients. CONCLUSION: The most common EEC variant is the skin-covered form of BE. In order to expedite appropriate management, accurate diagnosis upon initial presentation is crucial. Still, successful surgical reconstruction often results in continence that is similar to, or better than, nonvariant EEC presentations.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/diagnóstico , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/diagnóstico , Epispadias/cirugía , Extrofia de la Vejiga/clasificación , Preescolar , Epispadias/clasificación , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the factors affecting primary bladder closure in cloacal exstrophy (CE). A successful primary closure is important for optimizing reconstructive outcomes, and it is a critical first-step in the reconstruction of CE. The authors' hypothesize that a smaller diastasis and use of an osteotomy are independent predictors of a successful closure. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of 1332 exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) patients was reviewed for CE patients closed between 1975 and 2015. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed to identify significant factors associated with CE primary bladder closure. RESULTS: Of 143â¯CE patients identified, 99 patients met inclusion criteria. Median follow-up time was 8.82 [IQR 5.43-14.26] years. In the multivariable model, the odds of having a successful closure are about 4 times greater for the staged cloacal approach compared to the 1-stage approach (OR, 3.7; 95% CI 1.2-11.5; p-valueâ¯=â¯0.023). Also, having an osteotomy increases the chance of a successful closure by almost six-fold (OR, 5.8; 95% CI 1.7-19.6; p-valueâ¯=â¯0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Using the staged approach with a pelvic osteotomy is paramount to a successful primary closure in CE. The authors strongly recommend using the staged approach and osteotomy as these factors independently increase the chance for a successful primary bladder closure. STUDY TYPE: Therapeutic study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective comparative study.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Cloaca/anomalías , Osteotomía/métodos , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodos , Cloaca/cirugía , Epispadias/complicaciones , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Análisis Multivariante , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Phalluses present inside the extrophied bladder of cloacal exstrophy (CE) newborns have been sporadically reported in the literature; this clinical entity has largely unknown origins and may represent an extremely rare anomaly of CE. OBJECTIVE: Along with nearly doubling the number of reported intravesical phalluses in the literature, this study aims to outline the common anatomic features and discuss the implications for theories of CE embryogenesis. STUDY DESIGN: The authors retrospectively identified patients with CE and a potential intravesical phallus between 1997 and 2017 at two high-volume centers. Information was obtained about karyotype, age at closure, neurologic and renal anomalies, diastasis, phallus anatomy, and phallus biopsy pathology. RESULTS: Six genotypic males met the inclusion criteria. Five of six had a diastasis greater than 6 cm. Four of six had paired corporal bodies in the intravesical phallus, one had a single corporal body, and one had a corporal-like structure. Five of six patients had a phallus located midline in the caudal aspect of the bladder; one was located midline in the bladder dome. Phallic biopsies were obtained in three of six patients. Two showed glanular and corporal tissue while the other showed vascular proliferation morphologically similar to that of erectile tissue. DISCUSSION: Previous reports suggested that a superior vesicle fissure configuration, fusion of the corporal bodies, and fused bladder plates were common findings with an intravesical phallus. With the addition of new cases, the only consistent variable between patients is a phallus located anywhere along the bladder plate that can comprise a corporal-like structure, a single corporal body, or fused corporal bodies. These findings have implications for several embryologic theories. Although this is a retrospective review with a limited number of patients, the condition is exceedingly infrequent making it only observable retrospectively over decades at high volume centers. CONCLUSIONS: The study outlined common anatomic features of the intravesical phallus in cloacal exstrophy and discussed the subsequent embryologic implications. In cloacal exstrophy newborns with presumed aphallia, meticulous inspection of the bladder plate and biopsy of any potential phallic structures can prevent resection of phallic tissue.
