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Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a significant cause of cardiovascular mortality, with varying presentations and management challenges. Traditional treatment approaches often differ, particularly for submassive/intermediate-risk PEs, because of the lack of clear guidelines and comparative data on treatment efficacy. The introduction of pulmonary embolism response teams (PERTs) aims to standardize and improve outcomes in acute PE management through multidisciplinary collaboration. This review examines the conception, evolution, and operational mechanisms of PERTs while providing a critical analysis of their implementation and efficacy using retrospective trials and recent randomized trials. The study also explores the integration of advanced therapeutic devices and treatment protocols facilitated by PERTs. PERT programs have significantly influenced the management of both massive and submassive PEs, with notable improvements in clinical outcomes such as decreased mortality and reduced length of hospital stay. The utilization of advanced therapies, including catheter-directed thrombolysis and mechanical thrombectomy, has increased under PERT guidance. Evidence from various studies, including those from the National PERT Consortium, underscores the benefits of these multidisciplinary teams in managing complex PE cases, despite some studies showing no significant difference in mortality. PERT programs have demonstrated potentials to reduce morbidity and mortality, streamlining the use of healthcare resources and fostering a model of sustainable practice across medical centers. PERT program implementation appears to have improved PE treatment protocols and innovated advanced therapy options, which will be further refined as they are employed in clinical practice. The continued expansion of the capabilities of PERTs and the forthcoming results from ongoing randomized trials are expected to further define and optimize management protocols for acute PEs.
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Asian American individuals make up the fastest growing racial and ethnic group in the United States. Despite the substantial variability that exists in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk among the different subgroups of Asian Americans, the current literature, when available, often fails to examine these subgroups individually. The purpose of this scientific statement is to summarize the latest disaggregated data, when possible, on Asian American demographics, prevalence, biological mechanisms, genetics, health behaviors, acculturation and lifestyle interventions, pharmacological therapy, complementary alternative interventions, and their impact on type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. On the basis of available evidence to date, we noted that the prevalences of type 2 diabetes and stroke mortality are higher in all Asian American subgroups compared with non-Hispanic White adults. Data also showed that atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk is highest among South Asian and Filipino adults but lowest among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean adults. This scientific statement discusses the biological pathway of type 2 diabetes and the possible role of genetics in type 2 diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among Asian American adults. Challenges to provide evidence-based recommendations included the limited data on Asian American adults in risk prediction models, national surveillance surveys, and clinical trials, leading to significant research disparities in this population. The large disparity within this population is a call for action to the public health and clinical health care community, for whom opportunities for the inclusion of the Asian American subgroups should be a priority. Future studies of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk in Asian American adults need to be adequately powered, to incorporate multiple Asian ancestries, and to include multigenerational cohorts. With advances in epidemiology and data analysis and the availability of larger, representative cohorts, furthering refining the Pooled Cohort Equations, in addition to enhancers, would allow better risk estimation in segments of the population. Last, this scientific statement provides individual- and community-level intervention suggestions for health care professionals who interact with the Asian American population.
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Asiático , Aterosclerosis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Adulto , Humanos , American Heart Association , Asiático/etnología , Asiático/estadística & datos numéricos , Aterosclerosis/epidemiología , Aterosclerosis/etnología , Aterosclerosis/etiología , Aterosclerosis/terapia , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/terapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etnología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Onyx FrontierTM represents the latest iteration within the family of zotarolimus-eluting stents (ZES), designed for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Approval by the Food and Drug Administration was granted in May 2022, and Conformité Européenne marking followed in August 2022. AREAS COVERED: We hereby review the principal design features of Onyx Frontier, highlighting differences and similarities with other currently available drug-eluting stents. In addition, we focus on the refinements of this newest platform as compared with previous ZES versions, including the attributes yielding its exceptional crossing profile and deliverability. The clinical implications related to both its newest and inherited characteristics will be discussed. EXPERT OPINION: The nuances of the latest Onyx Frontier, together with the continuous refinement previously witnessed throughout the development of ZES, lead to a latest generation device ideal for a diverse spectrum of clinical and anatomical scenarios. In particular, its peculiarities will be of benefit in the settings often offered by a progressively aging population, such as high bleeding risk patients and complex coronary lesions.
