Effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in patients with intestinal Behçet's disease: a real-world prospective observational study in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Intestinal Behçet's disease (BD) is characterized by typical gastrointestinal ulcers in patients with BD followed by complications such as bleeding, perforation and fistula. Biologic agents are currently under active investigation to delay the disease course. Various data regarding infliximab are available, but there is relatively lack of data regarding adalimumab. METHODS: This was a multicenter, real-world prospective observational study to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of adalimumab in intestinal BD. The primary endpoint was disease activity at each follow up, including disease activity index for intestinal Behçet's disease (DAIBD), serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and endoscopic findings. The secondary endpoint was the incidence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). RESULTS: A total of 58 patients were enrolled and 8 of them were excluded. Adverse events were reported in 72.0% of patients with 122 events. ADRs were reported in 24.0% with 28 events. For adverse events, arthralgia was most commonly reported (13.1%: 16/122) and only one experienced critical adverse event (0.82%, 1/122: death due to stroke). On multivariable regression analysis, a longer disease duration was significantly associated with decreased ADRs [Odds ratio 0.976 (0.953-0.999, 95% CI); p = 0.042]. Clinical response rates as assessed by DAIBD were 90.9% at Week 12 and 89.7% at Week 56, respectively. The mean serum CRP level at baseline was significantly decreased after 12 weeks (3.91 ± 4.93 to 1.26 ± 2.03 mg/dL; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: Adalimumab was found to be safe and effective in Korean patients with intestinal BD. A longer disease duration was significantly associated with decreased ADRs.

Positive Effects of Biologics on Osteoporosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder that causes vulnerability of bones to fracture owing to reduction in bone density and deterioration of the bone tissue microstructure. The prevalence of osteoporosis is higher in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), than in those of the general population. In this autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease, in addition to known risk factors for osteoporosis, various factors such as chronic inflammation, autoantibodies, metabolic disorders, drugs, and decreased physical activity contribute to additional risk. In RA, disease-related inflammation plays an important role in local or systemic bone loss, and active treatment for inflammation can help prevent osteoporosis. In addition to conventional synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs that have been traditionally used for treatment of RA, biologic DMARDs and targeted synthetic DMARDs have been widely used. These agents can be employed more selectively and precisely based on disease pathogenesis. It has been reported that these drugs can inhibit bone loss by not only reducing inflammation in RA, but also by inhibiting bone resorption and promoting bone formation. In this review, the pathogenesis and research results of the increase in osteoporosis in RA are reviewed, and the effects of biological agents on osteoporosis are discussed.

High Baseline Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Could Serve as a Biomarker for Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Blockers and Their Discontinuation in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis.

BACKGROUND: This study explores the association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR) ratios with the 3-month treatment response and persistence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) blockers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study investigated 279 AS patients who were newly initiated on TNF-α blockers between April 2004 and October 2019 and 171 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Response to TNF-α blockers was defined as a reduction in the Bath AS Disease Activity Index of ≥50% or 20 mm, and persistence referred to the time interval from the initiation to discontinuation of TNF-α blockers. RESULTS: Patients with AS had significantly increased NLR, MLR, and PLR ratios as compared to controls. The frequency of non-response at 3 months was 3.7%, and TNF-α blockers' discontinuation occurred in 113 (40.5%) patients during the follow-up period. A high baseline NLR but not high baseline MLR and PLR showed an independently significant association with a higher risk of non-response at 3 months (OR = 12.3, p = 0.025) and non-persistence with TNF-α blockers (HR = 1.66, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: NLR may be a potential marker for predicting the clinical response and persistence of TNF-α blockers in AS patients.

