Two-dimensional material-based memristive devices for alternative computing.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising building blocks for next generation memristive devices, owing to their unique electronic, mechanical, and thermal properties, resulting in effective switching mechanisms for charge transport. Memristors are key components in a wide range of applications including neuromorphic computing, which is becoming increasingly important in artificial intelligence applications. Crossbar arrays are an important component in the development of hardware-based neural networks composed of 2D materials. In this paper, we summarize the current state of research on 2D material-based memristive devices utilizing different switching mechanisms, along with the application of these devices in neuromorphic crossbar arrays. Additionally, we discuss the challenges and future directions for the field.

Printable Light-Emitting Metasurfaces with Enhanced Directional Photoluminescence.

Nanoimprint lithography is gaining popularity as a cost-efficient way to reproduce nanostructures in large quantities. Recent advances in nanoimprinting lithography using high-index nanoparticles have demonstrated replication of photonic devices, but it is difficult to confer special properties on nanostructures beyond general metasurfaces. Here, we introduce a novel method for fabricating light-emitting metasurfaces using nanoimprinting lithography. By utilizing quantum dots embedded in resin, we successfully imprint dielectric metasurfaces that function simultaneously as both emitters and resonators. This approach to incorporating quantum dots into metasurfaces demonstrates an improvement in photoluminescence characteristics compared to the situation where quantum dots and metasurfaces are independently incorporated. Design of the metasurface is specifically tailored to support photonic modes within the emission band of quantum dots with a large enhancement of photoluminescence. This study indicates that nanoimprinting lithography has the capability to construct nanostructures using functionalized nanoparticles and could be used in various fields of nanophotonic applications.

Uterine macrophages and NK cells exhibit population and gene-level changes after implantation but maintain pro-invasive properties.

Introduction: Prior to pregnancy, hormonal changes lead to cellular adaptations in the endometrium allowing for embryo implantation. Critical for successful pregnancy establishment, innate immune cells constitute a significant proportion of uterine cells prior to arrival of the embryo and throughout the first trimester in humans and animal models. Abnormal uterine immune cell function during implantation is believed to play a role in multiple adverse pregnancy outcomes. Current work in humans has focused on uterine immune cells present after pregnancy establishment, and limited in vitro models exist to explore unique functions of these cells. Methods: With single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNAseq), we comprehensively compared the human uterine immune landscape of the endometrium during the window of implantation and the decidua during the first trimester of pregnancy. Results: We uncovered global and cell-type-specific gene signatures for each timepoint. Immune cells in the endometrium prior to implantation expressed genes associated with immune metabolism, division, and activation. In contrast, we observed widespread interferon signaling during the first trimester of pregnancy. We also provide evidence of specific inflammatory pathways enriched in pre- and post-implantation macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells in the uterine lining. Using our novel implantation-on-a-chip (IOC) to model human implantation ex vivo, we demonstrate for the first time that uterine macrophages strongly promote invasion of extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs), a process essential for pregnancy establishment. Pre- and post-implantation uterine macrophages promoted EVT invasion to a similar degree as pre- and post-implantation NK cells on the IOC. Conclusions: This work provides a foundation for further investigation of the individual roles of uterine immune cell subtypes present prior to embryo implantation and during early pregnancy, which will be critical for our understanding of pregnancy complications associated with abnormal trophoblast invasion and placentation.

Sub-1-Volt Electrically Programmable Optical Modulator Based on Active Tamm Plasmon.

Reconfigurable optical devices hold great promise for advancing high-density optical interconnects, photonic switching, and memory applications. While many optical modulators based on active materials have been demonstrated, it is challenging to achieve a high modulation depth with a low operation voltage in the near-infrared (NIR) range, which is a highly sought-after wavelength window for free-space communication and imaging applications. Here, electrically switchable Tamm plasmon coupled with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is introduced. The device allows for a high modulation depth across the entire NIR range by fully absorbing incident light even under epsilon near zero conditions. Optical modulation exceeding 88% is achieved using a CMOS-compatible voltage of ±1 V. This modulation is facilitated by precise electrical control of the charge carrier density through an electrochemical doping/dedoping process. Additionally, the potential applications of the device are extended for a non-volatile multi-memory state optical device, capable of rewritable optical memory storage and exhibiting long-term potentiation/depression properties with neuromorphic behavior.

