ACAT2 and ABCG5/G8 are both required for efficient cholesterol absorption in mice: evidence from thoracic lymph duct cannulation.

The metabolic fate of newly absorbed cholesterol and phytosterol is orchestrated through adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter G5 and G8 heterodimer (G5G8), and acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 2 (ACAT2). We hypothesized that intestinal G5G8 limits sterol absorption by reducing substrate availability for ACAT2 esterification and have attempted to define the roles of these two factors using gene deletion studies in mice. Male ACAT2(-/-), G5G8(-/-), ACAT2(-/-)G5G8(-/-) (DKO), and wild-type (WT) control mice were fed a diet with 20% of energy as palm oil and 0.2% (w/w) cholesterol. Sterol absorption efficiency was directly measured by monitoring the appearance of [(3)H]sitosterol and [(14)C]cholesterol tracers in lymph after thoracic lymph duct cannulation. The average percentage (± SEM) absorption of [(14)C]cholesterol after 8 h of lymph collection was 40.55 ± 0.76%, 19.41 ± 1.52%, 32.13 ± 1.60%, and 21.27 ± 1.35% for WT, ACAT2(-/-), G5G8(-/-), and DKO mice, respectively. [(3)H]sitosterol absorption was <2% in WT and ACAT2(-/-) mice, whereas it was up to 6.8% in G5G8(-/-) and DKO mice. G5G8(-/-) mice also produced chylomicrons with ∼70% less cholesterol ester mass than WT mice. In contrast to expectations, the data demonstrated that the absence of G5G8 led to decreased intestinal cholesterol esterification and reduced cholesterol transport efficiency. Intestinal G5G8 appeared to limit the absorption of phytosterols; ACAT2 more efficiently esterified cholesterol than phytosterols. The data indicate that handling of sterols by the intestine involves both G5G8 and ACAT2 but that an additional factor (possibly Niemann-Pick C1-like 1) may be key in determining absorption efficiency.

Inhibition of stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 dissociates insulin resistance and obesity from atherosclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a well-known enhancer of the metabolic syndrome. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of SCD1 in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis progression. METHODS AND RESULTS: Antisense oligonucleotides were used to inhibit SCD1 in a mouse model of hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis (LDLr(-/-)Apob(100/100)). In agreement with previous reports, inhibition of SCD1 protected against diet-induced obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis. Unexpectedly, however, SCD1 inhibition strongly promoted aortic atherosclerosis, which could not be reversed by dietary oleate. Further analyses revealed that SCD1 inhibition promoted accumulation of saturated fatty acids in plasma and tissues and reduced plasma triglyceride, yet had little impact on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Because dietary saturated fatty acids have been shown to promote inflammation through toll-like receptor 4, we examined macrophage toll-like receptor 4 function. Interestingly, SCD1 inhibition resulted in alterations in macrophage membrane lipid composition and marked hypersensitivity to toll-like receptor 4 agonists. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that atherosclerosis can occur independently of obesity and insulin resistance and argues against SCD1 inhibition as a safe therapeutic target for the metabolic syndrome.

Identification of ACAT1- and ACAT2-specific inhibitors using a novel, cell-based fluorescence assay: individual ACAT uniqueness.

Acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1) and ACAT2 are enzymes responsible for the formation of cholesteryl esters in tissues. While both ACAT1 and ACAT2 are present in the liver and intestine, the cells containing either enzyme within these tissues are distinct, suggesting that ACAT1 and ACAT2 have separate functions. In this study, NBD-cholesterol was used to screen for specific inhibitors of ACAT1 and ACAT2. Incubation of AC29 cells, which do not contain ACAT activity, with NBD-cholesterol showed weak fluorescence when the compound was localized in the membrane. When AC29 cells stably transfected with either ACAT1 or ACAT2 were incubated with NBD-cholesterol, the fluorescent signal localized to the nonpolar core of cytoplasmic lipid droplets was strongly fluorescent and was correlated with two independent measures of ACAT activity. Several compounds were found to have greater inhibitory activity toward ACAT1 than ACAT2, and one compound was identified that specifically inhibits ACAT2. The demonstration of selective inhibition of ACAT1 and ACAT2 provides evidence for uniqueness in structure and function of these two enzymes. To the extent that ACAT2 is confined to hepatocytes and enterocytes, the only two cell types that secrete lipoproteins, selective inhibition of ACAT2 may prove to be most beneficial in the reduction of plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations.