Frailty is a better predictor than age for outcomes in geriatric patients with rectal cancer undergoing proctectomy.

BACKGROUND: Both frailty and older age are risk factors for adverse surgical outcomes. We hypothesized that frailty, regardless of patient age, is a predictor of poor postoperative outcome among patients with rectal cancer undergoing proctectomy. METHODS: Patients with primary rectal cancer undergoing proctectomy between 2012 to 2015 were identified in the database of the National Quality Improvement Program. The simplified, 5-item frailty index was grouped into 0, 1, 2, and ≥3. Outcomes were morbidity and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: This study involved 9,252 patients from the National Quality Improvement Program database. Increasingly frail patients had greater morbidity and mortality (P < .001). Logistic regression revealed that frailty was a predictor of morbidity (odds ratio = 6.7, P < .0001); in contrast, older age was not associated with morbidity when adjusting for frailty (odds ratio = 1.2, P = .14). Both older age and frailty were associated with greater mortality, with frailty (odds ratio = 20.8, P < .0001) more so than older age (odds ratio = 10.3, P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Frailty was more strongly associated with morbidity and mortality than older age in patients undergoing proctectomy. Surgical options can be expanded to older patients with the use of simplified, 5-item frailty index as a decision-making tool.

Cervical rib variant: report of a case.

It is taught that, when a cervical rib is present, the subclavian vessels and brachial plexus always arch over it. The present case reemphasizes that the brachial plexus may be split by the cervical rib.

Annular pancreas and intermittent duodenal obstruction in an alcoholic adult.

Annular pancreas is a congenital anomaly which, though present at birth, may cause few symptoms until adulthood. A case of annular pancreas with intermittent duodenal obstruction is described in a 49-year-old alcoholic man. Few other entities cause such obstruction. In similar cases, clinical suspicion of annular pancreas may lead to prompt diagnosis and treatment.

Experiences with laser bronchoscopy.

Laser bronchoscopy was performed 87 times in 58 patients over a three-year period at Wilkes-Barre General Hospital. Fifty-six patients (97 percent) had malignant disease, including bronchogenic carcinoma (46), metastatic neoplasm to bronchus or lung (eight), or direct extension of esophageal carcinoma (two); benign pathology included tracheal papillomatosis (one) and granulation tissue (one). Eighty-six percent of tumors were proximally located (trachea, carina, mainstem bronchi). A standardized procedure utilizing both rigid and flexible bronchoscopy and the Nd:YAG laser was employed, with two deaths (2.3 percent) and eight complications (9.2 percent). Results were good or excellent in all five patients treated for bleeding and in 68 of 82 patients (83 percent) treated for obstruction. The patient with an obstructing or bleeding endobronchial lesion can achieve palliation through Nd:YAG laser bronchoscopic resection.

Three decades of treatment of esophageal squamous carcinoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital.

Seven hundred one patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus who were treated between 1950 and 1979 were retrospectively studied. The percentage of male patients decreased over the three decades (80% to 69%); the proportion of cigarette and alcohol abusers doubled. The esophageal carcinoma was located as follows: upper third, 24.7%; middle third, 52.8%, and lower third, 22.5%. There was disparity in clinical, surgical, and pathologic staging. More than two thirds of the patients thought to have stage II lesions preoperatively proved to have stage III lesions on pathologic examination; nearly one half of patients thought to have stage II disease intraoperatively were found to have pathologic stage III lesions. This "upgrading" of stage was chiefly a result of histologic recognition of nodal metastasis or extension of carcinoma into surrounding tissues. Operation was performed in 411 cases (58.6%) and resection was performed in 261 (37.2% overall). The postoperative death rate after resection fell from 30.5% in the 1950s to 10.4% in the 1970s, with respiratory complications the predominant cause of death. Analyses were based on treatment directed at the carcinoma itself: radiotherapy, 340 cases (48.5%); resection, 176 cases (25.1%); resection plus radiotherapy, 85 cases (12.1%); no definitive treatment, 100 cases (14.3%). Overall survival for the 701 patients was 13% at 2 years and 6% at 5 years (mean survival, 16.4 months); this did not differ by decade. Survival clearly differed by treatment (p = 0.001); resection plus radiotherapy provided the best survival (35% at 2 years; 20% at 5 years; mean of 32.5 months) followed by resection (18% at 2 years; 7% at 5 years; mean of 17.5 months), radiotherapy (9% at 2 years; 3% at 5 years; mean of 12.7 months), and no treatment (0% at 2 years; 0% at 5 years; mean of 2.5 months). Survival in patients who did not have resection did not differ by decade but survival in patients with resections improved in the last two decades. Patients with pathologic stage II lesions had greatly improved survival (54% at 2 years; 25% at 5 years; mean of 42.7 months) compared with patients with stage III disease (12% at 2 years; 6% at 5 years; (mean of 15.1 months) (p = 0.001).