Microbial Composition and Stool Short Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Fibromyalgia.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate microbial diversity, taxonomic profiles, and fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) in female patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS). METHODS: Forty participants (19 patients with FMS and 21 controls) were included in the study, and the diagnosis of FMS was made based on the revised American College of Rheumatology criteria. DNA extraction from fecal samples and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were conducted to estimate microbial composition. To compare alpha diversity, the Shannon index accounting for both evenness and richness, Pielou's evenness, and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PD) were calculated. Unweighted and weighted UniFrac distances, Jaccard distance, and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity were used to calculate beta diversity. Furthermore, stool metabolites were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and a generalized regression model was used to compare the SCFA of stools between FMS and healthy controls. RESULTS: Compared with the control, patients with FMS had lower observed OTU (p = 0.048), Shannon's index (p = 0.044), and evenness (p < 0.001). Although patients with FMS had a lower PD than did controls, statistical significance was not reached. We observed significant differences in unweighted (p = 0.007), weighted UniFrac-based diversity (p < 0.005), Jaccard distance (p < 0.001), and Bray-Curtis dissimilarity (p < 0.001) between the two groups. Although the FMS groups showed lower propionate levels compared with those of the control group, only marginal significance was observed (0.82 [0.051] mg/g in FMS vs. 1.16 [0.077] mg/g in the control group, p = 0.069). CONCLUSIONS: The diversity of the microbiome in the FMS group was lower than that in the control group, and the reduced stool propionate levels could be associated with the decreased abundance of propionate-producing bacteria.

Safety and Effectiveness of SB2 (Infliximab Biosimilar) in Adult Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Post-Marketing Surveillance in Korea.

INTRODUCTION: SB2 is a biosimilar of infliximab (IFX), which is approved for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), adult and pediatric Crohn's disease (CD), adult and pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), and plaque psoriasis (PsO). The drug approval process in Korea includes post-marketing surveillance (PMS) studies to re-examine the safety and effectiveness of approved new medications. METHODS: This was a prospective, multi-center, open-label, observational, phase 4 PMS study of IFX-naïve patients or patients switched from reference IFX or another IFX-biosimilar to SB2 in all approved indications. The primary endpoint was to evaluate the safety of SB2 reported as adverse events (AEs) and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The secondary endpoint was to evaluate the effectiveness measured as investigators' overall effectiveness assessment, categorized as improved, stable, or worsened. Furthermore, disease-specific activity scores were collected for each indication [28-joint Modified Disease Activity Score (DAS28) for RA, Korean Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (KBASDAI), Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and Full Mayo Score for UC]. RESULTS: In the safety and effectiveness analysis, 180 and 128 patients were included, respectively. Most patients (83.9%) were IFX-naïve patients and 16.1% were switched patients. RA (48.9%) and AS (31.1%) were the most frequent indications. Overall, 23 (12.8%) patients reported AEs and 14 (7.8%) patients reported ADRs. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported by 3 (1.7%) patients. As per investigators' overall effectiveness assessments, SB2 was effective in 94.6% (105/111) of IFX-naïve patients and 82.4% (14/17) of switched patients. In IFX-naïve patients, disease activity scores decreased significantly from baseline to week 30 (week 24 for AS); mean (SD) changes of disease scores for each indication were DAS28 - 1.9 (0.79) for RA, KBASDAI - 3.8 (1.68) for AS, CDAI - 200.4 (112.47) for CD, and Full Mayo Score - 6.6 (2.92) for UC. The persistence rate of SB2 treatments was 88.3% with median treatment duration of 30.1 weeks. CONCLUSION: This PMS study of the IFX-biosimilar SB2 in Korea confirmed the safety and effectiveness of SB2 in major indications.

Associations of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Osteoporosis and Incident Vertebral Fracture in Postmenopausal Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background and Objectives: We investigated whether nutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphoycte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) are associated with the presence of osteoporosis (OP) and vertebral fractures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 413 postmenopausal patients with RA and 200 healthy controls who underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) between January 2005 and December 2017. DEXA examination data were defined as the index date, and all laboratory values were measured within one month from the index date. OP was defined as a T-score < −2.5, and incident vertebral fractures were defined as the first occurrence of non-traumatic fractures after the index date. NLR, PLR, and MLR measures were dichotomized by a median split (low vs. high). Results: The median NLR, PLR, and MLR in RA patients were significantly higher than those in controls. The frequencies of OP of the lumbar spine, hip, and either site in postmenopausal patients with RA were 24.7%, 15.5%, and 32%, respectively, and were significantly higher than those in controls. After adjusting for confounding factors, a high baseline NLR was significantly associated with OP at either site (OR = 1.61, p = 0.041). In addition, high baseline NLR (OR = 2.11, p = 0.025) and PLR (OR = 2.3, p = 0.011) were related with the presence OP at hip. During the follow-up period, 53 (12.8%) patients with RA developed vertebral fractures incidentally. In multivariable Cox regression models, a high baseline NLR (HR = 4.72, p < 0.001), PLR (HR = 1.96, p = 0.024), and MLR (HR = 2.64, p = 0.002) were independently associated with a higher risk of incidental vertebral fractures. Conclusions: Our data suggest that NLR, PLR, and MLR can be used as potential markers of systemic bone loss among individuals with RA.

