RESUMEN
This meta-analysis of 25 studies reveals that antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a substantial problem in Saudi Arabia. The incidence rates for MRSA, Enterobacteriaceae that produce ESBLs, Enterobacteriaceae that are carbapenems resistant, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii were shown to have high levels of resistance. The rates for such bacteria were 38.7%, 26.4%, and 15.2% respectively suggesting an imminent need for improvement in surveillance measures & interventions to reduce the burden of AMR (Antimicrobial Resistance). In this regard, effective infection control programs with targeted or global policies must be implemented simultaneously while promoting antibiotic stewardship every single time preserving its efficacy efficiently alongside it. Additionally associated risk factors including prior usage of antibiotic medicines, prolonged hospital stays plus healthcare related infections increased the detection rate further highlighting this pressing concern which needs immediate attention from authorities concerned. Forest plots had been created through research data collected using appropriate statistical procedures showing confidence intervals (CIs). The conclusion suggests implementation of better policies/control proposals focusing on attainable objectives can put forth countermeasures geared towards diminishing AMR ensuring timely adequate treatments are being administered without underlying potential risks posed by resistant microbes while preserving existing viability of antibiotics properly.
RESUMEN
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the bacterium that causes pneumococcal disease which often results in pneumonia, meningitis, otitis media, septicemia and sinusitis. Pneumonia, particularly, is a significant cause of worldwide morbidity and a global health burden as well. Treatment often relies on antimicrobials, to which the pathogen is frequently mutating and rendering infective. Consequently, vaccination is the most effective approach in dealing with pneumococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Unfortunately, the current pneumococcal polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines have a narrow serotype coverage. Therefore, the current need for vaccines with a broader serotype coverage cannot be overstated. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A and C are potential vaccine candidate antigens present in over 90% of the strains from clinical isolates as well as laboratory non-encapsulated strains. Pneumococcal Surface Protein A is an active virulent factor that pneumococci use to evade complement-mediated host immune responses and has been shown to elicit immune responses against pneumococcal infections. This review explores the potential utilization of Pneumococcal Surface Protein A to immunize against S. pneumoniae.