Lung cancer with skin metastasis.

Cutaneous metastasis from lung cancer is rare, but physicians should understand its significance. We treated eight such patients during a 30-month period at Wilkes-Barre (Pa) General Hospital. The seven men and one woman ranged in age from 46 to 72 years (mean, 59 years). In three, the skin lesion was the first manifestation of the underlying cancer and in another three, it was found coincident with the lung mass. Pathologic findings included small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma in four patients, squamous cell carcinoma in three patients, and large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma in one patient. Seven of the eight primary lung lesions were in the upper lobes. Six patients had clinically occult visceral metastases at the time of skin biopsy. Only one patient survived more than six months following skin metastasis. Biopsy specimens must be taken from all new skin lesions, particularly in patients who smoke or who already have a history of lung cancer.

Surgery in centenarians.

Surgical problems do not end on a person's centennial, and as our overall population ages, physicians will see increasing numbers of these most senior citizens requiring surgery. Accordingly, the records of all century-old patients who have undergone surgery at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the years 1979 to 1983 were reviewed. Three men and three women ranged in age from 100 to 104 years at the time of surgery. One patient experienced complications, but all survived their operation and lived one to two years afterward. The centenarian has already been tested by life and found exceptionally fit. Selectivity and meticulous attention to detail remain paramount in treating these patients, but elective surgery should not be deferred, nor emergency surgery denied the centenarian on the basis of chronologic age.

Substernal goiter.

The literature on substernal goiter from the seventeenth century to the present is reviewed. Substernal goiter may be defined as any thyroid enlargement that has its greater mass inferior to the thoracic inlet. Truly ectopic mediastinal goiters are rare, and most substernal goiters arise from and maintain some attachment to the cervical thyroid gland. Patients are generally in the fifth decade of life, and women predominate. Most patients experience dyspnea, stridor, or dysphagia, but 15 to 50% are asymptomatic; symptoms are often positional, and acute stridor may occur. Ten to twenty percent have no cervical mass or tracheal deviation on examination, and virtually all patients are euthyroid. Standard chest roentgenograms are often diagnostic, but computed tomographic or radioactive iodine scans may be helpful. The presence of a substernal goiter in all but the highest-risk patients is an indication for resection, usually through a cervical collar incision; an occasional patient will require sternotomy or thoracotomy. Death or major complications should be rare postoperatively. Substernal goiters are adenomatous and benign, but carcinoma occurs in 2 to 3% and may be occult. Patients should be followed closely, as these goiters may recur.

Substernal goiter. Analysis of 80 patients from Massachusetts General Hospital.

