Quality of work life (QWL) of community pharmacists and its association with subjective evaluations of pharmaceutical services.

Background: In Japan, pharmacists' role has drastically changed in recent years. However, previous studies have not performed internal marketing analysis for Japanese community pharmacists so that they improve the quality of work life (QWL) and be satisfied with it. Further, few studies are conducted on Japanese community pharmacists' QWL and its effect on the quality of pharmaceutical services. Objectives: This study aimed to reveal associations between community pharmacists' QWL and their subjective evaluations of pharmaceutical service. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2027 pharmacists, with the cooperation of 20 corporations that run pharmacies. The collected data were subjected to multiple regression analysis, using SPSS 29. Results: Standard multiple regression shows that 27.4% of variance in pharmacists' subjective evaluations of their service was explained by QWL and other control variables, such as age, gender, and employee status (p < .001, R2 = 0.274). This analysis showed that factors behind pharmacists' QWL, "meaning of existence in the workplace" and "pride in work," explained pharmacists' subjective evaluations of pharmaceutical service (ß = 0.307, p < .001, ß = 0.277; p < .001, respectively). Conclusion: This study shows that improving QWL, especially "mental and physical effects on work" and "pride in work," might contribute to improving community pharmacists' services.

Development of a quality of work life scale for Japanese community pharmacists: a questionnaire survey mostly in large companies.

BACKGROUND: Human resource management may become complex for community pharmacists owing to recent changes in work volume and content. Few studies have examined job satisfaction, well-being, and quality of work life (QWL) among community pharmacists in Japan. This study focused on QWL, a more comprehensive concept than job satisfaction, and aimed to develop the QWL questionnaire for Japanese community pharmacists (the QWLQ for JCP) and assess its reliability and validity. METHODS: A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2027 pharmacists who worked in pharmacies with the cooperation of 20 corporations running pharmacies. Collected data were subjected to principal component factor analysis with Promax rotation via SPSS Windows version 28. RESULTS: The factor analysis used data from 1966 pharmacists. In total, five significant components, which formed the basis of the QWLQ for JCP, were identified. These included "Influence of work on mind and body," "Relationships with colleagues," "Relationship with the boss," "Meaning of existence in the workplace," and "Pride in work." Cronbach's alpha, which expressed reliability, ranged from 0.585 to 0.854 for all the subscales. CONCLUSION: The QWLQ for the JCP significantly explained the concept of QWL, which indicated that its validity was sufficient.

Living Lab for Citizens' Wellness: A Case of Maintaining and Improving a Healthy Diet under the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The establishment and implementation of a healthy lifestyle is fundamental to public health and is an important issue for working-aged people, as it affects not only them but also the future generations. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and associated behavioural restrictions, lifestyles have altered, and, in certain environments, significantly worsened. In the present study, we conducted a project to improve the intestinal environment by focussing on the dietary habits of participants, utilising the living laboratory as a social technology to explore how to adapt to this drastic environmental change. We held eight workshops for voluntary participants and implemented a self-monitoring process of recording dietary behaviours (n = 78) and testing the intestinal environment (n = 14). Through this initiative, we developed a personalised wellness enhancement programme based on collaboration with multiple stakeholders and a framework for using personal data for research and practical purposes. These results provide an approach for promoting voluntary participation and behavioural changes among people, especially under the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as a practical basis for the government, academia, and industry to intervene effectively in raising people's awareness of health and wellness.

Discovery of Novel Allosteric Inhibitors of Deoxyhypusine Synthase.

Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) utilizes spermidine and NAD as cofactors to incorporate a hypusine modification into the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A). Hypusine is essential for eIF5A activation, which, in turn, plays a key role in regulating protein translation of selected mRNA that are associated with the synthesis of oncoproteins, thereby enhancing tumor cell proliferation. Therefore, inhibition of DHPS is a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer. To discover novel lead compounds that target DHPS, we conducted synthetic studies with a hit obtained via high-throughput screening. Optimization of the ring structures of the amide compound (2) led to bromobenzothiophene (11g) with potent inhibitory activity against DHPS. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 11g complexed with DHPS revealed a dramatic conformational change in DHPS, which suggests the presence of a novel allosteric site. These findings provide the basis for the development of novel therapy distinct from spermidine mimetic inhibitors.

