Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation.

The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people's emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other's emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality.

Couples' extrinsic emotion regulation and dyadic adjustment: an actor-partner interdependence model analysis.

Couples' extrinsic emotion regulation strategies are associated with marital quality or dyadic adjustment. However, only the strategies employed according to the objective they are expected to achieve have been examined; it is not known if strategies on the bases of positive or negative extrinsic emotion regulation motivation would have the same consequences for the dyad. The purpose of this study was to examine if extrinsic emotion regulation (EER) predicts one's own and one's partner's dyadic adjustment and if this effect differs by gender and relationship length. Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model (a type of dyadic data analysis, which incorporates the scores of the two members of the relationship into the analyses), data from 103 Chilean couples who completed self-report scales on dyadic adjustment and EER were analyzed. The participants were between 22 and 78 years old (M men = 39.84, SD = 11.37; M women = 38.01, SD = 10.64), and the relationship lengths were between 1 and 50 years (M = 12.98, SD = 11.53). The motivation or the intention to make the partner feel good (positive) or bad (negative) respectively predict higher and lower dyadic adjustment in both the one who uses the strategy (actor) and the receiver of the strategy (partner). There was no difference by gender or by duration of the relationship in the dyads, but there was with children in common. It is important to consider the motivation underlying the emotional management of the couple, given its implication in marital quality and the need to broaden the understanding of other EERs related to healthy dyadic functioning.

Emotional interdependence: the key to studying extrinsic emotion regulation

The literature on extrinsic emotion regulation or the intention to modify other people's emotions has grown in recent years, accompanied by proposals in which its definition is made more precise, the way to understand it in relation to other related processes is delimited, and the consequences of its use in the quality of close relationships are evidenced. Conceptual reviews on this topic recognize the importance of examining the affect and dyadic dynamics that arise between those who regulate each other extrinsically. This dynamic refers to emotional interdependence, the potential of the members of a dyad to shape each other's emotions reciprocally, particularly in those who share a close bond, such as that of a romantic couple. There is little theoretical development regarding the relevance of this characteristic in relation to EER. This article has two objectives: (1) to make a narrative synthesis of the characteristics that define EER and (2) to expand and complexify the existing model by including the emotional interdependence as a vital component in the understanding of the functioning of EER. Lastly, the role of emotional interdependence in the emergence, maintenance, and satisfaction concerning couple relationships is made explicit through phenomena such as shared reality. (AU)

Couples extrinsic emotion regulation questionnaire: Psychometric validation in a Chilean population.

The way couples regulate their emotions affects the quality of their relationship. Despite this, no evidence-based scales of validity and reliability can measure the intention to regulate emotions in the romantic dyad. In order to address this gap, we developed the Couples Extrinsic Emotion Regulation (CEER) questionnaire. First, we adapted the "Others" subscale from the Emotion Regulation of Others and Self questionnaire (EROS) for any close relationship to measure the intention to regulate emotions in couples; second, the psychometric properties of the CEER questionnaire were studied. For the content validity assessment, 23 experts (47.8% of whom worked in social and health psychology and the psychology of emotions, 17.4% in couples' therapy, and 34.8% in social science methodologies) participated. A total of 528 Chileans completed the online CEER questionnaire, the relationship satisfaction scale (RAS) and dyadic adjustment scale (DAS): 27.8% were male, age M = 38.7, SD = 10.05, and time of the relationships M = 11.27, SD = 9.82. The content-based validity study made it possible to determine which items to include in the final version. Two unrelated first-order factors structure of the original test fit (RMSEA = .052, GFI = .97, AGFI = .95; CFI = .99; NFI = .98; and NNFI = .98). The CEER+ and CEER- factors presented adequate internal consistency (α = .79; ω = .80 and α = .85; ω = .85, respectively). The discrimination index of the factors were excellent (CEER+ = .55 and CEER- = .63). Validity evidence based on the relations to other variables showed a direct positive relation between CEER+, RAS and overall DAS, as well as their factors; and a negative relation between CEER-, RAS overall DAS, as well as their factors. The use of this instrument is recommended for the identification of Chilean couples where at least one of the partners has a less favorable opinion of their relationship, providing relevant data for couple's therapy.

Niñez y adultez. diálogos frente a tensiones familiares, laborales y del cuidado / Childhood and adulthood. dialogues about tensions in the areas of family, work and care / Infância e fase adulta. diálogos diante a tensões familiares, laborais e do cuidado

En este artículo comparamos percepciones de niños y niñas de Chile con sus madres, respecto a tensiones y estrategias de articulación trabajo y familia. Realizamos un análisis situado en la trama de relaciones entre sujetos, y abordamos hallazgos emergentes de la interpretación de entrevistas a niños y niñas y adultas, estableciendo una comparación entre perspectivas en torno a tensiones, cuidado, tiempo y bienestar. Los resultados muestran que existe una percepción generalizada, y que el trabajo tensiona más a las madres que a los padres, debido a una carga de trabajo global mayor. Las madres reconocen que el principal equilibrio a alcanzar es cumplir adecuadamente ambas funciones. Los niños y las niñas tienen posiciones menos conservadoras que las que reflejan los estereotipos adultos.

This article analyses a range of perceptions of Chilean childrencompared to those of their mothers regarding tensions and strategies to articulate family life and work. An analysis is conducted based on the structure of the relationship between subjects. This studyaddresses the emerging findings from interviews with children and adults, establishing a comparisonof the perspectives regarding tension, care, time and well‒being. The results show that there is awidespread perception among children and their mothers that having a job causes more stress formothers than fathers, because they have an increased overall workload. Mothers recognized that themain balance to achieve is to fulfil both roles adequately. For these perspectives, children have lessconservative positions in comparison to those reflected in adults’stereotypes.

Este artigo compara percepções de crianças chilenas com suas mães,com relação às tensões e estratégias de articulação do trabalho e da família. Uma análise é realizada sobre a estrutura de relações entre sujeitos e aborda descobertas emergentes da interpretação de entrevistas com crianças e adultas, estabelecendo uma comparação entre perspectivas sobre tensões,cuidado, tempo e bem‒estar. Os resultados mostram a existência duma percepção generalizada,que o trabalho produz maior tensão nas mães do que nos pais, porque elas possuem maior carga de trabalho global. As mães reconhecem que o principal equilíbrio que se pode atingir é cumprir adequadamente as duas funções. As crianças têm posições menos conservadoras que as que refletemos estereótipos adultos.