Retraction Notice to: Decreased Lung Tumor Development in SwAPP Mice through the Downregulation of CHI3L1 and STAT 3 Activity via the Upregulation of miRNA342-3p.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.02.007.].

Disparities in the diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer among patients with disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about disparities in diagnosis and treatment among colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with and without disabilities. AIM: To investigate the patterns of diagnosis, treatment, and survival for people with and without disabilities who had CRC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis using the Korean National Health Insurance Service database, disability registration data, and Korean Central Cancer Registry data. The analysis included 21449 patients with disabilities who were diagnosed with CRC and 86492 control patients diagnosed with CRC. RESULTS: The overall distribution of CRC stage was not affected by disability status. Subjects with disabilities were less likely than those without disabilities to undergo surgery [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 0.85; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.82-0.88], chemotherapy (aOR: 0.84; 95%CI: 0.81-0.87), or radiotherapy (aOR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.84-0.95). The rate of no treatment was higher in patients with disabilities than in those without disabilities (aOR: 1.48; 95%CI: 1.41-1.55). The overall mortality rate was higher in patients with disabilities [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.24; 95%CI: 1.22-1.28], particularly severe disabilities (aHR: 1.57; 95%CI: 1.51-1.63), than in those without disabilities. CONCLUSION: Patients with severe disabilities tended to have a late or unknown diagnosis. Patients with CRC and disabilities had lower rates of treatment with almost all modalities compared with those without disabilities. During the follow-up period, the mortality rate was higher in patients with disabilities than in those without disabilities. The diagnosis and treatment of CRC need improvement in patients with disabilities.

Microstructural Evolution of Quaternary AlCoCrNi High-Entropy Alloys during Heat Treatment.

This study examines the microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of quaternary AlCoCrNi high-entropy alloys after heat treatment at 873 K for 72 and 192 h. The changes in nanostructure and phase transformation based on the heat treatment duration were as follows: B2 dendrite + BCC interdendrite and sigma phases after 72 h; B2 dendrite and interdendritic sigma phases + BCC after 192 h. After annealing, the morphology of the dendritic region shifted from spherical to needle-like, and the interdendritic region transformed from a spinodal-like to a plate-like morphology. Additionally, a phase transformation was observed in the dendritic regions of the annealed alloys at the nano-scale. The presence of the sigma phase in AlCoCrNi high-entropy alloys significantly improved the yield strength to around 1172 MPa; nevertheless, it decreased the compressive strain rapidly to 0.62%.

Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Atopic, and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Filipendula glaberrima Nakai at Different Growth Stages.

Since atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease, natural remedies, such as Filipendula glaberrima Nakai (FG), with anti-inflammatory properties are possible promising therapeutic options. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of FG extracts at different growth stages. Seven compounds were isolated from the FG leaf extracts using open-column chromatography, and they were analyzed using HPLC. The extracts were further evaluated for their total polyphenol and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC). The in vitro antioxidant properties of the FG extracts were evaluated using radical scavenging assays, whereas their anti-inflammatory activities were assessed by evaluating their ability to inhibit the production of inflammation-associated biomarkers using the Griess assay and ELISA, respectively. The MTT assay was used to evaluate the viability and cytotoxicity of the FG extracts in keratinocyte cell lines. The results showed that the full-flowering stage exhibited the highest TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities, thus suggesting a positive correlation between these properties. All FG extracts showed significant anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory biomarkers in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages. Additionally, the FG extracts suppressed the production of cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes, indicating their anti-atopic potential. HPLC analysis revealed that the full-flowering stage had the highest content of all the analyzed phytochemicals (gallic acid, (+)-catechin, hyperin, miquelianin, astragalin, afzelin, and quercetin). These results suggest that the full-flowering stage of FG is the most promising source for therapeutic applications owing to its superior phytochemical profile and biological activities. This study highlights the potential of FG extracts, particularly in its full-flowering stage, as a natural therapeutic agent for the management of inflammation-related diseases, and it can also serve as a reference for further research on FG.

