Subtle Radiographic Progression at Six Months Can Be Detected Using Automated Quantitative Software in Rheumatoid Arthritis While Receiving Tocilizumab.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether our in-house software equipped with partial image phase-only correlation (PIPOC) can detect subtle radiographic joint space narrowing (JSN) progression at six months and predict JSN progression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients receiving Tocilizumab. METHODS: The study included 39 RA patients who were treated with Tocilizumab. Radiological progression of the metacarpophalangeal and the proximal interphalangeal joints was evaluated according to the Genant-modified Sharp score (GSS) at 0, 6, and 12 months. Automatic measurements were performed with the software. We validated the software in terms of accuracy in detecting the JSN progression. RESULTS: The success rate of the software for joint space width (JSW) measurement was 96.8% (449/464). The 0-12-month JSW change by the software was significantly greater in joints with the 0-6-month PIPOC (+) group than the 0-6-month PIPOC (-) group (p < 0.001). The 0-12-month JSW change by the software was 0-12-month GSS (+) than with 0-12-month GSS (-) (p = 0.02). Here, "(+)" indicates the JSN progression during the follow-up period. Meanwhile, "(-)" indicates no JSN progression during the follow-up period. Linear regression tests showed significant correlations between the 0-6-month and the 0-12-month PIPOC in the left 2nd and 3rd MCP joints (R2 = 0.554 and 0.420, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our in-house software equipped with PIPOC could predict subsequent JSN progression with only short-term observations.

Itaconate reduces proliferation and migration of fibroblast-like synoviocytes and ameliorates arthritis models.

Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) play critical roles in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Itaconate (ITA), an endogenous metabolite derived from the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, has attracted attention because of its anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antimicrobial effects. This study evaluated the effect of ITA on FLS and its potential to treat RA. ITA significantly decreased FLS proliferation and migration in vitro, as well as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis measured by an extracellular flux analyzer. ITA accumulates metabolites including succinate and citrate in the TCA cycle. In rats with type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), intra-articular injection of ITA reduced arthritis and bone erosion. Irg1-deficient mice lacking the ability to produce ITA had more severe arthritis than control mice in the collagen antibody induced arthritis. ITA ameliorated CIA by inhibiting FLS proliferation and migration. Thus, ITA may be a novel therapeutic agent for RA.

Effectiveness of intravenous methylprednisolone pulse in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two different intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP) pulse doses in patients with severe microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). METHODS: We emulated a target trial using observational data from the nationwide registry in Japan. Patients with severe glomerulonephritis or diffuse alveolar haemorrhage were selected and pseudo-randomised into three groups using propensity score-based overlap weighting as follows: non-IVMP, IVMP 0.5 g/day, and IVMP 1.0 g/day. The primary outcome was all-cause death, and the secondary outcomes were composite all-cause death and kidney failure, severe relapse, and serious infection from 2 to 48 weeks after treatment initiation. To estimate the treatment effects, the Cox proportional hazard model and Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard model were used. RESULTS: In this emulated target trial, of 201 eligible patients (MPA, 175; GPA, 26), 6 (2.8%) died, 4 (2.0%) had kidney failure, 11 (5.3%) had severe relapse, and 40 (19.8%) had severe infections. Hazard ratios (HR) for IVMP 0.5 g/day and IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse groups compared with non-IVMP pulse were as follows: all-cause death = 0.46 (95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 0.07-2.81) and 0.07 (95%CI: 0.01-0.41); all-cause death/kidney failure = 1.18 (95%CI: 0.26-5.31) and 0.59 (95%CI: 0.08-4.52); subdistribution HRs for severe relapse = 1.26 (95%CI: 0.12-13.70) and 3.36 (95%CI: 0.49-23.29); and serious infection = 1.88 (95%CI: 0.76-4.65) and 0.94 (95%CI: 0.28-3.13). CONCLUSIONS: IVMP 1.0 g/day pulse may improve 48-week mortality in patients with severe MPA/GPA.

Preliminary Investigation of a Rapid and Feasible Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Method for the Real-Time Estimation of Blood Pazopanib Concentrations.