Diagnostic Value of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte, and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratios for the Assessment of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients with Undifferentiated Inflammatory Arthritis.

Background: To investigate the diagnostic performance of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in subjects with undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis (UIA). Methods: This retrospective cohort study investigated 201 female patients with UIA (≥1 swollen joint) and 280 age-matched, healthy female controls. "Clinical RA" was defined based on the clinical judgment of a rheumatologist and "disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) RA" was defined as a case of initiating DMARDs treatment within 6 months after the first visit. "Classified RA" was defined as fulfilling the 2010 classification criteria for RA. Receiver operating characteristics were used to determine the optimal cut-off value. Results: UIA patients had a significantly higher NLR, PLR, and MLR than the controls. Among the 201 UIA patients, 65 (32.3%), 63 (31.3%), and 61 (30.3%) subjects were classified as clinical RA, DMARDs RA, and classified RA, respectively. At a cut-off of 0.24, MLR showed moderate accuracy for the diagnosis of DMARDs RA (sensitivity, 65.1%; specificity, 62.3%; area under the curve [AUC], 0.701; p < 0.001). However, the diagnostic accuracies of NLR and PLR were low. Conclusions: MLR may be used as a complementary diagnostic indicator for RA diagnosis in patients with UIA.

COVID-19 vaccination-related small vessel vasculitis with multiorgan involvement.

Since its first outbreak in 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has been ongoing, and the pandemic is not over yet. Vaccines developed against COVID-19 have been approved and widely used since 2020; however, vaccine safety concerns need to be addressed. Autoimmune symptoms have been reported as a side effect of many COVID-19 vaccines. In particular, several cases of COVID-19 vaccine-induced vasculitis have recently been reported. Herein, we report the case of a 77-year-old woman who developed small-vessel vasculitis with multiorgan involvement after receiving the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer and BioNTech, New York City, NY, USA).

Classification of rotator cuff tears in ultrasound images using deep learning models.

Rotator cuff tears (RCTs) are one of the most common shoulder injuries, which are typically diagnosed using relatively expensive and time-consuming diagnostic imaging tests such as magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. Deep learning algorithms are increasingly used to analyze medical images, but they have not been used to identify RCTs with ultrasound images. The aim of this study is to develop an approach to automatically classify RCTs and provide visualization of tear location using ultrasound images and convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed method was developed using transfer learning and fine-tuning with five pre-trained deep models (VGG19, InceptionV3, Xception, ResNet50, and DenseNet121). The Bayesian optimization method was also used to optimize hyperparameters of the CNN models. A total of 194 ultrasound images from Kosin University Gospel Hospital were used to train and test the CNN models by five-fold cross-validation. Among the five models, DenseNet121 demonstrated the best classification performance with 88.2% accuracy, 93.8% sensitivity, 83.6% specificity, and AUC score of 0.832. A gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM) highlighted the sensitive features in the learning process on ultrasound images. The proposed approach demonstrates the feasibility of using deep learning and ultrasound images to assist RCTs' diagnosis.