Full-Control and Switching of Optical Fano Resonance by Continuum State Engineering.

Fano resonance, known for its unique asymmetric line shape, has gained significant attention in photonics, particularly in sensing applications. However, it remains difficult to achieve controllable Fano parameters with a simple geometric structure. Here, a novel approach of using a thin-film optical Fano resonator with a porous layer to generate entire spectral shapes from quasi-Lorentzian to Lorentzian to Fano is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The glancing angle deposition technique is utilized to create a polarization-dependent Fano resonator. By altering the linear polarization between s- and p-polarization, a switchable Fano device between quasi-Lorentz state and negative Fano state is demonstrated. This change in spectral shape is advantageous for detecting materials with a low-refractive index. A bio-particle sensing experiment is conducted that demonstrates an enhanced signal-to-noise ratio and prediction accuracy. Finally, the challenge of optimizing the film-based Fano resonator due to intricate interplay among numerous parameters, including layer thicknesses, porosity, and materials selection, is addressed. The inverse design tool is developed based on a multilayer perceptron model that allows fast computation for all ranges of Fano parameters. The method provides improved accuracy of the mean validation factor (MVF = 0.07, q-q') compared to the conventional exhaustive enumeration method (MVF = 0.37).

Harvest of Cell-Only Muscle Fibers Using Thermally Expandable Hydrogels with Adhesive Patterns.

Muscle tissue engineering has been the focus of extensive research due to its potential for numerous medical applications, including ex vivo actuator development and clinical treatments. In this study, we developed a method for harvesting muscle fiber in a floatable and translocatable manner utilizing thermally expandable hydrogels with a chemically patterned polydopamine (PD) layer generated by microcontact printing (µCP). The µCP of PD on the hydrogel facilitated the formation of stripe patterns with varying widths of printed/nonprinted area (50/50, 100/100, and 200/200 µm). The spatially controlled adhesion of C2C12 myoblasts on the PD patterns produced clearly distinguishable muscle fibers, and translocated muscle fibers exhibited preserved extracellular matrix and junction proteins. Furthermore, the development of anisotropic arrangements and mature myotubes within the fibers suggests the potential for functional control of engineered muscle tissues. Overall, the muscle fiber harvesting method developed herein is suitable for both translocation and floating and is a promising technique for muscle tissue engineering as it mimics the structure-function relationship of natural tissue.

All-2D material photonic devices.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials are extensively used in almost all scientific research areas, from fundamental research to applications. Initially, 2D materials were integrated with conventional non-2D materials having well-established manufacturing methods. Recently, the concept of constructing photonic devices exclusively from 2D materials has emerged. Various devices developed to date have been demonstrated based on monolithic or hetero 2D materials. In this review, photonic devices that solely consist of 2D materials are introduced, including photonic waveguides, lenses, and optical cavities. Exploring photonic devices that are made entirely of 2D materials could open interesting prospects as they enable the thinnest devices possible because of their extraordinarily high refractive index. In addition, unique characteristics of 2D materials, such as high optical anisotropy and spin orbit coupling, might provide intriguing applications.

Free radical-scavenging composite gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels for cell encapsulation.

Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been widely used for cell encapsulation in tissue engineering due to their cell adhesiveness and biocompatibility. However, free radicals generated during gelation decrease the viability of the encapsulated cells by increasing intracellular oxidative stress, so appropriate strategies for scavenging free radicals need to be developed. To meet that need, we developed composite GelMA hydrogels incorporating nanofiber particles (EF) coated with epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG). The GelMA composite hydrogels were successfully fabricated and had a storage modulus of about 5 kPa, which is similar to that of pristine GelMA hydrogel, and the drastic free radical scavenging activity of EGCG was highly preserved after gelation. In addition, human adipose-derived stem cells encapsulated within our composite hydrogels had better viability (about 1.5 times) and decreased intracellular oxidative stress (about 0.3 times) compared with cells within the pristine GelMA hydrogel. We obtained similar results with human dermal fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, indicating that our composite hydrogels are suitable for various cell types. Furthermore, we found that the ability of the encapsulated cells to spread and migrate increased by 5 times within the composite hydrogels. Collectively, our results demonstrate that incorporating EF into GelMA hydrogels is a promising way to enhance cell viability by reducing free-radical-derived cellular damage when fabricating 3D tissue ex vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels have been widely applied to various tissue engineering applications because of their biocompatibility and cell interactivity. However, free radicals generated during the GelMA hydrogel fabrication decrease the viability of encapsulated cells by elevating intracellular oxidative stress. Here, we demonstrate radical scavenging GelMA hydrogels incorporating epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG)-coated nanofiber particles (EF). The composite GelMA hydrogels are successfully fabricated, maintaining their mechanical properties, and the viability of encapsulated human adipose-derived stem cells is greatly improved after the gelation, indicating that our composite GelMA hydrogel alleviates damages from free radicals. Collectively, the incorporation of EF within GelMA hydrogels may be a promising way to enhance the viability of encapsulated cells, which could be applied to 3D tissue fabrication.

Spatially arranged encapsulation of stem cell spheroids within hydrogels for the regulation of spheroid fusion and cell migration.

Mesenchymal stem cell spheroids have been encapsulated in hydrogels for various applications because spheroids demonstrate higher cell activity than individual cells in suspension. However, there is limited information on the effect of distance between spheroids (inter-spheroid distance) on fusion or migration in a hydrogel. In this study, we developed temperature-responsive hydrogels with surface microwell patterns to culture adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) spheroids and deliver them into a Matrigel for the investigation of the effect of inter-spheroid distance on spheroid behavior. The ASC spheroids were encapsulated successfully in a Matrigel, denoted as sandwich culture, with a specific inter-spheroid distance ranging from 100 to 400 µm. Interestingly, ASCs migrated from the host spheroid and formed a bridge-like structure between spheroids, denoted as a cellular bridge, only when the inter-spheroid distance was 200 µm. Thus, we performed a sandwich culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and ASCs in co-cultured spheroids in the Matrigel to create a homogeneous endothelial cell network in the hydrogel. The HUVECs sprouted through the ASC cellular bridge and directly interacted with the adjacent spheroid when the inter-spheroid distance was 200 µm. Similar results were obtained from an in vivo study. Thus, our study suggests the appropriate inter-spheroid distance for effective spheroid encapsulation in a hydrogel. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, spheroid-based 3D tissue culture techniques such as spheroid encapsulation or 3D printing are being intensively investigated for various purposes. However, there is limited research regarding the effect of the inter-spheroid distance on spheroid communication. Here, we demonstrate a spatially arranged spheroid encapsulation method within a Matrigel by using a temperature-responsive hydrogel. Human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids are encapsulated with a precisely controlled inter-spheroid distance from 100 to 400 µm and show different tendencies in cell migration and spheroid fusion. Our results suggest that the inter-spheroid distance affects spheroid communication, and thus, the inter-spheroid distance needs to be considered carefully according to the purpose.

Coupling Spin Defects in a Layered Material to Nanoscale Plasmonic Cavities.

Spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride, and specifically the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB - ) centers, are emerging candidates for quantum sensing. However, the VB - defects suffer from low quantum efficiency and, as a result, exhibit weak photoluminescence. In this work, a scalable approach is demonstrated to dramatically enhance the VB - emission by coupling to a plasmonic gap cavity. The plasmonic cavity is composed of a flat gold surface and a silver cube, with few-layer hBN flakes positioned in between. Employing these plasmonic cavities, two orders of magnitude are extracted in photoluminescence enhancement associated with a corresponding twofold enhancement in optically detected magnetic resonance contrast. The work will be pivotal to progress in quantum sensing employing 2D materials, and in realization of nanophotonic devices with spin defects in hexagonal boron nitride.

Purcell Enhancement of a Cavity-Coupled Emitter in Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

Integration of solid-state quantum emitters into nanophotonic circuits is a critical step towards fully on-chip quantum photonic-based technologies. Among potential materials platforms, quantum emitters in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) have emerged as a viable candidate over the last years. While the fundamental physical properties have been intensively studied, only a few works have focused on the emitter integration into photonic resonators. Yet, for a potential quantum photonic material platform, the integration with nanophotonic cavities is an important cornerstone, as it enables the deliberate tuning of the spontaneous emission and the improved readout of distinct transitions for a quantum emitter. In this work, the resonant tuning of a monolithic cavity integrated hBN quantum emitter is demonstrated through gas condensation at cryogenic temperature. In resonance, an emission enhancement and lifetime reduction are observed, with an estimate for the Purcell factor of ≈15.

Effects of mechanical properties of gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels on encapsulated stem cell spheroids for 3D tissue engineering.

Cell spheroids are three-dimensional cell aggregates that have been widely employed in tissue engineering. Spheroid encapsulation has been explored as a method to enhance cell-cell interactions. However, the effect of hydrogel mechanical properties on spheroids, specifically soft hydrogels (<1 kPa), has not yet been studied. In this study, we determined the effect of encapsulation of stem cell spheroids by hydrogels crosslinked with different concentrations of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) on the functions of the stem cells. To this end, human adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) spheroids with a defined size were prepared, and spheroid-laden hydrogels with various concentrations (5, 10, 15%) were fabricated. The apoptotic index of cells from spheroids encapsulated in the 15% hydrogel was high. The migration distance was five-fold higher in cells encapsulated in the 5% hydrogel than the 10% hydrogel. After 14 days of culture, cells from spheroids in the 5% hydrogel were observed to have spread and proliferated. Osteogenic factor and pro-angiogenic factor production in the 15% hydrogel was high. Collectively, our results indicate that the functionality of spheroids can be regulated by the mechanical properties of hydrogel, even under 1 kPa. These results indicate that spheroid-laden hydrogels are suitable for use in 3D tissue construction.

Surface engineering of 3D-printed scaffolds with minerals and a pro-angiogenic factor for vascularized bone regeneration.

Scaffolds functionalized with biomolecules have been developed for bone regeneration but inducing the regeneration of complex structured bone with neovessels remains a challenge. For this study, we developed three-dimensional printed scaffolds with bioactive surfaces coated with minerals and platelet-derived growth factor. The minerals were homogeneously deposited on the surface of the scaffold using 0.01 M NaHCO3 with epigallocatechin gallate in simulated body fluid solution (M2). The M2 scaffold demonstrated enhanced mineral coating amount per scaffold with a greater compressive modulus than the others which used different concentration of NaHCO3. Then, we immobilized PDGF on the mineralized scaffold (M2/P), which enhanced the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose derived stem cells in vitro and promoted the secretion of pro-angiogenic factors. Cells cultured in M2/P showed remarkable ratio of osteocalcin- and osteopontin-positive nuclei, and M2/P-derived medium induced endothelial cells to form tubule structures. Finally, the implanted M2/P scaffolds onto mouse calvarial defects had regenerated bone in 80.8 ± 9.8% of the defect area with the arterioles were formed, after 8 weeks. In summary, our scaffold, which composed of minerals and pro-angiogenic growth factor, could be used therapeutically to improve the regeneration of bone with a highly vascularized structure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Surface engineered scaffolds have been developed for bone regeneration but inducing the volumetric regeneration of bone with neovessels remains a challenge. In here, we developed 3D printed scaffolds with bioactive surfaces coated with bio-minerals and platelet-derived growth factors. We proved that the 0.01 M NaHCO3 with polyphenol in simulated body fluid solution enhanced the deposition of bio-minerals and even distribution on the surface of scaffold. The in vitro studies demonstrated that the attached cells on the bioactive surface showed the enhanced osteogenic differentiation and secretion of pro-angiogenic factors. Finally, the scaffold with bioactive surface not only improved the regenerated volume of bone tissues but also increased neovessel formation after in vivo implantation onto mouse calvarial defect.