New Series of Potent Allosteric Inhibitors of Deoxyhypusine Synthase.

Deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) is the primary enzyme responsible for the hypusine modification and, thereby, activation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A), which is key in regulating the protein translation processes associated with tumor proliferation. Although DHPS inhibitors could be a promising therapeutic option for treating cancer, only a few studies reported druglike compounds with this inhibition property. Thus, in this work, we designed and synthesized a new chemical series possessing fused ring scaffolds designed from high-throughput screening hit compounds, discovering a 5,6-dihydrothieno[2,3-c]pyridine derivative (26d) with potent inhibitory activity; furthermore, the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the DHPS complex with 26d demonstrated a distinct allosteric binding mode compared to a previously reported inhibitor. These findings could be significantly useful in the functional analysis of conformational changes in DHPS as well as the structure-based design of allosteric inhibitors.

Discovery and Characterization of a Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4A-3-Selective Inhibitor That Suppresses Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay.

Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-3 (eIF4A3) is an Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD) box-family adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase. Subtypes eIF4A1 and eIF4A2 are required for translation initiation, but eIF4A3 participates in the exon junction complex (EJC) and functions in RNA metabolism including nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). No small molecules for NMD inhibition via selective inhibition of eIF4A3 have been discovered. Here, we identified allosteric eIF4A3 inhibitors from a high-throughput screening campaign. Chemical optimization of the lead compounds based on ATPase activity yielded compound 2, which exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with ATP or RNA and high selectivity for eIF4A3 over other helicases. The optimized compounds suppressed the helicase activity of eIF4A3 in an ATPase-dependent manner. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry demonstrated that the deuterium-incorporation pattern of compound 2 overlapped with that of an allosteric pan-eIF4A inhibitor, hippuristanol, suggesting that compound 2 binds to an allosteric region on eIF4A3. We examined NMD activity using a luciferase-based cellular reporter system and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction-based cellular system to monitor levels of endogenous NMD substrates. NMD suppression by the compounds correlated positively with their ATPase-inhibitory activity. In conclusion, we developed a novel eIF4A3 inhibitor that targets the EJC. The optimized chemical probes represent useful tools for understanding the functions of eIF4A3 in RNA homeostasis.

A new role of GCN2 in the nucleolus.

General control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is activated by the accumulation of uncharged tRNA in response to amino acid shortage and regulates amino acid starvation response in the cytosol. Here we report the nucleolar localization of GCN2 and the association between GCN2 and small RNA transcripts. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that GCN2 was constitutively localized to the nucleolus or recruited to the nucleolus by amino acid starvation stress. The nucleolus is the largest structure in the nucleus, where it primarily serves as the site of ribosome and RNA synthesis in addition to acting as a stress sensor through the regulation of p53 function. We found that siRNA-mediated depletion of GCN2 increases small RNA transcripts such as tRNA and 5S rRNA, and induces the p53 pathway activation. Derepression of these transcripts and p53 pathway activation by GCN2 depletion was restored by depletion of B-related factor 1 (BRF1), a primary subunit of RNA polymerase III (pol III) components. These data suggest that the excess amount of small RNA transcripts following GCN2 depletion was responsible for the p53 activation. Our findings reveal a role of GCN2 in the nucleolus that is involved in the expression of small RNA transcripts and serves as alternative stress-sensing machinery for nutrient deficiency. Thus, GCN2 may play pivotal roles in multiple protein translation checkpoints in both the nucleolus and cytosol.

Key information providers, channels, and characteristics of Japanese consumers' informed choices of over-the-counter medications.