Carotid Arterial Stiffness and Cardiometabolic Profiles in Women with Fibromyalgia.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to evaluate the association between FM and cardiometabolic risk factors and carotid arterial stiffness in FM patients. METHODS: The cardiometabolic risk profile was defined based on the Adult Treatment Panel III panel. Carotid intimal media thickness (cIMT) and arterial stiffness were assessed using high-resolution ultrasonography. Multivariate logistic analysis was performed to estimate the association between FM and cardiometabolic risk factors. We used a general linear regression to compare the cIMT and carotid beta-index between the participants with and without FM. Pearson's coefficient was calculated to evaluate the potential correlation between cardiometabolic risk profiles, cIMT, and arterial stiffening in FM. RESULTS: FM participants showed a higher risk of central obesity (odds ratio [OR] = 3.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.49, 6.91), high triglyceride (OR = 4.73, 95% CI 2.29, 9.79), and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (OR = 4.27, 95% CI 2.07, 8.81) compared to the control group. The FM group exhibited higher beta-index values than the control group (p = 0.003). Although IFG and triglyceride glucose index showed a tendency to correlate with the beta-index, statistical significance was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: FM was associated with an increased risk of central obesity, high triglyceride levels, and IFG. Furthermore, advanced arterial stiffness of the carotid artery was observed in FM, which might be correlated with insulin resistance.

Discovery of N-amido-phenylsulfonamide derivatives as novel microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors.

Our previous research showed that N-carboxy-phenylsulfonyl hydrazide (scaffold A) could reduce LPS-stimulated PGE2 levels in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells by an inhibition of mPGES-1 enzyme. However, a number of scaffold A derivatives showed the drawbacks such as the formation of regioisomers and poor liver metabolic stability. In order to overcome these synthetic and metabolic problems, therefore, we decided to replace N-carboxy-phenylsulfonyl hydrazide (scaffold A) with N-carboxy-phenylsulfonamide (scaffold B) or N-amido-phenylsulfonamide frameworks (scaffold C) as a bioisosteric replacement. Among them, MPO-0186 (scaffold C) inhibited the production of PGE2 (IC50: 0.24 µM) in A549 cells via inhibition of mPGES-1 (IC50: 0.49 µM in a cell-free assay) and was found to be approximately 9- and 8-fold more potent than MK-886 as a reference inhibitor, respectively. A molecular docking study theoretically suggests that MPO-0186 could inhibit PGE2 production by blocking the PGH2 binding site of mPGES-1 enzyme. Furthermore, MPO-0186 demonstrated good liver metabolic stability and no significant inhibition observed in clinically relevant CYP isoforms except CYP2C19. This result provides a potential starting point for the development of selective and potent mPGES-1 inhibitor with a novel scaffold.

Associations of Serum Retinol and α-Tocopherol Levels with Uric Acid Concentrations: Analysis of a Population-Based, Nationally Representative Sample.

The effects of serum retinol and α-tocopherol on serum uric acid levels have not been established, especially in Asian people. This study evaluated the independent associations of retinol and α-tocopherol with serum uric acid levels in the Korean population. We included 6023 participants aged ≥ 19 years from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels were divided into quintiles, and a multivariate linear regression model was used to evaluate the association of serum retinol and α-tocopherol levels with uric acid concentration. Additionally, we used multivariate logistic regression to examine the relationships between the levels of these micronutrients and hyperuricemia. Serum retinol levels were positively associated with uric acid concentrations in a dose-dependent fashion in both sexes (ptrend < 0.001); the difference in serum uric acid levels between the highest and lowest quintiles of retinol levels was 0.57 mg/dL in men and 0.54 mg/dL in women. In the multivariable logistic model, the hyperuricemia risk increased linearly with the increase in serum retinol level, regardless of sex (ptrend < 0.001). Although the serum α-tocopherol level appeared to be significantly associated with increased uric acid levels, this association was nullified after adjusting for serum retinol levels. Serum retinol levels were positively associated with serum uric acid levels and hyperuricemia in a dose-response fashion. Maintaining serum retinol concentrations under sub-toxic levels might be necessary to prevent hyperuricemia-related adverse health outcomes.

