Efficacy of Autologous and Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Adults with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Despite therapeutic advances for acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with the emergence of all-trans retinoic acid, arsenic trioxide, and gemtuzumab-ozogamycin, approximately 10% of patients still experience disease relapse, typically occurring within 24 to 36 months following completion of front-line treatment. Traditionally, both allogeneic (allo) and autologous (auto) hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have been considered reasonable treatment options for relapsed APL; however, no randomized controlled studies have been conducted comparing allo-HCT and auto-HCT in patients with relapsed APL. We performed a systematic review/meta-analysis to assess the totality of evidence pertaining to allo-HCT or auto-HCT in relapsed APL. Our search identified 1158 references, of which 23 met our inclusion criteria. While acknowledging the limitations of comparing these 2 treatment modalities indirectly, based on results from separate meta-analyses, it appears that pooled rates of event-free survival (71% versus 54%), progression-free survival (63% versus 43%), and overall survival (82% versus 58%) are higher after auto-HCT. This difference can be explained in part by the higher risk of pooled nonrelapse mortality (NRM) in patients undergoing allo-HCT (29% versus 5%), owing to inherent risks associated with this modality. In the absence of a randomized prospective clinical trial comparing allo-HCT and auto-HCT, our results show that both modalities are acceptable in patients with relapsed APL. The higher pooled NRM rate with allo-HCT is an important consideration when choosing this option. Additionally, the comparable pooled relapse rate for auto-HCT and allo-HCT (24% versus 23%) provides a rationale for evaluating post-HCT consolidative strategies to mitigate this risk.

Efficacy of a Second Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplant in Relapsed Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Results of a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) remains the only known treatment modality that can offer the possibility of cure for acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Unfortunately, relapse and disease progression still occur in more than one third of cases even when patients are allografted in complete hematologic remission (CR). Treatment of AML relapsing after a first allo-HCT is particularly challenging. A second allo-HCT is offered to patients considered fit for the procedure, but reported outcomes have been conflicting. To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the totality of evidence on the role of a second allo-HCT in patients with AML, we performed a comprehensive literature search using PUBMED/MEDLINE and EMBASE on August 25, 2021, and extracted clinical outcome data relating to benefits (CR, overall survival [OS], and progression-free/disease-free survival [PFS/DFS]) and harms (acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease, non-relapse mortality [NRM], and relapse). The search identified 821 studies. Only 20 studies (n = 2772 patients) met our inclusion criteria. A second allo-HCT resulted in pooled CR, OS, PFS/DFS, NRM and relapse rates of 67%, 34%, 30%, 27%, and 51%, respectively. OS was 2-fold higher when the second allo-HCT was performed in CR (38% versus 17%) and 3-fold higher in patients who had a later relapse from the first allo-HCT (34% versus 10%). There was no apparent difference in pooled OS (hazard ratio = 1.01; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-1.31; P = .94) whether the same original donor or a different one was used. Notwithstanding several limitations apart from the high heterogeneity among included studies, this analysis shows that a second allo-HCT is a reasonable treatment option for relapsed AML. The procedure appears to be more effective when performed in CR and in patients who had a later relapse from the first allo-HCT. The high pooled relapse rates exceeding 50%, even when receiving the second allo-HCT in CR is worrisome and emphasizes the need to incorporate new therapies whether as post-transplantation maintenance or consolidation to mitigate relapse risk. This analysis was limited to patients receiving a second allo-HCT for the sole purpose of treating AML relapse. Accordingly, we caution against extrapolating these findings to other indications such as treatment of graft failure, poor graft function, or mixed donor chimerism.

Omission of day +11 methotrexate dose and allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation outcomes: results of a systematic review/meta-analysis.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) is potentially curative for patients with malignant and benign hematologic conditions. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a known complication of allo-HCT that results in significant morbidity and mortality. A common GVHD prophylaxis strategy combines a calcineurin inhibitor with methotrexate. When mucositis and organ toxicity develop, the day +11 dose is frequently omitted to limit further organ damage. The potential impact of this practice on allo-HCT outcomes is unclear as published data show conflicting results. Thus, we performed a systematic review/meta-analysis of the available literature to assess the impact of omitting day +11 methotrexate on allo-HCT recipients. Data were extracted in relation to benefits (overall survival [OS], progression-free survival [PFS]) and harms (acute and chronic GVHD, non-relapse mortality [NRM], and relapse). Pooled OS rate favored those who received day +11 methotrexate vs. those who did not (HR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.02-1.43; p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in pooled rates of PFS (HR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.60-1.52; p = 0.85), acute GVHD (HR = 1.03; 95% CI = 0.35-2.98; p = 0.96), chronic GVHD (HR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.44-1.57; p = 0.57), NRM (HR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.67-1.11; p = 0.25), and relapse (HR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.75-1.26; p = 0.83) between the two groups. Large prospective multicenter studies are needed to better define the significance of day +11 methotrexate omission.

Successful treatment of IgG4-related hypertrophic pachymeningitis with induction rituximab and dexamethasone followed by maintenance rituximab.

IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD) with intracranial involvement is rare. We report a 56-year-old male who had an excellent response to rituximab and dexamethasone after going undiagnosed for 5 years. After 3 years of rituximab maintenance, he has no evidence of disease on brain MRI.

Systemic ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with bilateral optic neurolymphomatosis resulting in permanent blindness.

ALK-positive ALCL can lead to rapid irreversible destruction of the optic pathway. Early treatment should be instituted in patients with CNS involvement or those at increased CNS risk.