RESUMEN
Bioceramic derived from chicken feces (BCX) is a material produced by a sintering process for the purpose of use in animal farms to control livestock infectious diseases. In the present study, BCX at pH 13 was evaluated for the durability of its virucidal activity in simulated field conditions. First it was shown that BCX had activity toward Newcastle disease virus, infectious bursal disease virus, and goose parvovirus within 3 min and toward avian influenza virus (AIV) within 1 hr. BCX was further tested by keeping it under simulated harsh environmental conditions with sunlight for several weeks as well as by repeatedly soaking it with water and drying under sunlight many times. After sampling every 2 consecutive weeks and every 2 (of 9) consecutive resuspensions, BCX was evaluated for its efficacy against AIV. Evaluation under the harsh conditions illustrated that BCX could retain its satisfactory efficacy toward AIV throughout 7 wk and through 9 resuspensions. It is hence concluded that BCX is an excellent material for applying in livestock farming as a trapping disinfectant, due to its efficacy to inactivate various viruses, and that this efficacy is prolonged even under harsh environmental conditions.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/farmacología , Cerámica/análisis , Pollos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Virosis/veterinaria , Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antivirales/química , Heces/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Luz Solar , Factores de Tiempo , Virosis/prevención & control , Virosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Influenza A and B viruses show clear differences in their host specificity and pandemic potential. Recent studies have revealed that the host protease TMPRSS2 plays an essential role for proteolytic activation of H1, H3, and H7 subtype strains of influenza A virus (IAV) in vivo. IAV possessing a monobasic cleavage site in the haemagglutinin (HA) protein replicates poorly in TMPRSS2 knockout mice owing to insufficient HA cleavage. In the present study, human isolates of influenza B virus (IBV) strains and a mouse-adapted IBV strain were analysed. The data showed that IBV successfully underwent HA cleavage in TMPRSS2 knockout mice, and that the mouse-adapted strain was fully pathogenic to these mice. The present data demonstrate a clear difference between IAV and IBV in their molecular mechanisms for spreading in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Glicoproteínas Hemaglutininas del Virus de la Influenza/química , Virus de la Influenza A/fisiología , Virus de la Influenza B/fisiología , Serina Endopeptidasas/genética , Animales , Células HeLa , Especificidad del Huésped , Humanos , Virus de la Influenza A/patogenicidad , Virus de la Influenza B/patogenicidad , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Proteica , Proteolisis , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
The capacity of slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHW), in both liquid and spray form, to inactivate bacteria was evaluated as a potential candidate for biosecurity enhancement in poultry production. SAHW (containing 50 or 100 ppm chlorine, pH 6) was able to inactivate Escherichia coli and Salmonella Infantis in liquid to below detectable levels (≤2.6 log10 CFU/ml) within 5 sec of exposure. In addition, SAHW antibacterial capacity was evaluated by spraying it using a nebulizer into a box containing these bacteria, which were present on the surfaces of glass plates and rayon sheets. SAHW was able to inactivate both bacterial species on the glass plates (dry condition) and rayon sheets within 5 min spraying and 5 min contact times, with the exception of 50 ppm SAHW on the rayon sheets. Furthermore, a corrosivity test determined that SAHW does not corrode metallic objects, even at the longest exposure times (83 days). Our findings demonstrate that SAHW is a good candidate for biosecurity enhancement in the poultry industry. Spraying it on the surfaces of objects, eggshells, egg incubators and transport cages could reduce the chances of contamination and disease transmission. These results augment previous findings demonstrating the competence of SAHW as an anti-viral disinfectant.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Ácido Hipocloroso/farmacología , Animales , Desinfectantes/química , Aves de Corral , AguaRESUMEN
Calcinated egg shell (Egg-CaO), of which the main component is calcium oxide, was evaluated in the forms of powder and aqueous solutions for their efficacies as disinfectants against avian influenza virus (AIV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), Salmonella Infantis and Escherichia coli. Egg-CaO powder inactivated these viruses within 3 min in the presence of 33% of fetal bovine serum (FBS). In Egg-CaO solutions, except AIV, all pathogens were inactivated within 1 hr, even in the presence of 5% of FBS. Without FBS, all pathogens, except AIV, were inactivated within 3 min, and AIV within 1 hr. In addition, persistence of virucidal activity against AIV and NDV of Egg-CaO powder was confirmed after exposure to sunlight for 2 weeks or resuspension with water for 7 times, simulating field harsh environments. Chick growth test was conducted to ensure the safety of the use of Egg-CaO powder in chicken cages and showed that it is safe to add Egg-CaO in litter or feed. In conclusion, Egg-CaO can be useful for the enhancement of biosecurity at farms.