Enhanced Emission from Interlayer Excitons Coupled to Plasmonic Gap Cavities.

The emergence of interlayer excitons (IEs) from atomic layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) heterostructures has drawn tremendous attention due to their unique and exotic optoelectronic properties. Coupling the IEs into optical cavities provides distinctive electromagnetic environments which plays an important role in controlling multiple optical processes such as optical nonlinear generation or photoluminescence enhancement. Here, the integration of IEs in TMDCs into plasmonic nanocavities based on a nanocube on a metallic mirror is reported. Spectroscopic studies reveal an order of magnitude enhancement of the IE at room temperature and a 5-time enhancement in fluorescence at cryogenic temperatures. Cavity modeling reveals that the enhancement of the emission is attributed to both increased excitation efficiency and Purcell effect from the cavity. The results show a novel method to control the excitonic processes in TMDC heterostructures to build high performance photonics and optoelectronics devices.

Cudrania tricuspidata Combined with Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Modulate Gut Microbiota and Alleviate Obesity-Associated Metabolic Parameters in Obese Mice.

The aim of the presented study was to investigate the synbiotic effects of L. rhamnosus 4B15 and C. tricuspidata extract administration on the gut microbiota and obesity-associated metabolic parameters in diet-induced obese mice. Thirty-one 6-week-old male C57BL/N6 mice were divided into five diet groups: normal diet (ND, n = 7) group; high-fat diet (HFD, n = 6) group; probiotic (PRO, n = 5) group; prebiotic (PRE, n = 7) group; and synbiotic (SYN, n = 6) group. After 10 weeks, the percent of fat mass, serum triglyceride, and ALT levels were significantly reduced in SYN-fed obese mice, compared with other treatments. SYN treatment also modulated the abundance of Desulfovibrio, Dorea, Adlercreutzia, Allobaculum, Coprococcus, unclassified Clostridiaceae, Lactobacillus, Helicobacter, Flexispira, Odoribacter, Ruminococcus, unclassified Erysipelotrichaceae, and unclassified Desulfovibrionaceae. These taxa showed a strong correlation with obesity-associated indices. Lastly, the SYN-supplemented diet upregulated metabolic pathways known to improve metabolic health. Further investigations are needed to understand the mechanisms driving the synbiotic effect of C. tricuspidata and L. rhamnosus 4B15.

P62 Links the Autophagy Pathway and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System in Endothelial Cells during Atherosclerosis.

Among autophagy-related molecules, p62/SQSTM1 is an adaptor for identifying and delivering intracellular cargo for degradation. Since ubiquitination is reversible, it has a switch role in autophagy. Ubiquitination is also involved in regulating autophagy in a timely manner. This study aimed to elucidate how p62-mediated autophagy is regulated in human endothelial cells and macrophages under atherosclerotic conditions, focusing on the lysosomal and proteasomal pathways. Co-cultured HUVECs and THP-1 cells were exposed to oxLDL (50 µg/mL) and autophagy was assessed. To downregulate p62, siRNA was administered, and the E3 ligases were inhibited by Heclin or MLN4924 treatment under the condition that cellular inflammatory processes were stimulated by oxLDL simultaneously initiated autophagy. Downregulating p62 induced an alternative degradation system, and the E3 ligases were found to be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. Collectively, the present study demonstrated that the endothelial lipid accumulation under atherosclerotic conditions was caused by lysosomal dysfunction associated with autophagy.