Pazopanib is a multi-kinase inhibitor used to treat advanced/metastatic renal cell carcinoma and advanced soft tissue tumors; however, side effects such as diarrhea and hypertension have been reported, and dosage adjustment based on drug concentration in the blood is necessary. However, measuring pazopanib concentrations in blood using the existing methods is time-consuming; and current dosage adjustments are made using the results of blood samples taken at the patient's previous hospital visit (approximately a month prior). If the concentration of pazopanib could be measured during the waiting period for a doctor's examination at the hospital (in approximately 30 min), the dosage could be adjusted according to the patient's condition on that day. Therefore, we aimed to develop a method for rapidly measuring blood pazopanib concentrations (in approximately 25 min) using common analytical devices (a tabletop centrifuge and a spectrometer). This method allowed for pazopanib quantification in the therapeutic concentration range (25-50 µg/mL). Additionally, eight popular concomitant medications taken simultaneously with pazopanib did not interfere with the measurements. We used the developed method to measure blood concentration in two patients and obtained similar results to those measured using the previously reported HPLC method. By integrating it with the point of care and sample collection by finger pick, this method can be used for measurements in pharmacies and patients' homes. This method can maximize the therapeutic effects of pazopanib by dose adjustment to control adverse events.

Predicting factors for omitting beta-blockers in patients with tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy after successful catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.

Tachycardia induces a reduction in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), which is defined as tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy (TIC). Conversion to and maintenance of sinus rhythm by catheter ablation can improve LVEF in patients with TIC due to atrial fibrillation (AF). Beta-blockers are mandatory for the treatment of heart failure with reduced LVEF(HFrEF), but the necessity of beta-blockers in TIC patients even after catheter ablation remains unclear. We examined the effect of beta-blockers on cardiac function in TIC patients after catheter ablation. We retrospectively analyzed 124 patients with a history of heart failure and an LVEF of ≤ 50% who underwent catheter ablation for AF. TIC was defined as a ≥ 10% improvement in the baseline LVEF and an improvement to an LVEF of ≥ 50% at 6 months after ablation. Patients with other cardiomyopathy diagnosed before the ablation were excluded. LVEF was significantly increased with the reductions of the left ventricular and left atrial volumes at the 6-month follow-up in all 80 patients with TIC. No beta-blockers were prescribed during the post-ablation follow-up in 21 patients with TIC. The absolute values of and changes in the echocardiographic parameters between before and after ablation were not significantly different between patients with and without beta-blockers after the ablation. A simple score using the history of hospitalization for heart failure and use of beta-blockers or diuretics prior to ablation was useful in identifying TIC patients who did not need prescription of beta-blockers after catheter ablation. LVEF similarly improved in both patients with and without prescription of beta-blockers after the ablation. Beta-blockers may not need to be prescribed after successful catheter ablation for AF in LVEF of ≤ 50% patients without other cause of cardiomyopathy diagnosed before the ablation, a history of hospitalization for heart failure and prescription of beta-blockers and diuretics before the ablation.

Predictor of A4 amplitude using preprocedural electrocardiography in patients with leadless pacemakers.

BACKGROUND: Based on historical studies of leadless pacemakers (LPs), high atrioventricular synchrony (AVS) with mechanical sensing-based VDD pacing is largely influenced by A4 amplitude. A limited study investigated the predictors of A4 amplitude using clinical and echocardiographic parameters. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of A4 amplitude preoperatively to select patients who could benefit the most from AVS among patients with VDD LPs (Micra-AV, Medtronic). METHODS: Data from patients who received Micra-AV implantations from November 2021 to August 2023 at Tottori University Hospital were analyzed. Twelve-lead electrocardiography and transthoracic echocardiography were performed before the Micra-AV implantations. To assess the electrical indices associated with the A4 signal, electrocardiographic morphologic P-wave parameters were analyzed, including P-wave duration, P-wave amplitude, maximum deflection index (MDI), and P-wave dispersion. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients who underwent Micra-AV implantations (median age 84 years; 64% male) were included and divided into 2 groups based on the median value of A4 amplitude, the high-A4 group (A4 amplitude >2.5 m/s2; n = 26), and low-A4 group (A4 amplitude ≤2.5 m/s2; n = 24). There was a significant difference between the high-A4 and low-A4 groups with regard to left ventricular ejection fraction (P = .01), P-wave dispersion (P = .01), and MDI (P <.001). Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that lower MDI was an independent predictor of high A4-amplitude (odds ratio 0.78; 95% confidence interval 0.67-0.92; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Preoperative electrocardiographic evaluations of P-wave morphology may be useful for predicting A4 amplitude. MDI was the only independent A4 amplitude predictor that seemed promising for selecting Micra-AV patients.