Asunto(s)
Desinfectantes/farmacología , Cáscara de Huevo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos , Animales , Antivirales/farmacología , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/prevención & control , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Compuestos de Calcio , Pollos/virología , Cáscara de Huevo/química , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Gripe Aviar/prevención & control , Enfermedad de Newcastle/prevención & control , Óxidos , Polvos , Salmonelosis Animal/prevención & control , SolucionesRESUMEN
Existence of bioaerosol contaminants in farms and outbreaks of some infectious organisms with the ability of transmission by air increase the need for enhancement of biosecurity, especially for the application of aerosol disinfectants. Here we selected slightly acidic hypochlorous acid water (SAHW) as a candidate and evaluated its virucidal efficacy toward a virus in the air. Three-day-old conventional chicks were challenged with 25 doses of Newcastle disease live vaccine (B1 strain) by spray with nebulizer (particle size <3 µm in diameter), while at the same time reverse osmosis water as the control and SAHW containing 50 or 100 parts per million (ppm) free available chlorine in pH 6 were sprayed on the treated chicks with other nebulizers. Exposed chicks were kept in separated cages in an isolator and observed for clinical signs. Oropharyngeal swab samples were collected from 2 to 5 days postexposure from each chick, and then the samples were titrated with primary chicken kidney cells to detect the virus. Cytopathic effects were observed, and a hemagglutination test was performed to confirm the result at 5 days postinoculation. Clinical signs (sneezing) were recorded, and the virus was isolated from the control and 50 ppm treatment groups, while no clinical signs were observed in and no virus was isolated from the 100 ppm treatment group. The virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Sato, too, was immediately inactivated by SAHW containing 50 ppm chlorine in the aqueous phase. These data suggest that SAHW containing 100 ppm chlorine can be used for aerosol disinfection of NDV in farms.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Desinfección/métodos , Ácido Hipocloroso/farmacología , Enfermedad de Newcastle/prevención & control , Virus de la Enfermedad de Newcastle/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Aerosoles , Animales , Pollos , Desinfectantes/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Ácido Hipocloroso/química , Enfermedad de Newcastle/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Inactivación de Virus/efectos de los fármacos , Agua/análisis , Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Bioceramic powder (BCX), at pH 13.0, derived from chicken feces, was evaluated for its efficacy to inactivate virus and inhibit virus horizontal transmission by fecal-oral route, using infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) vaccine strain D78 as a challenge virus. Three 1-week-old SPF chicks were vaccinated per os and used as seeder birds. Six hours later, 3 sentinel 1-week-old SPF chicks were introduced into the same cage. Results revealed that BCX had excellent efficacy to inactivate IBDV within 3 min. Treating IBDV contaminated litter in the cage with BCX could prevent transmission of IBDV to new sensitive chicks completely. Further, transmission of IBDV to the sentinel chicks was significantly inhibited by adding BCX to litter and chicken feed. These data suggest that BCX at pH 13, derived from chicken feces, has excellent efficacy to inactivate IBDV, which can be applied in bedding materials for preventing viral transmission during production round. It is a good material that can effectively be used for enhancing biosecurity system in poultry farms.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/veterinaria , Pollos/virología , Heces/química , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/prevención & control , Animales , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/prevención & control , Infecciones por Birnaviridae/transmisión , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/veterinaria , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Virus de la Enfermedad Infecciosa de la Bolsa/inmunología , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/transmisión , Organismos Libres de Patógenos EspecíficosRESUMEN
The host protease TMPRSS2 plays an essential role in proteolytic activation of the influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA) protein possessing a monobasic cleavage site. However, after passages in TMPRSS2 knockout mice, an H3N2 subtype IAV began to undergo cleavage activation of HA, showing high virulence in the mice due to the loss of an oligosaccharide at position 8 in the HA stalk region. Thus, the H3N2 IAV acquired cleavability by an alternative HA activation mechanism/protease(s).