Implications of TP-positive CAFs in the Bone Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have recently been suggested as critical cellular components of bone invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and subtypes related to their bone-invasive function are unclear. This study investigated the implications of thymidine phosphorylase (TP)-positive CAFs (TP+CAFs) in OSCC bone invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TP expression was determined in 116 patients with OSCC using immunohistochemistry. The influence of TP expression on the biological behavior of CAFs was investigated in vitro. The possible impact of TP+CAFs on bone invasion in OSCC was further evaluated using patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. RESULTS: In bone-invasive OSCC tissues, TP+CAFs were mainly distributed on the surface of resorbed bone tissue rather than on the tumor side. High levels of TP+CAFs were significantly associated with higher T-stage, bone invasion, and worse overall survival and recurrence-free survival in our study cohort. Recombinant human TP promoted the proliferative and invasive abilities of CAFs and increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 mRNA expression in vitro, related to bone resorption. In the PDX mouse models, TP+CAFs were found in early bone resorption on the surface of resorbed bony tissues. Bone resorption occurred more frequently in the PDX models with TP+CAFs than in those without. CONCLUSION: TP+CAFs were significantly associated with bone invasion and the prognosis of OSCC. This study provides insights into cellular and molecular targets for the early diagnosis and treatment of bone-invasive OSCC.

Balloon-expandable cobalt chromium stent versus self-expandable nitinol stent for the Atherosclerotic Iliac Arterial Disease (SENS-ILIAC Trial) Trial: a randomized controlled trial.

Iliac artery angioplasty with stenting is an effective alternative treatment modality for aortoiliac occlusive diseases. Few randomized controlled trials have compared the efficacy and safety between self-expandable stent (SES) and balloon-expandable stent (BES) in atherosclerotic iliac artery disease. In this randomized, multicenter study, patients with common or external iliac artery occlusive disease were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either BES or SES. The primary end point was the 1-year clinical patency, defined as freedom from any surgical or percutaneous intervention due to restenosis of the target lesion after the index procedure. The secondary end point was a composite event from major adverse clinical events at 1 year. A total of 201 patients were enrolled from 17 major cardiovascular intervention centers in South Korea. The mean age of the enrolled patients was 66.8 ± 8.5 years and 86.2% of the participants were male. The frequency of critical limb ischemia was 15.4%, and the most common target lesion was in the common iliac artery (75.1%). As the primary end point, the 1-year clinical patency as primary end point was 99% in the BES group and 99% in the SES group (p > 0.99). The rate of repeat revascularization at 1 year was 7.8% in the BES group and 7.0% in the SES group (p = 0.985; confidence interval, 1.011 [0.341-2.995]). In our randomized study, the treatment of iliac artery occlusive disease with self-expandable versus balloon-expandable stent was comparable in 12-month clinical outcomes without differences in the procedural success or geographic miss rate regardless of the deployment method in the distal aortoiliac occlusive lesion (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01834495).

The future of two-dimensional semiconductors beyond Moore's law.

The primary challenge facing silicon-based electronics, crucial for modern technological progress, is difficulty in dimensional scaling. This stems from a severe deterioration of transistor performance due to carrier scattering when silicon thickness is reduced below a few nanometres. Atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors still maintain their electrical characteristics even at sub-nanometre scales and offer the potential for monolithic three-dimensional (3D) integration. Here we explore a strategic shift aimed at addressing the scaling bottleneck of silicon by adopting 2D semiconductors as new channel materials. Examining both academic and industrial viewpoints, we delve into the latest trends in channel materials, the integration of metal contacts and gate dielectrics, and offer insights into the emerging landscape of industrializing 2D semiconductor-based transistors for monolithic 3D integration.

Reliability and Validity of a Tablet-Based Neuropsychological Test (the Hellocog) for Screening Dementia.