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Fármacos Cardiovasculares , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Stents Liberadores de Fármacos , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Humanos , Anciano , Resultado del Tratamiento , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/terapia , Tecnología , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness and safety of a contemporary combined approach that incorporates the novel intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) technology into conventional tools including atherectomy have yet to be studied. METHODS: We retrospectively included consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with IVL from March 2021 to February 2022. Effectiveness (residual stenosis of <30%) and safety outcomes (procedural complications and major adverse cardiovascular event [MACE] defined as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization) were compared between patients undergoing IVL with and without atherectomy. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients underwent IVL, of whom 33 patients (30.3%) were treated with both IVL and atherectomy and had higher risk features including reduced cardiac function and more frequent use of mechanical circulatory support. Angiographic success for calcified de novo lesions was achieved in 85.7% and 90.6% of the combined and non-atherectomy groups, respectively (P=.49). Each group had one case of coronary perforation (P=.52) while major dissection occurred in 2 cases of calcific stent underexpansion in the combined group (6.1% vs 0%; P=.09). Thirty-day MACE occurred in 4.8% of patients including 3 deaths in the atherectomy group and 1 cardiac death and 1 myocardial infarction in the non-atherectomy group (P=.16). CONCLUSION: Procedural success and complications were similar in patients undergoing IVL with and without atherectomy when treating calcified de novo lesions. Those who required a combined approach represented a high-risk population with high mortality, suggesting that a multidisciplinary approach is needed to optimize case selection and care beyond PCI.
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Aterectomía Coronaria , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria , Estenosis Coronaria , Litotricia , Infarto del Miocardio , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea , Calcificación Vascular , Humanos , Intervención Coronaria Percutánea/efectos adversos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Calcificación Vascular/diagnóstico , Calcificación Vascular/cirugía , Estudios Prospectivos , Estenosis Coronaria/diagnóstico , Estenosis Coronaria/cirugía , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Litotricia/efectos adversos , Aterectomía Coronaria/efectos adversos , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/cirugía , Angiografía CoronariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To derive a simplified scoring system (SSS) that can assist in selecting patients who would benefit from the application of fractional flow reserve (FFR). BACKGROUND: Angiographers base decisions to perform FFR on their interpretation of % diameter stenosis (DS), which is subject to variability. Recent studies have shown that the amount of myocardium at jeopardy is an important factor in determining the degree of hemodynamic compromise. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multivariable analysis to identify independent predictors of hemodynamic compromise in 289 patients with 317 coronary vessels undergoing FFR. A SSS was derived using the odds ratios as a weighted factor. The receiver operator characteristics curve was used to identify the optimal cutoff (≥3) to discern a functionally significant lesion (FFR≤0.8). RESULTS: Male gender, left anterior descending artery apical wrap, disease proximal to lesion, minimal lumen diameter and % DS predicted abnormal FFR (≤0.8) and lesion location in the left circumflex predicted a normal FFR. Using a cutoff score of ≥3 on the SSS, a specificity of 90.4% (95% CI: 83.0-95.3) and a sensitivity of 38.0% (95% CI: 31.5-44.9) was generated with a positive predictive value of 89.0% (95% CI: 80.7%-94.6%) and negative predictive value of 41.6% (95% CI: 35.1%-48.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The decision to use FFR should be based not only on the % DS but also the size of the myocardial mass jeopardized. A score of ≥3 on the SSS should prompt further investigation with a pressure wire.
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Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/fisiopatología , Reserva del Flujo Fraccional Miocárdico/fisiología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios de Cohortes , Angiografía Coronaria/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In women, metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with higher risk of ischemic heart disease-related adverse outcomes versus individual components. We examined the relationship of MetS to subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. METHODS: Women (n = 100) undergoing coronary angiography for suspected ischemia but without obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) of a segment of the left coronary artery. A core lab, masked to other findings, assessed IVUS measures and normalized volume measures to pull-back length. MetS [defined using ATPIII criteria (fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dl per revised NCEP guideline)] and its components were entered into multiple regression models to assess associations with IVUS measures. RESULTS: Detailed IVUS measurements were available in 87 women. Mean age was 54 ± 10 years, 36% had MetS, and 78% had atheroma. Comparing women with MetS versus without MetS, significant differences were observed for seven IVUS atherosclerosis measures, but were not significant after adjusting for the MetS components. Systolic blood pressure and waist circumference components remained independently positively associated with the IVUS measures after adjusting for age, diabetes, CAD family history, dyslipidemia, smoking, and hormone replacement. CONCLUSION: In women with signs and symptoms of ischemia and no obstructive CAD, MetS is associated with coronary atherosclerosis presence and severity. However, these associations appear largely driven by components of waist circumference and systolic blood pressure versus MetS cluster. This supports the concept that MetS is a convenient clustering of risk factors rather than an independent risk predictor, and emphasizes that the critical factors for coronary atherosclerosis are potentially modifiable.