People need reliable information regarding over-the-counter medications (OTCs), so that they can independently make appropriate informed choices. The study aimed to identify the information providers and channels that have an impact on the purchase of OTCs, and to demonstrate the information needs of OTC purchasers, using these providers and channels, from the viewpoint of information characteristics such as specialty, objectivity, concreteness, comprehensiveness, individuality, and availability, focusing on the efficacy of OTCs and related safety information. A questionnaire survey of randomly sampled adults aged ≥20 was conducted at the Japan Drugstore Show 2012, hosted by the Japan Association of Chain Drug Stores. In this questionnaire, information was particularly limited to the efficacy and safety of OTCs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed on data from 1743 respondents (1625 purchasers and 118 non-purchasers of OTCs) who obtained information on OTCs in their daily lives, to demonstrate the associations between the use of information providers and channels (predictor variables) and the purchase of OTCs (outcome variable), as well as between information characteristics valued by purchasers (predictor variables) and their use of these information providers or channels (outcome variables). Both the use of pharmacists as information providers and consultation at pharmacies as an information channel were positively associated with the purchase of OTCs (odds ratio [OR], 3.74; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 2.46-5.68; P < 0.001 and OR, 4.55; 95 % CI 2.92-7.11, P < 0.001, respectively), whereas both the use of family or friends using OTCs as information providers and family or friends as information channels were negatively associated with the purchase of OTCs (OR, 0.60; 95 % CI 0.40-0.90; P = 0.014 and OR, 0.55; 95 % CI 0.36-0.82; P = 0.004, respectively). OTC purchasers who valued individuality of information were more likely to use pharmacists (OR 2.00; 95 % CI 1.61-2.48; P < 0.001) and consultation at pharmacies (OR 1.98; 95 % CI 1.61-2.43; P < .001). In conclusion, individualized information provided by pharmacists on the efficacy and safety of OTCs during consultation at pharmacies can play the most important role in the informed choices of OTC purchasers.

Trends in cancer prognosis in a population-based cohort survey: can recent advances in cancer therapy affect the prognosis?

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to investigate trends in cancer prognosis by examining the relationship between period of diagnosis and probability of death from cancer in a population-based cohort. METHODS: Within a cohort of Japanese men and women aged 40-69 years and free of prior diagnosis of cancer and cardiovascular disease at baseline, data from 4403 patients diagnosed with cancer between 1990 and 2006 and followed up until 2012 were analyzed using survival regression models to assess the presence of an effect of the period of diagnosis (before 1998 versus after 1998) on the risk of dying from cancer. RESULTS: We noted a significant decrease in risk of dying from cancer among individuals diagnosed after 1998 with lung cancer (hazard ratio [HR]=0.676 [0.571-0.800]) or colorectal cancer (HR=0.801 [0.661-0.970]). A decrease in the estimated five-year probability of death from cancer was also noted between the first (before 1998) and the second (after 1998) period of diagnosis for lung and colorectal cancers (e.g., 85.4% vs. 73.3% for lung cancer and 44.6% vs. 37.7% for colorectal cancer, respectively, for stage III in men aged 60 at diagnosis). CONCLUSIONS: This study presented the first scientific evidence of improvement in prognosis for lung and colorectal cancer patients in a population-based cohort in Japan. Our results suggest that recent advances in cancer treatment could have influenced cancer survival differently among lung, colorectal and gastric cancers.

A lesson from Japan: research and development efficiency is a key element of pharmaceutical industry consolidation process.

Scholarly attention to pharmaceutical companies' ability to sustain research and development (R&D) productivity has increased as they increasingly handle business challenges. Furthermore, the deterioration of R&D productivity has long been considered a major cause of mergers and acquisitions (M&As). This study attempts to investigate quantitatively the possible causes of the deterioration and the relationship between the deterioration and M&As by examining the Japanese pharmaceutical industry. Japan from 1980 to 1997 is an ideal case because of the availability of official data, but more importantly the significant changes in its business environment at the time. Using the Malmquist Index and data envelopment analysis, we measured the deterioration of R&D productivity from 1980 to 1997 based on a sample of 15 Japanese companies. Two lessons can be learned from Japan's case. First, to sustain R&D productivity over the long term, companies should use licensing activities and focus on the dominant therapeutic franchises. Second, if a company fails significantly to catch up with the benchmark, it is likely to pursue an M&A or seek an alternative way to improve R&D productivity. These findings appear similar to the current situation of the global pharmaceutical industry, although Japan pursued more licensing activities than M&A to improve R&D productivity.

Multifocal and microscopic chromophobe renal cell carcinomatous lesions associated with 'capsulomas' without FCLN gene abnormality.

Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) accounts for approximately 5% of renal epithelial neoplasms. Multiple and/or bilateral chromophobe RCCs in an individual are generally rare but frequently occur in patients with Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHDS) and in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The responsible genes in both BHDS and TSC act as tumor suppressors. Therefore, it seems that some genetic backgrounds are required for the generation and progression of multiple chromophobe RCCs. Here, we report a case of multiple and bilateral chromophobe RCCs along with several small-sized capsular angiomyolipomas known as 'capsulomas' in a 39-year-old woman who had neither a particular medical history nor specific gene mutation. There has been no report of sporadic multiple chromophobe RCCs and 'capsulomas' developing in a patient without genetic features, having potential for novel genetic variation.

Effects of a sitagliptin safety alert on prescription behaviour for oral antihyperglycaemic drugs: a propensity score-matched cohort study of prescription receipt data in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Sitagliptin, the first of a new class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)-inhibitory oral antihyperglycaemic drugs (OHDs), was introduced in Japan in December 2009. In April 2010 a safety alert was issued regarding the risk of serious hypoglycaemic events, and prescribers were recommended to reduce the dose of sulfonylurea (i.e. glimepiride, glibenclamide [glyburide] or gliclazide) in patients receiving a combination of sulfonylurea and sitagliptin. OBJECTIVE: A propensity score-matched cohort study was performed using Japanese pharmacy prescription receipt data for OHDs in order to confirm reported changes in OHD prescription behaviour for patients receiving sitagliptin before and after the safety alert. METHODS: Prescription data from about 6,500 medical institutions throughout Japan during December 2009 to 31 December 2010 were randomly collected from 300 pharmacies, covering 82,064 patients with 629,955 prescriptions for OHDs. Patients who had received a sulfonylurea and sitagliptin (1,788 patients/3,576 prescriptions) before the safety alert were designated as the DPP-4 group. Patients who had received a sulfonylurea but not sitagliptin (30,963 patients/61,926 prescriptions) before the alert were designated as the non-DPP-4 group. Propensity score matching was employed to match baseline characteristics, such as age, sex, type of OHD, metformin use, type of prescribers period for measuring baseline period and type of prescribers' institutions, for 1,783 patients from each group. In the matched cohort, logistic regression analysis was conducted to compare prescription trends before and after the alert. The primary outcome measure of this study was dose of glimepiride, glibenclamide or gliclazide prescribed for DPP-4 and non-DPP-4 patients. RESULTS: In the propensity score-matched cohort, the proportion of glimepiride dose >2 mg of DPP-4 patients was reduced from 45.8 % in Period 1 (before the alert) to 37.5 % in Period 2 (after the alert) (odds ratio [OR] 0.71; 95 % CI 0.579-0.870), whereas in the case of non-DPP-4 patients the proportion was changed from 28.9 % to 29.5 % in the matched cohort (OR 1.03; 95 % CI 0.868-1.215). The mean prescribed glimepiride dose in DPP-4 patients was also reduced from 2.79 ± 1.81 mg in Period 1 (before the alert) to 2.38 ± 1.71 mg in Period 2 (after the alert) [p < 0.0001], whereas the corresponding change in the case of non-DPP-4 patients was from 2.01 ± 1.56 mg to 2.01 ± 1.54 mg (p = 0.94). The difference between the mean prescribed doses in the two groups was statistically significant in both periods. Similar trends of prescription pattern changes were seen for glibenclamide and gliclazide. The reduction of prescribed sulfonylurea dose in DPP-4 patients following the safety alert coincided with a decrease of adverse event reports. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that propensity score matching to control for baseline characteristics of individual patients and prescribers is a useful approach to avoid selection bias and confounding effects in evaluating the influence of an event on prescription behaviour. This case-matched study indicated that sulfonylurea prescription behaviour changed significantly after the sitagliptin safety alert. There was a significant reduction in sulfonylurea dose after the alert in DPP-4 patients, but not in non-DPP-4 patients. Our findings should be helpful for assessing and improving the effectiveness of other regulatory safety alerts.

Indirect reciprocity is sensitive to costs of information transfer.

How natural selection can promote cooperative or altruistic behavior is a fundamental question in biological and social sciences. One of the persuasive mechanisms is "indirect reciprocity," working through reputation: cooperative behavior can prevail because the behavior builds the donor's good reputation and then s/he receives some reciprocal benefits from someone else in the community. However, an important piece missed in the previous studies is that the reputation-building process requires substantial cognitive abilities such as communication skills, potentially causing a loss of biological fitness. Here, by mathematical analyses and individual-based computer simulations, we show that natural selection never favors indirect reciprocal cooperation in the presence of the cost of reputation building, regardless of the cost-to-benefit ratio of cooperation or moral assessment rules (social norms). Our results highlight the importance of considering the cost of high-level cognitive abilities in studies of the evolution of humans' and animals' social behavior.