OBJECTIVE: To address the gap in timely diagnosis of dementia due to limited screening tools, we investigated the validity and reliability of the Hellocog, computerized neuropsychological test based on tablets for screening dementia. The higher the probability score on the Hellocog, the higher the likelihood of dementia. METHODS: This study included 100 patients with dementia and 100 individuals with normal cognition who were aged 60 years or older and free of other major psychiatric, neurological, or medical conditions. They administered the Hellocog on a tablet under the supervision of a neuropsychologist. To determine test-retest reliability, 20 took the Hellocog again after 4 weeks. Diagnostic performance was assessed using the receiver operator characteristics (ROC) analysis. RESULTS: The Hellocog showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.69) and good test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient=0.86, p<0.001). Participants with dementia scored higher on the Hellocog than those with normal cognition (p<0.001), confirming its high criterion validity. Strong correlations with the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) score and the total score of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (CERAD-TS) highlight the concurrent validity of the Hellocog. The area under the ROC curve for dementia of the Hellocog was excellent (0.971) and comparable to that of the MMSE and CERAD-TS. The sensitivity and specificity for dementia were 0.945 and 0.872%, respectively, which were slightly better than those of the MMSE and CERAD-TS. CONCLUSION: Hellocog stands out as a valid and reliable tool for self-administered dementia screening, with promise for improving early detection of dementia.

Fluoride scavengeable Sb2O3-functionalized poly(imide) separators for prolonged cycling of lithium-ion batteries.

Nanosize-controlled antimony oxides (Sb2O3) that can effectively scavenge fluoride species in a cell are incorporated into a PI separator to regulate its porous structure. The incorporation of the Sb2O3 layer onto the PI separator surface prevents the internal short circuit and efficiently removes fluoride species via chemical scavenging reactions, thereby resulting in stable cycling behaviors upon cycling.

White matter microstructural integrity as a key to effective propagation of gamma entrainment in humans.

Gamma entrainment through sensory stimulation has the potential to reduce the pathology of Alzheimer's disease in mouse models. However, clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have yielded inconsistent results, necessitating further investigation. This single-center pre-post intervention study aims to explore the influence of white matter microstructural integrity on gamma rhythm propagation from the visual cortex to AD-affected regions in 31 cognitively normal volunteers aged ≥ 65. Gamma rhythm propagation induced by optimal FLS was measured. Diffusion tensor imaging was employed to assess the integrity of white matter tracts of interest. After excluding 5 participants with a deficit in steady-state visually evoked potentials, 26 participants were included in the final analysis. In the linear regression analyses, gamma entrainment was identified as a significant predictor of gamma propagation (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the study identified white matter microstructural integrity as a significant predictor of gamma propagation by flickering light stimulation (p < 0.05), which was specific to tracts that connect occipital and temporal or frontal regions. These findings indicate that, despite robust entrainment of gamma rhythms in the visual cortex, their propagation to other regions may be impaired if the microstructural integrity of the white matter tracts connecting the visual cortex to other areas is compromised. Consequently, our findings have expanded our understanding of the prerequisites for effective gamma entrainment and suggest that future clinical trials utilizing visual stimulation for gamma entrainment should consider white matter tract microstructural integrity for candidate selection and outcome analysis.

The catalytic efficacy of modified manganese-cobalt oxides for room-temperature oxidation of formaldehyde in air.

Formaldehyde (FA) is a hazardous indoor air pollutant with carcinogenic propensity. Oxidation of FA in the dark at low temperature (DLT) is a promising strategy for its elimination from indoor air. In this light, binary manganese-cobalt oxide (0.1 to 5 mol L-1-MnCo2O4) is synthesized and modified in an alkaline medium (0.1-5 mol L-1 potassium hydroxide) for FA oxidation under room temperature (RT) conditions. Accordingly, 1-MnCo2O4 achieves 100 % FA conversion at RT (50 ppm and 7022 h-1 gas hourly space velocity (GHSV)). The catalytic activity of 1-MnCo2O4 is assessed further as a function of diverse variables (e.g., catalyst mass, relative humidity, FA concentration, molecular oxygen (O2) content, flow rate, and time on-stream). In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy confirms that FA molecules are adsorbed onto the active surface sites of 1-MnCo2O4 and oxidized into water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through dioxymethylene (DOM) and formate (HCOO-) as the reaction intermediates. According to the density functional theory simulations, the higher catalytic activity of 1-MnCo2O4 can be attributed to the combined effects of its meritful surface properties (e.g., the firmer attachment of FA molecules, lower energy cost of FA adsorption, and lower desorption energy for CO2 and H2O). This work is the first report on the synthesis of alkali (KOH)-modified MnCo2O4 and its application toward the FA oxidative removal at RT in the dark. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights into the development of efficient and cost-effective non-noble metal catalysts against indoor FA at DLT.