Optimal Dose of Intravenous Cyclophosphamide during remission induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: a retrospective cohort study of J-CANVAS.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the optimal dose of intravenous cyclophosphamide (IVCY) for induction therapy for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We retrospectively assessed patients with AAV who received IVCY every 2-3 weeks during the remission induction phase. The associations of the IVCY dose with infection-free survival and relapse-free survival were analysed using a Cox regression model. We compared patients in three categories: very low-dose (VLD), low-dose (LD), and conventional dose (CD) (<7.5 mg/kg, 7.5-12.5 mg/kg, and >12.5 mg/kg, respectively). The non-linear association between IVCY dose and the outcomes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Of the 80 patients (median age 72 years), 12, 42, and 26 underwent the VLD, LD, and CD regimens, respectively, of whom 4, 3, and 7 developed infection or died. The adjusted hazard ratios for infection or death were 4.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.94-19.8) for VLD and 5.1 (95% CI 1.21-21.3) for CD, compared with LD. We found the hazard ratio for infection or death increased when the initial IVCY dose exceeded 9 mg/kg. Relapse-free survival did not differ clearly. CONCLUSION: Low-dose IVCY (7.5-12.5 mg/kg) may result in fewer infections and similar relapse rates compared with the conventional regimen (>12.5 mg/kg).

The chest CT signs for pulmonary veno-occlusive disease correlate with pulmonary haemodynamics in systemic sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with systemic sclerosis (PAH-SSc) sometimes accompanies pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD). We aimed to reveal the relation between clinical signs of PVOD and severing of pulmonary vasculopathy in SSc. METHODS: This study comprised 52 consecutive SSc patients who had pulmonary haemodynamic abnormalities (mPAP > 20 mmHg, PVR > 2 W.U. or PAWP > 15 mmHg). The chest CT scan was evaluated in all patients. Patients were divided into two groups, the 0-1 group and the 2-3 group, according to the number of chest CT signs for PVOD, including 1) mediastinal lymph node enlargement, 2) thickened interlobular septal wall, and 3) ground glass opacity. Pulmonary haemodynamics, echocardiography and MRI-based cardiac function, pulmonary function, and serum biomarkers were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Mediastinal lymph node enlargement, thickened interlobular septal wall, and ground glass opacity were observed in 11 (21%), 32 (62%), and 11 (21%) patients, respectively. The 2-3 group (n = 15) had higher mPAP (p= 0.02) while lower DLco/VA (p= 0.02) compared with the 0-1 group (n = 37). Other parameters, including PAWP, cardiac output, left ventricular ejection fraction, left atrial diameter, forced vital capacity, brain natriuretic peptide, and Krebs von den Lunge-6 were not different between the two groups. CONCLUSION: The CT signs for PVOD had positive correlation with mPAP but negative correlation with DLco in SSc patients, indicating that PAH-SSc may reflect a spectrum of pulmonary vascular disease that ranges from the pulmonary artery to the vein.

COVID-19-Triggered Acute Liver Failure and Rhabdomyolysis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

COVID-19 is primarily known for its respiratory tract involvement, often leading to severe pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying diseases. However, emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 can result in multiorgan failure, affecting organs beyond the respiratory system. We present the case of a 62-year-old male with COVID-19 who developed acute liver failure (ALF) and rhabdomyolysis in the absence of respiratory failure. Initially, the patient presented with significantly elevated aspartate transaminase (5398 U/L) and alanine transaminase (2197 U/L) levels. Furthermore, a prolonged prothrombin time international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.33 indicated the diagnosis of ALF without hepatic coma, according to Japanese diagnostic criteria. The patient also exhibited elevated creatine kinase (9498 U/L) and a mild increase in creatinine (1.25 mg/dL) levels, but both values improved with intravenous fluid support and molnupiravir administration. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case presenting with both ALF and rhabdomyolysis associated with COVID-19. In addition, we review the existing literature to summarize previously reported cases of ALF triggered by SARS-CoV-2. This case report underscores the significance of recognizing COVID-19 as a significant contributing factor in the development of multiorgan failure. Furthermore, it suggests that COVID-19 can lead to severe illness, irrespective of the absence of respiratory failure.

Seasonal Influence on Development of Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted at Multiple Institutions in Japan (J-CANVAS).

OBJECTIVE: To clarify seasonal and other environmental effects on the onset of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). METHODS: We enrolled patients with new-onset eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) registered in the database of a Japanese multicenter cohort study. We investigated the relationship between environmental factors and clinical characteristics. Seasons were divided into 4 (spring, summer, autumn, and winter), and the seasonal differences in AAV onset were analyzed using Pearson chi-square test, with an expected probability of 25% for each season. RESULTS: A total of 454 patients were enrolled, with a mean age of 70.9 years and a female proportion of 55.5%. Overall, 74, 291, and 89 patients were classified as having EGPA, MPA, and GPA, respectively. Positivity for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA and proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA was observed in 355 and 46 patients, respectively. Overall, the seasonality of AAV onset significantly deviated from the expected 25% for each season (P = 0.001), and its onset was less frequently observed in autumn. In ANCA serotypes, seasonality was significant in patients with MPO-ANCA (P < 0.001), but not in those with PR3-ANCA (P = 0.97). Additionally, rural residency of patients with AAV was associated with PR3-ANCA positivity and biopsy-proven pulmonary vasculitis. CONCLUSION: The onset of AAV was influenced by seasonal variations and was less frequently observed in autumn. In contrast, the occurrence of PR3-ANCA was triggered, not by season, but by rural residency.