Comparison of the efficacy and safety of CELBESTA® versus CELEBREX® in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a 6-week, multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority phase 4 clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Celecoxib is a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor that is commonly used to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal (GI) complications in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CELBESTA® is a generic equivalent to CELEBREX®, a celecoxib preparation. This study compared the efficacy and safety of CELBESTA® and CELEBREX® in patients with RA. METHODS: This was a multicenter, double-blind, double-dummy, active-controlled, randomized, parallel-group, non-inferiority clinical trial. The primary endpoint was a change from baseline in self-assessed pain intensity determined using a 100-mm visual analog scale after 6 weeks of treatment. RESULTS: After a washout period, 119 eligible subjects were randomized to one of two groups (CELBESTA® group, n = 61; CELEBREX® group, n = 58). CELBESTA® was not inferior to CELEBREX® because the upper limit of two-sided 95% confidence interval (CI) for the difference between the two groups (difference in the least square [LS] mean, -8.68 mm; two-sided 95% CI -16.59 mm to -0.77 mm) was less than the non-inferiority margin (10 mm). There were no significant differences in GI complications and renal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: CELBESTA® was not inferior to CELEBREX® with regard to the pain relief efficacy in RA patients, and the tolerability and safety profiles were excellent and at similar levels for both preparations.

Higher serum uric acid levels are associated with reduced risk of hip osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with rheumatoid arthritis.

Although the positive correlation between serum uric acid (UA) levels and bone mineral density (BMD) has been reported in the general population, there are little data regarding the effect of serum UA levels on bone loss in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).We investigated whether increased serum UA levels were associated with a reduced risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with RA.In this retrospective cross-sectional study, 447 postmenopausal female patients with RA and 200 age-matched, postmenopausal healthy controls underwent BMD examination by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and serum UA levels measurement. Osteoporosis was diagnosed when the T-score was <-2.5.The median UA level in postmenopausal RA patients was found to be significantly lower than that in the healthy women (4 vs 4.1 mg/dL, P = .012) and the frequency of osteoporosis incidence in the lumbar spine, hip, and either site in RA patients was 25.5%, 15.9%, and 32.5%, respectively; the values were significantly higher than those of the controls. After adjusting for confounding factors, a significantly lower risk for osteoporosis of the hip in RA patients was observed within the highest quartile (odds ratio [OR] = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.72, P = .021) and the second highest quartile (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.2-0.95, P = .038) of serum UA levels as compared with the lowest quartile, but this association was not found to be consistent with respect to the lumbar spine. Serum UA levels also showed an independently positive correlation with femoral neck BMD (ß = 0.0104, P = .01) and total hip BMD (ß = 0.0102, P = .017), but not with lumbar BMD.Our data suggest that UA may exert a protective effect on bone loss in RA, especially in the hip.

Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as potential makers for digital ulcers and interstitial lung disease in patients with systemic sclerosis: cross-sectional analysis of data from a prospective cohort study.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) with clinical manifestations in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data collected from a cohort study of 114 female patients with SSc and of 304 age-matched, healthy, female controls recruited from a tertiary rheumatology center. Patients with digital ulcers (DU) included those with either active or healed ulcers. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) was diagnosed on detection of diffuse ground-glass opacity or pulmonary fibrosis on chest X-ray or on high-resolution computed tomography. Patients with SSc had significantly higher PLR and NLR than ealthy controls. Of 114 patients with SSc, 35 (30.7%) and 54 (47.4%) patients had DU (active: 12, healed: 23) and ILD, respectively. PLR and NLR in SSc patients with concurrent DU or ILD were significantly higher than that in those without these respective complications. The PLR (OR = 1.008, 95% CI 1.002-1.015), but not the NLR, was independently associated with the presence of DU in SSc patients, based on multivariable logistic regression models. Additionally, both PLR (OR = 1.008, 95% CI 1.001-1.014) and NLR (OR = 1.515, 95% CI 1.066-2.155) correlated independently with the presence of ILD. However, both the PLR and NLR showed no significant association with the modified Rodnan skin score, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and gastrointestinal involvement. Our results suggest that PLR and NLR could be considered as potential biomarkers of DU and ILD, in patients with SSc.