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Anomalías Múltiples/embriología , Anomalías Múltiples/cirugía , Extrofia de la Vejiga/embriología , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Pene/anomalías , Pene/cirugía , Vejiga Urinaria/anomalías , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Extrofia de la Vejiga/complicaciones , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Pene/embriología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Vejiga Urinaria/embriología , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos Masculinos/métodosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We used magnetic resonance imaging to define the innate pelvic neurovascular course and prostatic anatomy in infants with classic bladder exstrophy before the pelvis was altered by surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging was performed in male infants with classic bladder exstrophy and compared to a group of age matched controls. Data collected included prostatic dimensions as well as course of the prostatic artery, periprostatic vessels and pudendal neurovasculature. RESULTS: The prostate was larger in the transverse (p <0.001) and anteroposterior (p <0.001) dimensions in patients with classic bladder exstrophy compared to those with normal prostates but was smaller in the craniocaudal dimension (p <0.001). This finding resulted in a larger calculated prostate volume in patients with classic bladder exstrophy compared to controls (p = 0.015). The pelvic vasculature and prostatic artery followed a similar course in patients with classic bladder exstrophy and controls. Relative to each other, the lateral to medial course of the prostatic arteries in males with classic bladder exstrophy was less pronounced than in normal males. A similar externally rotated pattern was seen when both sides of the pudendal vasculature were compared in males with classic bladder exstrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The prostate in infants with classic bladder exstrophy has a consistent configuration and dimensions that differ from those in normal infants. When both sides are compared, the periprostatic vasculature and penile sensory neurovascular bundles are externally rotated in infants with classic bladder exstrophy. However, these components course along the same landmarks as in normal patients.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Pene/diagnóstico por imagen , Próstata/diagnóstico por imagen , Puntos Anatómicos de Referencia , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Pelvis/irrigación sanguínea , Pelvis/diagnóstico por imagen , Pene/irrigación sanguínea , Periodo Preoperatorio , Estudios Prospectivos , Próstata/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Understanding the distinct female anatomy in classic bladder exstrophy is crucial for optimal reconstructive and functional outcomes. We present novel quantitative anatomical data in females with classic bladder exstrophy before primary closure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 3-Dimensional reconstruction was performed in patients undergoing pelvic magnetic resonance imaging, and pelvic anatomy was characterized, including measurements of the vagina, cervix and erectile bodies. RESULTS: We examined magnetic resonance imaging of 5 females (mean age 5.5 months) with classic bladder exstrophy and 4 age matched controls (mean age 5.8 months). Mean distance between the anal verge and vaginal introitus was greater in patients with classic bladder exstrophy (2.43 cm) than in controls (1.62 cm). Mean total vaginal length in patients with classic bladder exstrophy was half that of controls (1.64 cm vs 3.39 cm). All 4 controls had posterior facing cervical ora, while 4 of 5 females with exstrophy had anterior facing cervical ora located in the anterior vaginal wall. Lateral deviation of the cervical ora was also seen in all 5 patients with classic bladder exstrophy but in only 1 control. Clitoral body length was comparable in both groups (26.2 mm and 28.0 mm). However, the anterior cavernosa-to-posterior (pelvic rami associated) cavernosa ratio was much greater in patients with classic bladder exstrophy (6.4) compared to controls (2.5). CONCLUSIONS: This study uncovers the uniquely novel finding that contrary to their male counterparts, females with classic bladder exstrophy have the majority of the clitoral body anterior to the pelvic attachment. This discovery has surgical and embryological implications.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/diagnóstico por imagen , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Genitales Femeninos/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagenología Tridimensional , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica/métodos , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Genitales Femeninos/anatomía & histología , Humanos , Lactante , Muestreo , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the use of concomitant bladder neck reconstruction (BNR) and creation of a continent stoma (CS) in patients who are not quite eligible for BNR but still strongly desire volitional voiding. METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed an institutional database of patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex who underwent BNR-CS between 2000 and 2015. Indications for a BNR-CS, perioperative outcomes, and continence status were evaluated. Method of voiding and continence status were analyzed for patients with greater than 6 months of follow-up after the BNR-CS. RESULTS: A total of 24 patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex (15 male and 9 female) underwent BNR-CS at a median age of 8.9 years (range 5.4-17.4). This included 18 patients with classic bladder exstrophy, 5 with epispadias, and 1 with a cloacal exstrophy variant. There were 5 surgical complications (20.1%) following the BNR-CS, including 3 febrile urinary tract infections, 1 superficial wound infection, and 1 urethrocutaneous fistula. The median follow-up time from the time of BNR-CS was 1.1 years (range 0.1-14.1). Seventeen of 24 patients (71%) had a follow-up greater than 6 months and were evaluated for continence. Twelve patients (71%) were completely dry for intervals greater than 3 hours following BNR-CS. Five (29%) did not achieve continence with BNR-CS. Of those 5 patients, 3 (60%) underwent subsequent bladder neck transection. CONCLUSION: Combined BNR and CS is a suitable alternative to achieve urinary continence in patients who are not ideal candidates for BNR alone. This approach can offer a select group of patients the opportunity for volitional voiding.