Dynamics of corticocortical brain functional connectivity relevant to therapeutic response to biologics in inflammatory arthritis.

Aberrant functional connectivity (FC) of the brain regions, evaluated by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), affects clinical courses in inflammatory arthritis (IA). The static analysis methods would be simplistic to estimate the whole picture of resting-state brain function because blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signals fluctuate over time. The effects of FC dynamics on clinical course are unknown in IA. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate dynamic FC for therapeutic responsiveness to biologics in IA patients. We analyzed resting-state fMRI data of 64 IA patients in 2 cohorts. Dynamic FC was derived as a correlation coefficient of the windowed BOLD signal time series. We determined representative whole-brain dynamic FC patterns by k-means++ cluster analysis, leading to 4 distinct clusters. In the first cohort, occurrence probability of the distinct cluster was associated with favorable therapeutic response in disease activity and patients' global assessment, which was validated by the second cohort. The whole-brain FC of the distinct cluster indicated significantly increased corticocortical connectivity, and probabilistically decreased after therapy in treatment-effective patients compared with -ineffective patients. Taken together, frequent emergence of corticocortical connections was associated with clinical outcomes in IA. The coherence of corticocortical interactions might affect pain modulation, possibly relevant to therapeutic satisfaction.

Clinical and Hemodynamic Responses to Imatinib in Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease/Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis: A Retrospective Pilot Study of Five Cases and Review of the Literature.

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) and pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) are rare types of pulmonary arterial hypertension with dismal prognoses; there is no established medical treatment for these conditions. Possible efficacy of imatinib against these conditions has been reported in 15 cases; however, how and in whom imatinib is effective remain unknown. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated clinical data from consecutive patients with PVOD/PCH treated with imatinib at our institution. The diagnosis of PVOD/PCH was established using the following criteria: pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension; diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide < 60%; and two or more high-resolution computed tomography findings of interlobular septal thickening, centrilobular opacities, and mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The dose of pulmonary vasodilators remained unchanged during the assessment of imatinib. RESULTS: The medical records of five patients with PVOD/PCH were reviewed. The patients were aged 67 ± 13 years, their diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide was 29 ± 8%, and their mean pulmonary artery pressure was 40 ± 7 mmHg. Imatinib was administered at 50-100 mg/day; consequently, the World Health Organization functional class improved in one patient. In addition, imatinib improved the arterial oxygen partial pressure in this and another patient (these two also experienced a decreased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance after imatinib usage). CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that imatinib improves the clinical condition, including pulmonary hemodynamics, of some patients with PVOD/PCH. In addition, patients with a certain high-resolution computed tomography pattern or PCH-dominant vasculopathy may respond favorably to imatinib.

Association between hypogammaglobulinaemia and severe infections during induction therapy in ANCA-associated vasculitis: from J-CANVAS study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between decreased serum IgG levels caused by remission-induction immunosuppressive therapy of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) and the development of severe infections. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with new-onset or severe relapsing AAV enrolled in the J-CANVAS registry, which was established at 24 referral sites in Japan. The minimum serum IgG levels up to 24 weeks and the incidence of severe infection up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation were evaluated. After multiple imputations for all explanatory variables, we performed the multivariate analysis using a Fine-Gray model to assess the association between low IgG (the minimum IgG levels <500 mg/dl) and severe infections. In addition, the association was expressed as a restricted cubic spline (RCS) and analysed by treatment subgroups. RESULTS: Of 657 included patients (microscopic polyangiitis, 392; granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 139; eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, 126), 111 (16.9%) developed severe infections. The minimum serum IgG levels were measured in 510 patients, of whom 77 (15.1%) had low IgG. After multiple imputations, the confounder-adjusted hazard ratio of low IgG for the incidence of severe infections was 1.75 (95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.00). The RCS revealed a U-shaped association between serum IgG levels and the incidence of severe infection with serum IgG 946 mg/dl as the lowest point. Subgroup analysis showed no obvious heterogeneity between treatment regimens. CONCLUSION: Regardless of treatment regimens, low IgG after remission-induction treatment was associated with the development of severe infections up to 48 weeks after treatment initiation.