Comparison of persistence rates between allopurinol and febuxostat as first-line urate-lowering therapy in patients with gout: an 8-year retrospective cohort study.

INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVES: Lifelong urate-lowering therapy (ULT) with xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs), such as allopurinol and febuxostat, is the cornerstone of gout treatment. This study aimed to compare drug persistence between allopurinol and febuxostat as first-line ULT in patients with gout in real practice. METHOD: In this retrospective cohort study, we evaluated 602 patients with gout in whom allopurinol or febuxostat was newly initiated from December 2011 to November 2018 at a tertiary rheumatology centre. Persistence was defined as the duration from the first description date to the end of treatment with XOIs or the end of the study period (November 2019). RESULTS: Among the 602 gout patients, the mean age was 60.2 years and 234 (38.9%) patients had tophi. Allopurinol and febuxostat were started in 237 (39.3%) and 365 (60.6%) patients, respectively. During the study period, 282 (46.8%) patients stopped taking XOIs, and the most common reason for XOI withdrawal was poor health literacy (61.3%). The 1- and 5-year persistence rates of XOIs were 67.2% and 40.9%, respectively. In the Kaplan-Meier analysis, persistence rates of allopurinol were significantly lower than those of febuxostat (p < 0.001). In the multivariable Cox regression model, allopurinol use was a significant risk factor for discontinuation of XOIs (HR = 2.01, p < 0.001). In addition, the presence of tophi and symptom duration < 24 months was independently associated with a higher risk of XOI withdrawal. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term persistence of XOIs was suboptimal, and allopurinol had worse persistence rates than febuxostat among patients with gout. Key Points • Long-term persistence of xanthine oxidase inhibitors (XOIs) as first-line urate-lowering therapy (ULT) among patients with gout was suboptimal, and the major reason for XOI discontinuation was poor health literacy in our study. • We demonstrated that allopurinol had worse persistence rates than febuxostat among patients with gout, suggesting that febuxostat is a better option for long-term ULT in light of medication adherence in a real-world setting. • Patients with gout with tophi and shorter symptom duration were found to be at high risk for poor persistence of XOIs.

Clinical characteristics and survival of 413 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus in southeastern areas of South Korea: A multicenter retrospective cohort study.

AIMS: To investigate demographic, clinical, laboratory, and immunological characteristics of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in southeastern areas of South Korea, and to perform survival analysis. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 413 patients with SLE diagnosed in 3 tertiary rheumatology centers in South Korea from 1992 to 2016 by reviewing their medical charts. All patients fulfilled the 1997 revised American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE. RESULTS: Most patients were women (92%), and the mean (±standard deviation) age at diagnosis was 30.9 (±12.9) years. The most common clinical manifestation was leukopenia (74.3%), followed by lymphopenia (73.6%), arthritis (59.1%), malar rash (48.4%), thrombocytopenia (46.5%), oral ulcer (35.1%), and biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (31.2%). Anti-nuclear, anti-double-stranded DNA, anti-Smith, and anti-Ro antibodies were positive in 97.8%, 70.1%, 38.4%, and 63% of patients, respectively. Twenty (4.8%) patients died during a median follow-up of 83 months, and the cumulative 5-year and 10-year survival rates were 96.9% and 95.5%, respectively. The major causes of death were infection (50%) and lupus flare-up (50%). Male (hazards ratio [HR] = 7.19, P = .001), pleuritis and/or pericarditis (HR = 3.28, P = .012), childhood-onset (HR = 3.57, P = .012), and late-onset (HR = 4.65, P = .011) were independent risk factors for death. Compared with SLE cohorts in other ethnicities or countries, our patients tended to have a higher frequency of anti-Ro antibodies and hematologic disorders. CONCLUSION: This study describes clinical features of SLE in South Korea and suggests a remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity of SLE.

Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota Composition Between Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis Patients.