Impact of the sitagliptin alert on prescription of oral antihyperglycemic drugs in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Sitagliptin, the first of a new class of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)-inhibitory oral antihyperglycemic drugs (OHDs), was introduced in Japan in December 2009. In April 2010 a safety alert was issued regarding the risk of serious hypoglycemic events when the drug is used in combination with high-dose sulfonylureas (SUs). OBJECTIVE: To investigate trends in prescription of OHDs before and after the launch of sitagliptin, and before and after the safety alert, in order to evaluate changes in the prescribing behavior of various groups of physicians in response to the safety alert. SETTING: Japan. METHOD: Prescription data from 6,500 institutions, randomly collected from 300 Japanese pharmacies were used. A cohort of 87,678 patients with 813,374 prescriptions for OHDs, among which 464,079 included SUs (glimepiride: 317,423), was collected from August 2009 to 31 December 2010. Logistic regression analysis was conducted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Prescription trends for sitagliptin and SUs, stratified by age, gender, types of prescribers and institutions. RESULTS: The safety alert recommending a reduction of SU dosing was well reflected in prescriptions issued after the alert (glimepiride dose reduction from 2.78 ± 1.86 mg to 2.32 ± 1.68), especially in prescriptions issued by diabetes specialists (from 2.27 ± 1.81 mg to 1.87 ± 1.47 mg). The dose of background SUs in patients who started sitagliptin early was higher (before alert: 2.70 ± 1.80 mg, after alert: 2.51 ± 1.74 mg) than in patients without experience of sitagliptin (2.12 ± 1.57 mg). This may indicate that patients receiving high-dose SUs were selected for sitagliptin, and this might be a factor in the high frequency of hypoglycemia in the early launch phase of sitagliptin. CONCLUSION: The sitagliptin safety alert had a clear impact on prescribing behavior, but the impact appeared to depend on prescribers' backgrounds. Our findings should be helpful for developing a safer drug launching strategy for new classes of drugs in established categories.

Risk factors for sudden cardiac death among Japanese: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study.

OBJECTIVE: There is little evidence concerning risk factors for sudden cardiac death (SCD) among Asians. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective, nested, case-control study of Japanese patients aged between 30 and 84 years was undertaken using data collected from 26 870 participants in cardiovascular risk surveys conducted in four communities between 1975 and 2005. The incidence of SCD was ascertained by systematic surveillance, with 239 cases of SCD identified over this period. For each case of SCD, three control patients were selected, matched by age, sex, examination year, follow-up time, and community. RESULTS: Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, major ST-T abnormalities, left high amplitude R waves, and increased heart rate (≥77 beat/min) were all independently associated with a 1.5-3.2-fold increase in SCD risk, whereas no associations were observed for body mass index and hypercholesterolemia. The population-attributable fraction [95% confidence interval (CI)] was 23.0% (2.9-39.0) for hypertension, 15.3% (3.8-25.5) for current smoking, 14.5% (8.0-20.5) for major ST-T abnormalities, and 8.1% (2.2-13.7) for diabetes mellitus. The number of SCD risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and ECG abnormalities) was positively associated with increased SCD risk. The odds ratio for increased SCD risk with three or more risk factors versus zero risk factors was 5.76 (95% CI 3.20-10.39). CONCLUSIONS: Among the Japanese population, hypertension, smoking, major ST-T abnormalities, left high amplitude R waves, and diabetes mellitus were associated with an increased incidence of SCD, whereas there were no associations of body mass index or hypercholesterolemia with SCD incidence.

Oscillatory dynamics in the coevolution of cooperation and mobility.