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The Third Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (MI) requires cardiac myocyte necrosis with an increase and/or a decrease in a patient's plasma of cardiac troponin (cTn) with at least one cTn measurement greater than the 99(th) percentile of the upper normal reference limit during: (1) symptoms of myocardial ischemia; (2) new significant electrocardiogram (ECG) ST-segment/T-wave changes or left bundle branch block; (3) the development of pathological ECG Q waves; (4) new loss of viable myocardium or regional wall motion abnormality identified by an imaging procedure; or (5) identification of intracoronary thrombus by angiography or autopsy. Myocardial infarction, when diagnosed, is now classified into five types. Detection of a rise and a fall of troponin are essential to the diagnosis of acute MI. However, high sensitivity troponin assays can increase the sensitivity but decrease the specificity of MI diagnosis. The ECG remains a cornerstone in the diagnosis of MI and should be frequently repeated, especially if the initial ECG is not diagnostic of MI. There have been significant advances in adjunctive pharmacotherapy, procedural techniques and stent technology in the treatment of patients with MIs. The routine use of antiplatelet agents such as clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor, in addition to aspirin, reduces patient morbidity and mortality. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a timely manner is the primary treatment of patients with acute ST segment elevation MI. Drug eluting coronary stents are safe and beneficial with primary coronary intervention. Treatment with direct thrombin inhibitors during PCI is non-inferior to unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists and is associated with a significant reduction in bleeding. The intra-coronary use of a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist can reduce infarct size. Pre- and post-conditioning techniques can provide additional cardioprotection. However, the incidence and mortality due to MI continues to be high despite all these recent advances. The initial ten year experience with autologous human bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMCs) in patients with MI showed modest but significant increases in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, decreases in LV end-systolic volume and reductions in MI size. These studies established that the intramyocardial or intracoronary administration of stem cells is safe. However, many of these studies consisted of small numbers of patients who were not randomized to BMCs or placebo. The recent LateTime, Time, and Swiss Multicenter Trials in patients with MI did not demonstrate significant improvement in patient LV ejection fraction with BMCs in comparison with placebo. Possible explanations include the early use of PCI in these patients, heterogeneous BMC populations which died prematurely from patients with chronic ischemic disease, red blood cell contamination which decreases BMC renewal, and heparin which decreases BMC migration. In contrast, cardiac stem cells from the right atrial appendage and ventricular septum and apex in the SCIPIO and CADUCEUS Trials appear to reduce patient MI size and increase viable myocardium. Additional clinical studies with cardiac stem cells are in progress.
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Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, including takotsubo, neurogenic stunned myocardium, and pheochromocytoma-related cardiomyopathy, is a reversible and generally benign condition. We are reporting a case series of young women who had cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema due to severe left ventricular systolic dysfunction, which completely recovered in the course of 2 to 3 weeks. Both patients had high catecholamine levels, due to pheochromocytoma in the first case and due to intravenous high-dose catecholamines in the second case. We suggest that screening for pheochromocytoma should be considered in patients who present with takotsubo cardiomyopathy without obvious cause. Most importantly, widely used intravenous catecholamines may cause severe transient left ventricular dysfunction, and consideration should be given to noncatecholamine vasopressors.
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Choque Cardiogénico/etiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/complicaciones , Adulto , Catecolaminas/sangre , Catecolaminas/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Norepinefrina/efectos adversos , Fenilefrina/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Edema Pulmonar/etiología , Edema Pulmonar/fisiopatología , Choque Cardiogénico/fisiopatología , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/fisiopatología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/inducido químicamente , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is limited information about the safety of chronic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease. METHODS: This was a post hoc analysis from the INternational VErapamil Trandolapril STudy (INVEST), which enrolled patients with hypertension and coronary artery disease. At each visit, patients were asked by the local site investigator if they were currently taking NSAIDs. Patients who reported NSAID use at every visit were defined as chronic NSAID users, while all others (occasional or never users) were defined as nonchronic NSAID users. The primary composite outcome was all-cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Cox regression was used to construct a multivariate analysis for the primary outcome. RESULTS: There were 882 chronic NSAID users and 21,694 nonchronic NSAID users (n = 14,408 for never users and n=7286 for intermittent users). At a mean follow-up of 2.7 years, the primary outcome occurred at a rate of 4.4 events per 100 patient-years in the chronic NSAID group, versus 3.7 events per 100 patient-years in the nonchronic NSAID group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.82; P=.0003). This was due to an increase in cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR 2.26; 95% CI, 1.70-3.01; P<.0001). CONCLUSION: Among hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease, chronic self-reported use of NSAIDs was associated with an increased risk of adverse events during long-term follow-up.
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Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/efectos adversos , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/complicaciones , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Infarto del Miocardio/epidemiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/epidemiología , Adulto , Anciano , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/administración & dosificación , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Celecoxib , Factores de Confusión Epidemiológicos , Enfermedad de la Arteria Coronaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Diclofenaco/efectos adversos , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Ibuprofeno/efectos adversos , Indoles/uso terapéutico , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto , Análisis Multivariante , Infarto del Miocardio/inducido químicamente , Infarto del Miocardio/etiología , Infarto del Miocardio/mortalidad , Naproxeno/efectos adversos , Oportunidad Relativa , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Pirazoles/efectos adversos , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Accidente Cerebrovascular/inducido químicamente , Accidente Cerebrovascular/etiología , Accidente Cerebrovascular/mortalidad , Sulfonamidas/efectos adversos , Verapamilo/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
We present an interesting intracardiac electrogram of a dissimilar atrial rhythm in a patient of bi-atrial orthotopic cardiac transplant.