Harnessing Persistent Photocurrent in a 2D Semiconductor-Polymer Hybrid Structure: Electron Trapping and Fermi Level Modulation for Optoelectronic Memory.

Recently, 2D semiconductor-based optoelectronic memory has been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional von Neumann architectures by integrating optical sensing and data storage into one device. Persistent photocurrent (PPC), essential for optoelectronic memory, originates from charge carrier trapping according to the Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) model in 2D semiconductors. The quasi-Fermi level position influences the activation of charge-trapping sites. However, the correlation between quasi-Fermi level modulations and PPC in 2D semiconductors has not been extensively studied. In this study, we demonstrate optoelectronic memory based on a 2D semiconductor-polymer hybrid structure and confirm that the underlying mechanism is charge trapping, as the SRH model explains. Under light illumination, electrons transfer from polyvinylpyrrolidone to p-type tungsten diselenide, resulting in high-level injection and majority carrier-type transitions. The quasi-Fermi level shifts upward with increasing temperature, improving PPC and enabling optoelectronic memory at 433 K. Our findings offer valuable insights into optimizing 2D semiconductor-based optoelectronic memory.

Atomic sawtooth-like metal films for vdW-layered single-crystal growth.

Atomic sawtooth surfaces have emerged as a versatile platform for growth of single-crystal van der Waals layered materials. However, the mechanism governing the formation of single-crystal atomic sawtooth metal (copper or gold) films on hard substrates (tungsten or molybdenum) remains a puzzle. In this study, we aim to elucidate the formation mechanism of atomic sawtooth metal films during melting-solidification process. Utilizing molecular dynamics, we unveil that the solidification of the liquid copper initiates at a high-index tungsten facet with higher interfacial energy. Subsequent tungsten facets follow energetically favourable pathways of forming single-crystal atomic sawtooth copper film during the solidification process near melting temperature. Formation of atomic sawtooth copper film is guaranteed with a film thickness exceeding the grain size of polycrystalline tungsten substrate. We further demonstrate the successful growth of centimeter-scale single-crystal monolayer hexagonal boron nitride films on atomic sawtooth copper films and explore their potential as efficient oxygen barrier.

Broadening the scope of multigene panel analysis for adult epilepsy patients.

OBJECTIVE: Epilepsy is a suitable target for gene panel sequencing because a considerable portion of epilepsy is now explained by genetic components, especially in syndromic cases. However, previous gene panel studies on epilepsy have mostly focused on pediatric patients. METHODS: We enrolled adult epilepsy patients meeting any of the following criteria: family history of epilepsy, seizure onset age ≤ 19 years, neuronal migration disorder, and seizure freedom not achieved by dual anti-seizure medications. We sequenced the exonic regions of 211 epilepsy genes in these patients. To confirm the pathogenicity of a novel MTOR truncating variant, we electroporated vectors with different MTOR variants into developing mouse brains. RESULTS: A total of 92 probands and 4 affected relatives were tested, and the proportion of intellectual disability (ID) and/or developmental disability (DD) was 21.7%. As a result, twelve probands (13.0%) had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in the following genes or regions: DEPDC5, 15q12-q13 duplication (n = 2), SLC6A1, SYNGAP1, EEF1A2, LGI1, MTOR, KCNQ2, MEF2C, and TSC1 (n = 1). We confirmed the functional impact of a novel truncating mutation in the MTOR gene (c.7570C > T, p.Gln2524Ter) that disrupted neuronal migration in a mouse model. The diagnostic yield was higher in patients with ID/DD or childhood-onset seizures. We also identified additional candidate variants in 20 patients that could be reassessed by further studies. SIGNIFICANCE: Our findings underscore the clinical utility of gene panel sequencing in adult epilepsy patients suspected of having genetic etiology, especially those with ID/DD or early-onset seizures. Gene panel sequencing could not only lead to genetic diagnosis in a substantial portion of adult epilepsy patients but also inform more precise therapeutic decisions based on their genetic background. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of gene panel sequencing in adults with epilepsy, revealing pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 13.0% of patients. Higher diagnostic yields were observed in those with neurodevelopmental disorders or childhood-onset seizures. Additionally, we have shown that expanding genetic studies into adult patients would uncover new types of pathogenic variants for epilepsy, contributing to the advancement of precision medicine for individuals with epilepsy. In conclusion, our results highlight the practical value of employing gene panel sequencing in adult epilepsy patients, particularly when genetic etiology is clinically suspected.