Although cooperation is a fundamental aspect of our society, it has been a longstanding puzzle in biological and social sciences because cooperation is often costly to those who practice it while others benefit. Recent studies have shown that natural selection favors cooperation when cooperators are more likely to interact with each other than with defectors, an effect called positive assortment. It might be that, in the real world, mobility makes positive assortment possible. However, to our knowledge, the coevolutionary dynamics of cooperation and mobility remains poorly understood. In this study, using an individual-based model where both cooperativeness and mobility are evolved under natural selection, we demonstrate that the coevolutionary dynamics results in the oscillation of the frequency of cooperation as long as the benefit-to-cost ratio of cooperation is large. This finding suggests that natural selection favors or fine-tunes a mobility rate by which cooperation can be maintained dynamically in the form of an oscillation without any other high cognitive abilities such as individual identification or memory of the past actions of other individuals.

Structure-activity relationships and cancer-cell selective toxicity of novel inhibitors of glioma-associated oncogene homologue 1 (Gli1) mediated transcription.

We report novel inhibitors of Gli1-mediated transcription as potential anticancer agents. Focused chemical libraries were designed and assessed for inhibition of functional cell-based Gli1-mediated transcription and selective toxicity toward cancer cells. The SAR was revealed, and the selectivity of the lead compounds' inhibition of Gli1-mediated transcription over that of Gli2 was determined. Compound 63 (NMDA298-1), which inhibited Gli1-mediated transcription in C3H10T1/2 cells with an IC(50) of 6.9 muM, showed 3-fold selectivity for inhibiting transcription mediated by Gli1 over that by Gli2. Cell-viability assays were performed to evaluate the chemical library in a normal cell line and a panel of cancer cell lines with or without up-regulated expression of the Gli1 gene. These compounds decreased the viability of several cancer cell lines but were less active in the noncancerous BJ-hTERT cells.

Transient inhibition of the Hedgehog pathway in young mice causes permanent defects in bone structure.

The Hedgehog (Hh) pathway plays critical roles in normal development and in tumorigenesis. We generated Gli-luciferase transgenic mice to evaluate the Smo inhibitor, HhAntag, by whole animal functional imaging. HhAntag rapidly reduced systemic luciferase activity in 10- to 14-day-old mice following oral dosing. Although pathway activity was restored 2 days after drug removal, brief inhibition caused permanent defects in bone growth. HhAntag inhibited proliferation and promoted differentiation of chondrocytes, leading to dramatic expansion of the hypertrophic zone. After drug removal, osteoblasts invaded the cartilage plate, mineralization occurred, and there was premature fusion of the growth plate resulting in permanent disruption of bone epiphyses.

Effect of mergers and acquisitions on drug discovery: perspective from a case study of a Japanese pharmaceutical company.

The pharmaceutical industry has experienced intermittent waves of mergers and acquisitions (M&As) since the 1980s and recently appeared to be in yet another wave. Previous studies indicated rather negative impacts of consolidation on research and development, suggesting that they do not necessarily lead to long-term reinforcement of research capabilities, although they may enrich the drug pipeline in the short term. However, recent studies have implied a positive side in terms of knowledge-base transfer. Further micro-organizational studies suggested that scientists learned new knowledge and approaches from partner scientists and improved their performance and innovation. These findings imply that measures for the scientist-level integration after M&As would reinforce fundamental research capabilities in the long term.

[The fourth report from Sapporo Tsukisamu Hospital - chemotherapy and its regimen as second choice for patients with early gastric cancer].

Surgical treatments for early gastric cancer, such as endoscopic procedures, are currently performed as standard therapy. However, when surgery is not possible due to physical or mental conditions, effective chemotherapy with minimum side effects is a second choice, although a suitable regimen has yet to be recommended. We thus retrospectively evaluated the Int FP regimen for 10 early gastric cancer patients. The results show an efficacy ratio of 100% (CR 8 cases, PR 2 cases). The two PR cases subsequently underwent surgical treatment. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of all cases were 100%, 90% and 60%, respectively. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates of patients with chemotherapy alone were 100%, 87.5% and 50%, respectively, although none of the patients died of cancer (5-year survival rate of 100%). One out of the 8 CR cases relapsed 7 months after achieving CR. This patient then received chemotherapy with the same regimen, achieving a second CR and survived for 66 months without disease. All cases developed hematological toxicities, although they were all under grade 2 except for 2 cases which were grade 3 (decrease of WBC or Hb). Non-hematological toxicities were seen in 7 cases, all under grade 2. These results, although from a limited number of subjects, indicated that the IntFP regimen is safe and may contribute to achieving pathological CR and long-term survival of patients with early gastric cancer.