RESUMEN
The article is devoted to a critical analyze of existent system of epidemiological surveillance for morbidity of meningococcus infection among population and military service men, and to condition and perspectives of immuno- and chemoprophylaxis of correspondent generalized forms of diseases in the world, Russia and it's Army and NAVY. It is proposed a differentiated approach to realization of these measures in organized (military) collectives on the base of microbiological monitoring of epidemic officials (serogroups) of causative agents, on the base of prediction of morbidity by generalized forms and on the base of clinical-epidemical diagnostics at early stages of development of epidemic process.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones Meningocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Meningocócicas/prevención & control , Medicina Militar , Personal Militar , Vigilancia de la Población , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/epidemiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/microbiología , Infecciones Comunitarias Adquiridas/prevención & control , Humanos , Infecciones Meningocócicas/microbiología , Medicina Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Militar/tendencias , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Federación de Rusia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The increase in HIV-infection incidence in the RF Armed Forces requires the study of modern epidemiology of this infection, the improvement of prophylactic and antiepidemic measures to prevent the contamination of units and ships and to eliminate the epidemiologic foci in time. The epidemiological situation connected with HIV-infection in Russia and the Armed Forces has the general patterns. The maximal incidence is registered in servicemen living in HIV unfavorable territories of the country. In 2001 the structure of HIV transmission in the military collectives was the following: sexual--51%, parenteral (drug addiction)--45%, parenteral (use of one shaving set)--1%, parenteral (tattooing)--1%, uncertain--2%. The high military epidemiological significance of HIV-infection requires the improvement of preventive forms and methods taking into account the main causes and factors that determine the epidemiological situation in Army and Navy.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Personal Militar , Infecciones por VIH/etiología , Humanos , Personal Militar/estadística & datos numéricos , Federación de Rusia/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Medicina Aeroespacial , Medicina Militar , Humanos , Personal Militar , Federación de Rusia , U.R.S.S.Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Morbilidad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Fumar/epidemiología , Tasa de SupervivenciaAsunto(s)
Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Alcoholismo/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/inducido químicamente , Alcoholismo/complicaciones , Animales , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Sistema Cardiovascular/efectos de los fármacos , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/efectos adversos , Etanol/efectos adversos , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Tasa de Supervivencia/tendenciasRESUMEN
Mortality caused by diseases of the circulatory system is analyzed on the basis of files of the Ministry of Health and of the State Statistical Committee of Russia and the results are correlated to the objective parameters reflecting the potentialities of cardiological service in Russia and the actual status of prophylaxis, including regular check-ups. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations offered.
Asunto(s)
Cardiología/organización & administración , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Humanos , Incidencia , Federación de Rusia/epidemiologíaAsunto(s)
Mortalidad , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Intoxicación Alcohólica/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Causas de Muerte , Enfermedades Transmisibles/mortalidad , Enfermedades del Sistema Digestivo/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Enfermedades Parasitarias/mortalidad , Enfermedades Respiratorias/mortalidad , Población Rural , Federación de Rusia , Factores Sexuales , Suicidio/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Urbana , Heridas y Lesiones/mortalidadRESUMEN
Analysis of medical statistical data and of the socioeconomic situation in the country brought the authors to a conclusion that at present the principal factors responsible for cardiovascular diseases, specifically, coronary disease and cerebrovascular disorders, are environmental factors, such as chronic stress, alcoholism and hard drinking, violation of social and hygienic norms of labor, and a number of factors related to medicine: no prophylactic check-ups and unavailability of effective drugs. "Internal risk factors" should not be disregarded as well: hypercholesterolemia, arterial hypertension, etc. Based on their results, the authors propose measures aimed at limitation of overall stress exposures, alcoholism and hard drinking control, sociohygienic labor protection, re-creation of a system of effective prophylactic check-ups, and making present-day effective drugs available for the population.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/prevención & control , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Salud Pública , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Estrés Psicológico/psicologíaAsunto(s)
Antihipertensivos/administración & dosificación , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Clonidina/administración & dosificación , Hipertensión Maligna/tratamiento farmacológico , Pindolol/administración & dosificación , Prazosina/administración & dosificación , Adulto , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Hospitalización , Humanos , Hipertensión Maligna/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
The effect of controlled muscular training was investigated for stage I, II and III essential hypertension inpatients. This mode of treatment produced good therapeutic results obtained without administration of hypotensive drugs.