The aim of this study was to investigate differences between the gut microbiota composition in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and those with osteoarthritis (OA). Stool samples from nine RA patients and nine OA patients were collected, and DNA was extracted. The gut microbiome was assessed using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The structures and differences in the gut microbiome between RA and OA were analyzed. The analysis of diversity revealed no differences in the complexity of samples. The RA group had a lower Bacteroidetes: Firmicutes ratio than did the OA group. Lactobacilli and Prevotella, particularly Prevotella copri, were more abundant in the RA than in the OA group, although these differences were not statistically significant. The relative abundance of Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium was lower in the RA group. At the species level, the abundance of certain bacterial species was significantly lower in the RA group, such as Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, Dialister invisus, Clostridium leptum, Ruthenibacterium lactatiformans, Anaerotruncus colihominis, Bacteroides faecichinchillae, Harryflintia acetispora, Bacteroides acidifaciens, and Christensenella minuta. The microbial properties of the gut differed between RA and OA patients, and the RA dysbiosis revealed results similar to those of other autoimmune diseases, suggesting that a specific gut microbiota pattern is related to autoimmunity.

Long-term efficacy, safety and immunogenicity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis continuing on an etanercept biosimilar (LBEC0101) or switching from reference etanercept to LBEC0101: an open-label extension of a phase III multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the long-term efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of continuing LBEC0101; the etanercept (ETN) biosimilar; or switching from the ETN reference product (RP) to LBEC0101 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: This multicentre, single-arm, open-label extension study enrolled patients who had completed a 52-week randomised, double-blind, parallel phase III trial of LBEC0101 vs ETN-RP. Patients treated with ETN-RP during the randomised controlled trial switched to LBEC0101; those treated with LBEC0101 continued to receive LBEC0101 in this study. LBEC0101 (50 mg) was administered subcutaneously once per week for 48 weeks with a stable dose of methotrexate. Efficacy, safety and immunogenicity of LBEC0101 were assessed up to week 100. RESULTS: A total of 148 patients entered this extension study (70 in the maintenance group and 78 in the switch group). The 28-joint disease activity scores (DAS28)-erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were maintained in both groups from week 52 to week 100 (from 3.068 to 3.103 in the maintenance group vs. from 3.161 to 3.079 in the switch group). ACR response rates at week 100 for the maintenance vs. switch groups were 79.7% vs. 83.3% for ACR20, 65.2% vs. 66.7% for ACR50 and 44.9% vs. 42.3% for ACR70. The incidence of adverse events and the proportion of patients with newly developed antidrug antibodies were similar in the maintenance and switch groups (70.0% and 70.5%, 1.4% and 1.3%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Administration of LBEC0101 showed sustained efficacy and acceptable safety in patients with RA after continued therapy or after switching from ETN-RP to LBEC0101. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02715908 . Registered 22 March 2016.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictors of 12-week treatment response and drug persistence of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective chart review analysis.

Data are scarce regarding the association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) with treatment response and persistence of anti-TNF-α agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thus, we investigated whether baseline NLR and PLR could predict 12-week treatment response and long-term persistence of anti-TNF-α agents in RA patients. This is a retrospective chart review analysis of 82 women with RA who started anti-TNF-α agents as the first-line biologic therapy and 328 healthy age-matched women. RA patients were divided into high and low baseline NLR or PLR subgroups using the median split. European League against Rheumatism (EULAR) treatment response was evaluated at 12 weeks. RA patients had significantly higher NLR and PLR than controls. High baseline NLR and PLR groups showed higher 12-week EULAR non-response rate than low NLR (30% vs 7.1%, p = 0.01) and PLR groups (27.5% vs 9.5%, p = 0.047), respectively. After adjusting for confounding factors, high baseline NLR (OR 5.57, p = 0.014) and PLR (OR 4.24, p = 0.04) were significantly associated with a higher risk of EULAR non-response at 12 weeks. During the study period, 47 (57.3%) RA patients (lack of efficacy: n = 31; adverse events: n = 16) discontinued anti-TNF-α agents. High baseline NLR was associated with an increased risk of anti-TNF-α agent withdrawal due to lack of efficacy (HR 2.12, p = 0.045). Our data suggest that baseline NLR and PLR are useful markers for predicting the treatment outcome of anti-TNF-α agents in RA patients.