Isolation of Bacillus cereus from Soft Soybean Curd and the Kinetic Behavior of B. cereus Isolates at Changing Temperatures.

ABSTRACT: In this study, Bacillus cereus was isolated from soft soybean curds, and a dynamic model was developed to describe the kinetic behavior of these isolates during transfer and storage. B. cereus isolates recovered from soft soybean curds were inoculated into soft soybean curd, and the levels were determined during storage at 10 to 30°C. The B. cereus counts were fitted to the Baranyi model to calculate maximum growth rate (µmax) and lag-phase duration (LPD). These kinetic parameters were then analyzed with a polynomial equation to evaluate the effects of temperature on the kinetic parameters. The developed model was validated with observed values, and the differences between predicted and observed values were determined by calculating the root mean square error (RMSE). A dynamic model was then developed with a combination of primary and secondary models to describe B. cereus growth under changing temperature conditions. B. cereus was detected in two soft soybean curd samples (5.1%) at 0.7 log CFU/g. The µmax was -0.04 to 0.47 log CFU/g/h, and the ln(LPD) was 3.94 to 0.04 h, depending on the storage temperature. The model performance was appropriate with a 0.216 RMSE and accurately described the kinetic behavior of B. cereus in soft soybean curd samples. These results suggest that B. cereus can contaminate soft soybean curds and that the models developed with the B. cereus isolates are useful for describing the kinetic behavior of B. cereus in soft soybean curd.

Coupling Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride to Monolithic Bullseye Cavities.

Color centers in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) are becoming an increasingly important building block for quantum photonic applications. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient coupling of recently discovered spin defects in hBN to purposely designed bullseye cavities. We show that boron vacancy spin defects couple to the monolithic hBN cavity system and exhibit a 6.5-fold enhancement. In addition, by comparative finite-difference time-domain modeling, we shed light on the emission dipole orientation, which has not been experimentally demonstrated at this point. Beyond that, the coupled spin system exhibits an enhanced contrast in optically detected magnetic resonance readout and improved signal-to-noise ratio. Thus, our experimental results, supported by simulations, constitute a first step toward integration of hBN spin defects with photonic resonators for a scalable spin-photon interface.

Nanofabrication of high Q, transferable diamond resonators.

Advancement of diamond based photonic circuitry requires robust fabrication protocols of key components - including diamond resonators and cavities. Here, we present 1D (nanobeam) photonic crystal cavities generated from single crystal diamond membranes utilising a metallic tungsten layer as a restraining, conductive and removable hard mask. The use of tungsten instead of a more conventional silicon oxide layer enables good repeatability and reliability of the fabrication procedures. The process yields high quality diamond cavities with quality factors (Q-factors) approaching 1 × 104. Finally, we show that the cavities can be picked up and transferred onto a trenched substrate to realise fully suspended diamond cavities. Our fabrication process demonstrates the capability of diamond membranes as modular components for broader diamond based quantum photonic circuitry.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 2 is induced in Huntington's disease and involved in autophagy.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins are primarily feedback inhibitors of cytokine signaling. The two conserved domains of SOCS proteins have distinct functions. Src homology 2 (SH2) domain inhibits cytokine receptor, while SOCS box acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. SOCS2, a cytokine signaling suppressor, has been primarily implicated in regulating inflammatory conditions in neuronal diseases. However, SOCS proteins have been suggested to play diverse roles in healthy and diseased nervous system including neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, SOCS2 was found to be upregulated in Huntington's disease and was substantially induced in extended polyglutamine (polyQ)-expressing striatal cells. The induced level was augmented under aging conditions. In extended polyQ-expressing cells, downregulated SOCS2 improved autophagic dysfunction rather than altered inflammatory conditions. Overall, we suggest that SOCS2 involves in regulating autophagy by functioning as an E3 ligase in extended polyQ conditions, and consequently regulates cell damage and cell death type.