Isoindolin-1-ones Fused to Barbiturates: From Design and Molecular Docking to Synthesis and Urease Inhibitory Evaluation.

Helicobacter pylori-induced ulcers and gastric cancer have been one of the main obstacles that the human community has ever struggled with, especially in recent decades. Several different attempts have been made to eradicate this group. One of the most widely used attempts is to inhibit the critical enzyme that facilitates its survival, the urease enzyme. Therefore, in this study, isoindolin-1-ones fused to barbiturates were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their in vitro urease inhibitory activity as novel inhibitors for the urease enzyme. The synthesis route consisted of two steps. These steps increased the yield rate and decreased the percentage of byproducts while approaching green chemistry using ethanol and water as green solvents and microwave irradiation instead of conventional methods. In vitro urease inhibitory results indicated that all the compounds had higher inhibitory activity than the standard inhibitor, thiourea, and compound 5b proved to be the most potent inhibitor (IC50 = 0.82 ± 0.03 µM). A molecular docking study was performed to understand the interaction between compounds 5a-n and Jack bean urease enzyme. The results of the molecular docking study were also in harmony with the in vitro results, which are discussed in detail later in this study.

Fullerene-based delivery systems.

With the development of new drugs, there have been many attempts to explore innovative delivery routes. Targeted delivery systems are a desired solution designed to overcome the deficiency of routine methods. To transform this idea into reality, a wide range of nanoparticles has been proposed and studied. These nanoparticles should interact well with biological environments and pass through cell membranes to deliver therapeutic molecules. One of the pioneer classes of carbon-based nanoparticles for targeted delivery is the fullerenes. Fullerenes have a unique structure and possess suitable properties for interaction with the cellular environment. This short review concentrates on newly developed fullerene derivatives and their potential as advanced delivery systems for pharmaceutical applications.