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Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/cirugía , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estomas Quirúrgicos , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/métodosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate human acellular dermis (HAD) as an adjunct during bladder neck transection (BNT) by comparing surgical outcomes with other types of tissue interposition. METHODS: A prospectively maintained institutional database of exstrophy-epispadias complex (EEC) patients was reviewed for those who underwent a BNT with at least 6 months follow-up. The primary outcome was the occurrence of BNT-related fistulas. RESULTS: In total, 147 EEC patients underwent a BNT with a mean follow-up time of 6.9 years (range 0.52-23.35 years). There were 124 (84.4%) classic exstrophy patients, 22 (15.0%) cloacal exstrophy patients, and 1 (0.7%) penopubic epispadias patient. A total of 12 (8.2%) BNTs resulted in fistulization, including 4 vesicoperineal fistulas, 7 vesicourethral fistulas, and 1 vesicovaginal fistula. There were 5 (22.7%) fistulas in the cloacal exstrophy cohort and 7 (5.6%) fistulas in the classic bladder exstrophy cohort (P = .019). Using either HAD or native tissue flaps resulted in a lower fistulization rate than using no interposed layers (5.8% vs 20.8%; P = .039). Of those with HAD, the use of a fibrin sealant did not decrease fistulization rates when compared to HAD alone (6.5% vs 8.8%, P = .695). There was no statistical difference in surgical complications between the use of HAD and native flaps (8.6% vs 5%, P = .716). CONCLUSION: Use of soft tissue flaps and HAD is associated with decreased fistulization rates after BNT. HAD is a simple option and an effective adjunct that does not require harvesting of tissues in patients where a native flap is not feasible.
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Dermis Acelular , Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/cirugía , Perineo , Enfermedades Uretrales/prevención & control , Fístula de la Vejiga Urinaria/prevención & control , Fístula Vesicovaginal/prevención & control , Adolescente , Adulto , Extrofia de la Vejiga/complicaciones , Niño , Preescolar , Epispadias/complicaciones , Femenino , Adhesivo de Tejido de Fibrina/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/prevención & control , Estudios Retrospectivos , Colgajos Quirúrgicos , Adhesivos Tisulares/uso terapéutico , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Fístula de la Vejiga Urinaria/etiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Cloacal exstrophy (CE) is a severe midline congenital abnormality that requires numerous surgical corrections to achieve an acceptable quality of life. Candidates for urinary continence undergo multiple procedures, most often continent bladder diversions, to become socially dry. Here, the authors investigate the number of genitourinary interventions that patients with CE undergo to attain urinary continence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database of 1311 exstrophy epispadias complex patients was performed. Patients with CE who have had at least one continence procedure were included. A continence procedure was defined as bladder neck reconstruction with or without augmentation, bladder neck transection with continent urinary diversion, augmentation cystoplasty, or use of injectable bulking agents. Continence was defined as a dry interval greater than 3 hours without leakage at night. RESULTS: In total, 140 CE and CE variant patients have been managed at the authors' institution. Of the 116 CE patients, 59 received at least one continence procedure, 14 were excluded for incontinent diversion or cystectomy, and the remaining 43 patients are awaiting a continence procedure. At the time of analysis, 42 (71%) patients who underwent a continence procedure were dry. The median number of total urologic procedures to reach urinary continence was 4 (range 2-10). This included 1 bladder closure (range 1-3), 2 urinary continence procedures (range 1-4), and 1 (range 0-4) "other" genitourinary procedures. The median time to urinary continence was 11.0 years (95% CI [9.2-14.2]). CONCLUSIONS: A majority of CE patients who undergo a diversion procedure can achieve urinary continence. However multiple continence procedures are likely necessary. Of patients who are candidates for a continence procedure, half will be continent by the age of 11. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level IV, Case series with no comparison group.