Asunto(s)
Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Hospitalización , Hipertensión/terapia , Adulto , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Enfermedad Crónica , Clonidina/uso terapéutico , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Frecuencia Cardíaca/fisiología , Humanos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resistencia Física/efectos de los fármacos , Resistencia Física/fisiologíaRESUMEN
The trajectories of head movements in the helmet and velocities of impact contact with the seat and anterior of the cockpit were calculated as applied to every stage of the catapulting process and mass-inertia parameters of helmets taken into account. Kinematic models were used to describe biomechanic parameters of the head-neck system. Special attention was given to the case of catapulting to the air flow. The effect upon the nod of aerodynamic forces acting on the human body and the catapult ejection seat at air flow velocities of 700-800 and 1300 km/hr was calculated.
Asunto(s)
Medicina Aeroespacial , Cabeza/fisiología , Modelos Biológicos , Aviación/instrumentación , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Seguridad de Equipos , Humanos , MatemáticaRESUMEN
Hypotensive activity of labetalol therapy alone or in combination with the diuretic agent oxodolin or with low-sodium diet (about 110 mmol/day) and potassium cooking salt substitute "Sanasol" (60% sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, calcium gluconate, magnesium asparaginate, etc.) was studied in 67 patients with second- or third-stage essential hypertension and 14 patients with nephrogenic hypertension. Central hemodynamic changes were assessed by means of radiocardiography and tetrapolar rheography. Combined treatment had better hypotensive effect in moderate and severe hypertension (diastolic arterial BP above 110 mm Hg). The diuretic-labetalol combination made possible a 25-45% reduction in the adrenoblocker dose. The effect of combined hypotensive treatment was similar in patients with different central hemodynamic types. Low-sodium diet with potassium substitute was well tolerated by the patients.
Asunto(s)
Clortalidona/administración & dosificación , Dieta Hiposódica , Diuréticos/administración & dosificación , Hipertensión/terapia , Labetalol/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Gasto Cardíaco/efectos de los fármacos , Terapia Combinada , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Labetalol/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Resistencia Vascular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Urinary sodium excretion was assessed in women with essential hypertension as an indicator of dietary sodium consumption. Groups of individuals with low (below 120 mmol/day), medium and high (above 180 mmol/day) excretion were identified. Patients with high sodium excretion levels showed slower withdrawal rates, as well as high total peripheral resistance and low cardiac output values. At the labile hypertension stage, these patients demonstrated an increase in total metabolic sodium owing to its growing residual fraction, and expanded interstitial fluid volume. Changes in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone activity showed close correlation with changes in sodium balance. Urinary adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion decreased in patients with labile hypertension who had the highest sodium excretion levels, and increased considerably in stable hypertension. Hypertension was particularly severe in patients who excreted over 180 mmol sodium daily whereas patients who excreted less than 120 mmol in the presence of stable hypertension had normal values of total metabolic sodium and cardiac output, and moderately elevated peripheral vascular resistance.
Asunto(s)
Hemodinámica , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Natriuresis , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina , Adulto , Epinefrina/fisiología , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Norepinefrina/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Clinical trials of the alpha-adreno-blocker prazosin (Pratsiol as produced by "Orion", Finland) were carried out in 42 patients with essential hypertension, stages 2-3 by WHO classification, and 3 patients with nephrogenic hypertension. Daily doses of the drug varied between 3 and 20 mg. Good hypotensive effect was noted in 51% of patients whose cardiac index had not originally exceeded 4.5 r/min/m2 and showed no basic rise under the effect of treatment, total peripheral resistance was never below 1200 din X sec X cm-5, and heart rate kept below 80 beats per minute. In cases of higher cardiac index and heart rate values, prazosin had little or no effect. A daily dose of 8-10 mg may be considered an optimum regimen. Sinus tachycardia was the most common of side-effects. The drug was particularly effective where hypertension was combined with bradycardia.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Prazosina/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hipertensión Renal/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión Renal/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Prazosina/administración & dosificación , Resistencia Vascular/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The therapeutic efficacy of combined and separate application of a diuretic (brinaldix) and beta-adrenoblocker (visken) was compared in the treatment of 69 patients with essential hypertension running a stable course; the patients were kept on a low-sodium diet (4-6 g NaCl daily) and given a potassium substitute for NaCl.