Developing evidence-based clinical imaging guidelines for the diagnosis of vertically fractured teeth.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to develop an evidence-based clinical imaging guideline for teeth suspected with vertical root fractures. METHODS: An adaptation methodology based on the Korean Clinical Imaging Guidelines (K-CIG) was used in the guideline development process. After searching for guidelines using major databases such as Ovid-Medline, Elsevier-Embase, National Guideline Clearinghouse, and Guideline International Network, as well as domestic databases such as KoreaMed, KMbase, and KoMGI, two reviewers analyzed the retrieved articles. The retrieved articles were included in this review using well-established inclusion criteria. RESULTS: Twenty articles were identified through an online search, of which three were selected for guideline development. Based on these three guidelines, this study developed specific recommendations concerning the optimal imaging modality for diagnosing teeth suspected of vertical root fractures. CONCLUSIONS: Periapical radiography is the preferred method for assessing teeth with mastication-related pain and suspected vertical root fractures. However, if intraoral radiographs do not provide sufficient information about root fractures, a small FOV CBCT may be considered. However, the use of CBCT in endodontically treated teeth is significantly constrained by the presence of artificial shading.

Continuous Template Growth of Large-Scale Tellurene Films on 1T'-MoTe2.

Use of a template triggers an epitaxial interaction with the depositing material during synthesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that two-dimensional tellurium (tellurene) can be directionally oriented when grown on transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) templates. Specifically, employing a T-phase TMD, such as WTe2, restricts the growth direction even further due to its anisotropic nature, which allows for the synthesis of well-oriented tellurene films. Despite this, producing large-area epitaxial films still remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the continuous synthesis of a 1T'-MoTe2 template via chemical vapor deposition and tellurene via vapor transport. The interaction between helical Te and the 1T'-MoTe2 template facilitates the Te chains to collapse into ribbon shapes, enhancing lateral growth at a rate approximately 6 times higher than in the vertical direction, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Interestingly, despite the predominance of the lateral growth, cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy analysis of the tellurene ribbons revealed a consistent 60-degree incline at the edges. This suggests that the edges of the tellurene ribbons, where they contact the template surface, are favorable sites for additional Te absorption, which then stacks along the incline angle to expand. Furthermore, controlling the synthesis temperature, duration, and preheating time has facilitated the successful synthesis of tellurene films. The resultant tellurene exhibited hole mobility as high as ∼400 cm2/V s. After removing the underlying metallic template with plasma treatment, the film showed a current on/off ratio of ∼103. This ratio was confirmed by two-terminal field-effect transistor measurements and supported by near-field terahertz (THz) spectroscopy mapping.

Hydroxyl-functionalized Microporous Polymer Membranes with Tunable Para Position Substituent Benzaldehydes for Gas Separation.

We report hydroxyl-functionalized microporous polymers with tunable benzaldehyde groups for gas separation membranes. These polymers were synthesized via acid-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts polycondensation. The tunability in d-spacing and fractional free volume of these polymers depends on the para position substituents (-H, -F, -Cl, and -Br) of the benzaldehyde. Specifically, the size and polarity of the para position substituent influence the polymer chain-packing structure. Consequently, the hydroxyl-functionalized microporous polymer membrane with a larger para position substituent in the benzaldehyde group exhibited improved gas permeability. This improvement is due to enhanced gas diffusivity resulting from the inefficient polymer chain-packing structure. Furthermore, these membranes demonstrated enhanced CO2 plasticization resistance, attributable to the rigid, contorted polymer structure and the hydrogen bonding interactions between hydroxyl groups. This study provides insights into the relationship between the polymer chain-packing structure, tunable para position substituents, and molecular transport.

