Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy for Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction: Timing of the Intervention.

BACKGROUND: Based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), clinical guidelines for the treatment of space-occupying hemispheric infarct employ age (≤60 yr) and time elapsed since stroke onset (≤48 h) as decisive criteria whether to perform decompressive craniectomy (DC). However, only few patients in these RCTs underwent DC after 48 h. OBJECTIVE: To study the association between the timing of DC and (un)favorable outcome in patients with space-occupying middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarct undergoing DC. METHODS: We performed a single-center cohort study from 2007 to 2017. Unfavorable outcome at 1 yr was defined as a Glasgow outcome scale 1 to 3. Additionally, we systematically reviewed the literature up to November 2018, including studies reporting on the timing of DC and other predictors of outcome. We performed Firth penalized likelihood and random-effects meta-analysis with odds ratio (OR) on unfavorable outcome. RESULTS: A total of 66 patients were enrolled. A total of 26 (39%) patients achieved favorable and 40 (61%) unfavorable outcomes (13 [20%] died). DC after 48 h since stroke diagnosis did not significantly increase the risk of unfavorable outcome (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.3-2.3). Also, in the meta-analysis, DC after 48 h of stroke onset was not associated with a higher risk of unfavorable outcome (OR 1.11; 95% CI 0.89-1.38). CONCLUSION: The outcome of DC performed after 48 h in patients with malignant MCA infarct was not worse than the outcome of DC performed within 48 h. Contrary to current guidelines, we, therefore, advocate not to set a restriction of ≤48 h on the time elapsed since stroke onset in the decision whether to perform DC.

Do older patients with acute or subacute subdural hematoma benefit from surgery?

PURPOSE: According to the international guidelines, acute subdural hematomas (aSDH) with a thickness of >10 mm, or causing a midline shift of >5 mm, should be surgically evacuated. However, high mortality rates in older patients resulted in ongoing controversy whether elderly patients benefit from surgery. We identified predictors of outcome in a single-centre cohort of elderly patients undergoing surgical evacuation of aSDH or subacute subdural hematoma (saSDH). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients aged ≥65 years undergoing surgical evacuation of aSDH/saSDH from 2000 to 2015. One-year outcome was dichotomized into favourable (Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) 4-5) and unfavourable (GOS 1-3). Predictors of outcome were identified by analysing patient characteristics. RESULTS: Eighty-four patients aged ≥65 years underwent craniotomy for aSDH/saSDH during the 16 year time period. Twenty-five percent regained functional independence, 11% survived severely disabled, and 64% died. Most patients died of respiratory failure following withdrawal of artificial respiration or following restriction of treatment. Age of the SDH or Glasgow Coma Scores ≤8/intubation did not predict unfavourable outcome. All patients with bilaterally absent pupillary light reflexes died, also those who still exhibited one normal-sized pupil. CONCLUSION: The low number of operated patients per year probably suggests that this cohort represents a selection of patients who were judged to have good chances of favouring from surgery. Functional independence at one-year follow-up was reached in 25% of patients, 64% died. Patients with bilaterally absent pupillary light reflexes did not benefit from surgery. The tendency to restrict treatment because of presumed poor prognosis may have acted as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Neurologic Outcome After Decompressive Craniectomy: Predictors of Outcome in Different Pathologic Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: Decompressive craniectomy (DC) has been proposed as a lifesaving treatment in patients with elevated intracranial pressure, but its effectiveness on reaching a favorable neurologic outcome remains unclear. We identified predictors of outcome in a large, single-center cohort of patients undergoing DC for different pathologic conditions. METHODS: This retrospective study included all patients undergoing DC from 2006 to 2014. The 1-year outcome, assessed using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), was dichotomized into favorable (GOS 4-5) and unfavorable (GOS 1-3) outcome. Predictors of outcome were identified by analyzing patient characteristics. RESULTS: DC was performed in 204 patients for ischemic stroke (n = 57), traumatic brain injury (n = 50), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) (n = 44), intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) (n = 29), cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) (n = 14), or other indications (n = 10). Overall, 69 (34%) patients survived favorably, 39 (19%) survived unfavorably, and 96 (47%) died. Higher age, poor Glasgow Coma Scale score, intubated status before DC, bilateral absence of pupillary light reflexes, DC for aSAH, and additional surgeries after DC (excluding cranioplasty) were significant predictors of unfavorable outcome. When patients were sorted for pathologic conditions and predictors of outcome, favorable outcome rates differed remarkably, ranging from 91% for CVT patients undergoing uncomplicated DC to 0% for aSAH patients undergoing DC for secondary infarction or ICH patients with unilateral or bilateral abnormal pupillary light reflexes upon admission. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term neurologic outcome after DC differed remarkably among subpopulations of patients, with favorable outcome rates ranging from 0% to >90%.

CT within 6 hours of headache onset to rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage in nonacademic hospitals.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether staff radiologists working in nonacademic hospitals can adequately rule out subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on head CT <6 hours after headache onset. METHODS: In a multicenter, retrospective study, we studied a consecutive series of patients presenting with acute headache to 11 nonacademic hospitals. Inclusion criteria were (1) normal level of consciousness without focal deficits, (2) head CT <6 hours after headache onset and reported negative for the presence of SAH by a staff radiologist, and (3) subsequent CSF spectrophotometry. Two neuroradiologists and one stroke neurologist from 2 academic tertiary care centers independently reviewed admission CTs of patients with CSF results that were considered positive for presence of bilirubin according to local criteria. We investigated the negative predictive value for detection of SAH by staff radiologists in nonacademic hospitals on head CT in patients scanned <6 hours after onset of acute headache. RESULTS: Of 760 included patients, CSF analysis was considered positive for bilirubin in 52 patients (7%). Independent review of these patients' CTs identified one patient (1/52; 2%) with a perimesencephalic nonaneurysmal SAH. Negative predictive value for detection of subarachnoid blood by staff radiologists working in a nonacademic hospital was 99.9% (95% confidence interval 99.3%-100.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support a change of practice wherein a lumbar puncture can be withheld in patients with a head CT scan performed <6 hours after headache onset and reported negative for the presence of SAH by a staff radiologist in the described nonacademic setting.