Asunto(s)
Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Epispadias/cirugía , Incontinencia Urinaria/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Urológicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the causes of re-augmentation in patients with classic bladder exstrophy (CBE). METHODS: A prospectively maintained institutional database of 1327 exstrophy-epispadias complex patients was reviewed for patients with CBE who underwent more than 1 augmentation cystoplasty (AC) procedure. Data regarding bladder capacities, complications following AC, and reasons for re-augmentation were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 166 patients with CBE underwent AC. Of these, 67 (40.4%) were included in the control group and 17 (10%) patients underwent a re-augmentation. There were several indications for re-augmentation including continued small bladder capacity (17 of 17), inadequate bladder necks (8 of 17), failed rattail augmentation (2 of 17), stomal incontinence (1 of 17), a urethrocutaneous fistula (1 of 17), and an hourglass augmentation (1 of 17). Of note, 5 of the 17 patients (29%) had a re-augmentation procedure with a ureteral reimplantation. The sigmoid colon was the most commonly used bowel segment in the failed initial AC (8 patients), whereas the ileum was the most commonly used segment during re-augmentation (12 patients). In the re-augmentation cohort, the mean amount of bowel used during the first AC procedure was 12 cm (standard deviation [SD] 3.6) compared with 19 cm (SD 5.0) during re-augmentation. The mean amount of bowel used for control group augmentations was 20.8 cm (SD 4). The mean re-augmentation preoperative bladder capacity of 100 mL (SD 60) immediately increased after re-augmentation to 180.8 mL (SD 56.4) (P = .0001). CONCLUSION: Bladder re-augmentation is most commonly required in the setting of a small bladder capacity after an initial AC, when an insufficient amount of bowel is used during the first AC procedure.
Asunto(s)
Extrofia de la Vejiga/cirugía , Colon/trasplante , Íleon/trasplante , Reoperación , Vejiga Urinaria/patología , Vejiga Urinaria/cirugía , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Tamaño de los Órganos , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/cirugía , Procedimientos de Cirugía Plástica , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Successful bladder closure in cloacal exstrophy (CE) is best accomplished through a multidisciplinary team and attention to pre- and postoperative technique. This study from a high volume exstrophy center investigates outcomes and complications of primary and reoperative bladder closures in patients immobilized with spica cast or patients with external fixation (EF) and skin traction. METHODS: The authors reviewed an institutionally approved and daily updated database of 1311 patients with exstrophy-epispadias complex and identified patients with cloacal exstrophy born between 1975 and 2015 who had undergone primary or reoperative bladder closures. Only the closures that used spica casting or external fixation were included for analysis. Demographic, operative, and outcomes data were compared between patients with spica cast only and patients with external fixation and skin traction. RESULTS: Out of 140 patients with CE or a CE variant, a total of 71 patients with 94 bladder closures (66 primary and 28 reoperative) met inclusion criteria. Median follow-up time was 8.8 years (range 1.5-29.1). There were 37 closures performed at the authors' institution and 58 from outside hospitals. Pelvic osteotomy was undertaken in 66 (70.2%) of all closures, and in 36 (97.3%) of closures at the authors' institution. Postoperative immobilization was achieved with spica cast alone in 46 (48.9%) closures, external fixation and skin traction in 43 (45.7%), and spica cast and external fixation in 5 (5.3%) closures. For all closures, there were 33 failures (71.7%) among those immobilized with spica cast alone versus 4 failures (9.3%) for those immobilized with external fixation and skin traction (p<0.001). When restricted to closures performed with osteotomy, the failure rates were 50.0% and 9.3% respectively (p=0.002). There was minimal differences in complication rates between spica and external fixation groups (8.7% versus 23.3%, p=0.059). CONCLUSION: Failure of CE closure can occur with any form of pelvic and lower extremity immobilization. This study, however, provides continued evidence that external fixation with skin traction is an optimal, secure technique (3.8% failure rate) for postoperative management in an older child (1-2 years). LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, Retrospective comparative study STUDY TYPE: Therapeutic study.