Study of CO2 Adsorption Properties on the SrTiO3(001) Surface with Ambient Pressure XPS.

The adsorption properties of CO2 on the SrTiO3(001) surface were investigated using ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under elevated pressure and temperature conditions. On the Nb-doped TiO2-enriched (1 × 1) SrTiO3 surface, CO2 adsorption, i.e., the formation of CO3 surface species, occurs first at the oxygen lattice site under 10-6 mbar CO2 at room temperature. The interaction of CO2 molecules with oxygen vacancies begins when the CO2 pressure increases to 0.25 mbar. The adsorbed CO3 species on the Nb-doped SrTiO3 surface increases continuously as the pressure increases but starts to leave the surface as the surface temperature increases, which occurs at approximately 373 K on the defect-free surface. On the undoped TiO2-enriched (1 × 1) SrTiO3 surface, CO2 adsorption also occurs first at the lattice oxygen sites. Both the doped and undoped SrTiO3 surfaces exhibit an enhancement of the CO3 species with the presence of oxygen vacancies, thus indicating the important role of oxygen vacancies in CO2 dissociation. When OH species are removed from the undoped SrTiO3 surface, the CO3 species begin to form under 10-6 mbar at 573 K, thus indicating the critical role of OH in preventing CO2 adsorption. The observed CO2 adsorption properties of the various SrTiO3 surfaces provide valuable information for designing SrTiO3-based CO2 catalysts.

Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) longitudinal prospective pregnancy to childhood cohort study of Australian children at risk of type 1 diabetes: parental demographics and birth information.

INTRODUCTION: The Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) Study is an ongoing Australian prospective cohort study investigating how modifiable prenatal and early-life exposures drive the development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes (T1D) in children. In this profile, we describe the cohort's parental demographics, maternal and neonatal outcomes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria were an unborn child, or infant aged less than 6 months, with a first-degree relative (FDR) with T1D. The primary outcome was persistent islet autoimmunity, with children followed until a T1D diagnosis or 10 years of age. Demographic data were collected at enrollment. Lifestyle, clinical and anthropometric data were collected at each visit during pregnancy and clinical pregnancy and birth data were verified against medical case notes. Data were compared between mothers with and without T1D. HLA genotyping was performed on the ENDIA child and all available FDRs. RESULTS: The final cohort comprised 1473 infants born to 1214 gestational mothers across 1453 pregnancies, with 80% enrolled during pregnancy. The distribution of familial T1D probands was 62% maternal, 28% paternal and 11% sibling. The frequency of high-risk HLA genotypes was highest in T1D probands, followed by ENDIA infants, and lowest among unaffected family members. Mothers with T1D had higher rates of pregnancy complications and perinatal intervention, and larger babies of shorter gestation. Parent demographics were comparable to the Australian population for age, parity and obesity. A greater percentage of ENDIA parents were Australian born, lived in a major city and had higher socioeconomic advantage and education. CONCLUSIONS: This comprehensive profile provides the context for understanding ENDIA's scope, methodology, unique strengths and limitations. Now fully recruited, ENDIA will provide unique insights into the roles of early-life factors in the development of islet autoimmunity and T1D in the Australian environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ACTRN12613000794707.

Structural Diversification of Pyrazinone Metabolites via Spontaneous Oxa-Michael Addition in Staphylococcus xylosus.

A family of pyrazinone metabolites (1-11) were characterized from Staphylococcus xylosus ATCC 29971. Six of them were hydroxylated or methoxylated, which were proposed to be produced by the rare noncatalytic oxa-Michael addition reaction with a water or methanol molecule. It was confirmed that isopropyl alcohol can also be the Michael donor of the reaction. 1-7 and the synthetic precursor 2a showed significant inhibition of breast cancer cell migration.