Quantitative determination of plasma cabozantinib concentration using HPLC-UV and its application to patients with renal cell carcinoma.

Cabozantinib is an oral small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has become a standard of care for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, cabozantinib is associated with a high rate of adverse events. Therefore, individualised cabozantinib administration and monitoring could help maximise its therapeutic efficacy and avoid serious adverse events. This study developed and validated a method to determine cabozantinib concentration in plasma using HPLC-UV. Sorafenib, an internal standard, was added to the plasma sample containing cabozantinib. A calibration curve for cabozantinib showed good linearity (R2 = 1.00), between 25 and 4,000 ng/ml. The recovery rate was above 92.1%, and the intra- and inter-day coefficients of variation were smaller than 5.2 and 6.8%, respectively. Then, we applied the method for monitoring cabozantinib blood levels in three patients with advanced RCC who were taking cabozantinib at a dose of 20, 40 or 60 mg/day. Grade 3 adverse events were more likely to occur in patients with high dosing and blood level of cabozantinib. Owing to its simplicity, the developed method can be used in general hospitals, and is expected to help maximise drug efficacy and minimise serious adverse events in many patients with RCC undergoing cabozantinib treatment.

Itaconate ameliorates autoimmunity by modulating T cell imbalance via metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming.

Dysregulation of Th17 and Treg cells contributes to the pathophysiology of many autoimmune diseases. Herein, we show that itaconate, an immunomodulatory metabolite, inhibits Th17 cell differentiation and promotes Treg cell differentiation by orchestrating metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming. Mechanistically, itaconate suppresses glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells. Following treatment with itaconate, the S-adenosyl-L-methionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio and 2-hydroxyglutarate levels are decreased by inhibiting the synthetic enzyme activities in Th17 and Treg cells, respectively. Consequently, these metabolic changes are associated with altered chromatin accessibility of essential transcription factors and key gene expression in Th17 and Treg cell differentiation, including decreased RORγt binding at the Il17a promoter. The adoptive transfer of itaconate-treated Th17-polarizing T cells ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These results indicate that itaconate is a crucial metabolic regulator for Th17/Treg cell balance and could be a potential therapeutic agent for autoimmune diseases.

Composite with a Glassy Nonporous Coordination Polymer Enhances Gas Adsorption Selectivity.

A glass-crystal composite (g-NCP/PCP), comprising a glassy nonporous coordination polymer (g-NCP) and a crystalline porous coordination polymer (PCP)/metal-organic framework, was synthesized by using a melt-quenched method. Compared to that of the PCP itself, g-NCP/PCP has an enhanced gas adsorption selectivity. The results should stimulate further studies of the chemistry of g-NCP/PCP glass-crystal composites.

Targeted gene panel analysis of Japanese patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young-like diabetes mellitus: Roles of inactivating variants in the ABCC8 and insulin resistance genes.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: To investigate the genetic background of Japanese patients with suspected maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY). MATERIALS AND METHODS: On 340 proband patients referred from across Japan, genomic variants were analyzed using a targeted multigene panel analysis combined with the multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) analysis, mitochondrial m.3243A > G analysis and methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction of the imprinted 6q24 locus. Pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants were listed according to the 2015 American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology criteria. Additionally, variants with a population frequency <0.001 and Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion score >20 (CS >20) were listed as rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20. RESULTS: A total of 157 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants and 44 rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20 were identified. In the pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants, alterations in the GCK gene were the most common (82, 52.2%) followed by HNF1A (29, 18.5%), HNF4A (13, 8.3%) and HNF1B (13, 8.3%). One patient was a 29.5% mosaic with a truncating INSR variant. In the rare variants of uncertain significance-CS >20, 20 (45.5%) were in the genes coding for the adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel, KCNJ11 or ABCC8, and four were in the genes of the insulin-signaling pathway, INSR and PIK3R1. Four variants in ABCC8 were previously reported in patients with congenital hyperinsulinism, suggesting the inactivating nature of these variants, and at least two of our patients had a history of congenital hyperinsulinism evolving into diabetes. In two patients with INSR or PIK3R1 variants, insulin resistance was evident at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Causative genomic variants could be identified in at least 46.2% of clinically suspected MODY patients. ABCC8-MODY with inactivating variants could represent a distinct category of MODY. Genes of insulin resistance should be included in the sequencing panel for MODY.