Eighty patients at the Massachusetts General Hospital underwent resection of substernal goiter in the years 1976 to 1982. Mean age of the 50 women and 30 men was 56 years, and 10 (19 percent) had undergone prior thyroid surgery. The most common symptoms were cervical mass (69 percent), dysphagia (33 percent), and dyspnea (28 percent); 13 percent were asymptomatic. On examination, cervical mass was present in most (90 percent) but not all patients, 51 percent were obese, and more than one third had tracheal deviation. Fifty-one of 52 patients tested were euthyroid and one was mildly hypothyroid. Chest radiographs showed tracheal deviation in 79 percent and soft tissue mass in 56 percent. Seventy-eight patients underwent resection through a cervical collar incision only; one had cervical incision plus upper partial sternotomy; and one required cervical incision plus full median sternotomy. Pathologic examination revealed multinodular goiter in 41 (51 percent), follicular adenoma in 35 (44 percent), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 4 (5 percent). Mean goiter weight was 104 g, and the mean greatest dimension was 9 cm. Occult papillary carcinoma was found in two patients. There were no deaths or major complications. Analysis of our data indicate the following: (1) Substernal goiter may exist in the absence of symptoms or signs. (2) Extensive radiologic evaluation and thyroid function testing are rarely required. (3) With rare exceptions, substernal goiter represents an extension of a cervical growth through the thoracic inlet and can be approached through a cervical collar incision. (4) Histologically, these are multinodular goiters or follicular adenomas, although Hashimoto's thyroiditis may occur. (5) Given the small but present risks of acute stridor or occult malignancy and the negligible surgical risk, operation should be recommended. (6) Patients should be followed since, with or without levothyroxine, goiters may recur.

Clostridium septicum infection and malignancy.

Evidence mounts favoring the relationship, albeit unexplained, between Clostridium septicum infection and malignancy, particularly hematologic or intestinal malignancy. Seven patients with C. septicum gangrene or sepsis have been treated at the Massachusetts General Hospital in the years 1977-79. All of these patients have had associated malignant disease: four patients had colon adenocarcinomas, two patients had acute myeloblastic leukemias, and one patient had breast carcinoma. In six of the seven patients, the malignancy was in an advanced state; the breast carcinoma showed no evidence of recurrence after mastectomy, 17 years earlier. A bowel portal of entry is postulated in five patients. Despite prompt use of appropriate antibiotics, the only survivors were two of the four patients who underwent early extensive debridement. These results suggest that, in the patient with C. septicum infection, malignancy should be sought; that, in the septic patient with known malignancy, C. septicum should be considered; and that, in the absence of external source in the patient with clostridial myonecrosis or sepsis, the cecum or distal ileum should be considered a likely site of infection. Increased awareness of this association between C. septicum and malignancy, and aggressive surgical treatment, may result in improvement in the present 50-70% mortality rate.

Severe low-pressure cuff tracheal injury in burn patients.

Two cases are presented of severe tracheal damage secondary to low-pressure high-volume endotracheal tube cuffs monitored carefully against over-inflation. Our patients' findings suggest that in the presence of tracheal inhalation injury or severe tracheal infection strict monitoring of pressures, though essential, does not preclude tracheal trauma from a low-pressure cuff, trauma to a degree generally ascribed only to high-pressure "stiff" cuffs. There is probably no arbitrarily safe level of cuff pressure in these patients; any amount of pressure is likely to further harm the tracheal wall and must be weighed into the risk-benefit equation for prolonged intubation.

Operative correction of pectus excavatum: an evolving perspective.

From 1949 to 1975, 220 children have undergone surgical reconstruction of pectus excavatum using a variety of operations on our Pediatric Surgical Service. The first 183 were previously reported and have had subsequent, careful followup evaluation. From 1970 to 1975, an identifiable group of 45 children had a standard operation, a modified Ravitch repair, with the addition of a three-point or tripod internal fixation technique for support of the sternum. These children have all obtained satisfactory reconstruction without prosthetic support of any kind. We have thus avoided the possible danger of foreign material within the chest and have obviated the need for another procedure to remove a supporting stent. The two groups have been analyzed and compared with respect to age distribution, postoperative complications and end results to see if we could detect any trends in the evolving management of children with this condition. The main indications for surgical correction remain cosmetic and postural. Specific trends which have emerged from our experience include an increased percentage of patients between 3 and 8 years of age (average 5.8 years); a decreased need for blood transfusion (10%); a near resolution of postoperative seromas with the use of substernal and subcutaneous suction drains; and in the last 45 children, a 100% excellent or acceptable result to date. We feel that age selection is an important factor in the improved operative result and in the emotional impact on these young patients. Eighty per cent of the children in the recent series were between 3 and 8 years of age at the time of repair. On the basis of this experience, we now feel confident in recommending our standardized operation for pectus excavatum at an elective age of 4 to 6 years.