Riverbank erosion vulnerability assessment and coping strategies: A case study of the riparian communities in the Mekong River Basin in Cambodia.

Riverbank erosion is a major hazard for riparian communities in the Mekong River Basin. This study aims to (1) assess the livelihood vulnerability of two communities residing along the Mekong River, namely, Kaoh Soutin (KS) and Ruessei Srok (RS), by using the livelihood vulnerability index framed within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change vulnerability framework (LVI-IPCC) and (2) identify the coping strategies of the communities based on semi-structured interviews. The results show that KS is slightly more vulnerable to riverbank erosion than RS, as indicated by LVI-IPCC values of 0.49 and 0.46 for KS and RS, respectively. RS exhibits high adaptive capacity and low sensitivity, but its exposure level is relatively high. Majority of the respondents in KS (62 %) and RS (93 %) were affected by riverbank erosion. In KS, approximately 48 % of the respondents experienced displacement, and 39 % of them relocated once. Meanwhile, in RS, 81 % of the respondents experienced displacement, with 46 % displaced at least three times. The affected households have coped with riverbank erosion by reducing expenses, diversifying their income sources, seeking support from others, and receiving assistance from local authorities, NGOs, and government interventions. Despite such efforts to mitigate the effects of riverbank erosion, the high level of exposure and external factors, such as high living costs and low profits from agriculture, have weakened the ability of the people in both communities to cope with disasters. Moreover, the social ties among households, especially in KS, have declined, thereby making low-income households highly vulnerable to riverbank erosion.

City-wide greenhouse gas emissions of communities nearby the world heritage site of Ayutthaya, Thailand.

Climate change has emerged one of the greatest threats to sustainable development. Cities are a major contributor to high carbon dioxide levels. This research aimed to quantify city-wide GHG emissions and investigate the potential for climate change mitigation in communities near the World Heritage Site (WHS) of Ayutthaya, Thailand via the multi-criteria analytical hierarchy process (AHP). The total city-wide GHG emission of Ayutthaya Municipality in 2018 was 99,137.04 tCO2eq (1.93 tCO2eq per capita). Energy and waste sectors were the two largest emitters. Pratuchai, the most populated subdistrict and the WHS location, was the largest source of GHGs. However, the cultural heritage site emitted only 0.2% of total GHGs. Based on the IPCC2013 LCA method, residential sector accounted for the largest share (74%), while the WHS contributed only < 1% of total energy-related CO2 emissions. If all the Thailand's Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) Roadmap are fully implemented in the residential sector, total GHGs would be reduced by 9735.47% tCO2eq and 6846.86 tCO2eq in 2030. Based on expert interviews, AHP pairwise comparison showed that energy-saving strategies were more preferable than renewable energy technologies. For climate policy initiative, 'feasibility of implementation' had the highest AHP weight (0.45) followed by 'policy feasibility' (0.39), and 'environmental performance' (0.16).

Unravelling capability of municipal wastewater treatment plant in Thailand for microplastics: Effects of seasonality on detection, fate and transport.

Many factors can affect microplastics (MPs) behaviors in aquatic environments. The effects of seasonal and meteorological conditions on MPs are not well understood. This study demonstrates the impacts of seasonality on the fate and transport, and the efficacy of MPs removal by a wastewater treatment plant. The fate and transport of MPs at a WWTP in Nonthaburi, Thailand were tracked during the dry and wet seasons of 2019-2020. Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and toothpaste formulations were the most abundant MP types observed. Total detected MP quantities ranged between 76 and 192 particles L-1 during the dry season, and only 36-68 particles L-1 during the wet season, indicating runoff dilution effects. T-test analysis found a statistically significant difference between MP concentrations between the dry and wet seasons of 2019-2020. Spearman's correlation showed statistically strong negative relationships between MP concentrations versus wastewater flow, and MP concentrations versus precipitation; a positive correlation between MP abundance versus temperature in the treatment system was observed. During the dry seasons, MPs were mostly found in the aeration process, and were mostly rayon or polyester particles in the shape of fibers. Contrarily, in the wet seasons, MPs were detected in both the raw influent and aeration process, with PE, polyacrylate, and polyethylene terephthalate fragments dominating the make-up. MPs were also detected in the return activated sludge, thus calling for proper sludge age and drainage management. No MPs were detected in the plant's effluent during the wet season, suggesting that the plant had sufficient MPs removal capability during normal wet-season conditions. Overall, this study suggests that municipalities should focus on increasing MPs removal efficiency of wastewater treatment plants for dry seasons, while properly managing the water flows of combined sewage systems to prevent overflows that may inevitably become point-sources of MPs release into water bodies during wet seasons.

Effects of brewing conditions on infusible fluoride levels in tea and herbal products and probabilistic health risk assessment.

Excessive ingestion of fluorides might adversely affect the health of humans. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the concentrations of infusible fluoride in five different types of tea and herbal products; additionally, the probabilistic health risks associated with the ingestion of fluoride in drinking tea and herbal products were estimated. The highest and lowest concentrations of infusible fluoride were detected in black and white tea, respectively. On average, the highest amount of infusible fluoride was extracted following a short brewing time of 5 min in the case of black tea (2.54 mg/L), herbal tea (0.40 mg/L), and white tea (0.21 mg/L). The level of infusible fluoride during brewing was inversely associated with the leaf size of the tea and herbal products. Furthermore, the type of water used influenced the release of infusible fluoride; purified water yielded lower amounts of infused fluoride. The findings of the probabilistic health risk assessment indicated that the consumption of black tea can increase the fluoride intake leading to chronic exposure. Thus, the health risk posed by fluoride intake from drinking tea needs to be evaluated in more details in the future. Appropriate measures for health risk mitigation need to be implemented to minimize the total body burden of fluorides in humans.

Adsorptive performance of activated carbon reused from household drinking water filter for hexavalent chromium-contaminated water.

Powdered activated carbon blocks (PACBs) are waste products obtained from household drinking water purification systems. In this study, we demonstrate that they can be used as adsorbents for the cost-effective and environmentally benign removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from contaminated-water and rinse electroplating wastewater. To evaluate Cr(VI) sorption onto the PACB, studies on equilibrium, kinetics, and thermodynamics were performed using batch mode experiments. The experimental results indicated that Cr(VI) ions were efficiently adsorbed under acidic conditions (i.e., at initial pH below 3) and low initial Cr(VI) concentrations. The adsorptive behaviors of the PACB for Cr(VI) were well explained by the Langmuir isotherm, as well as pseudo-second-order kinetic models, suggesting that a Cr(VI) monolayer was adsorbed onto the PACB surface via chemisorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of Cr(VI) onto the PACB was determined to be 6.207 mg/g. The results of thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process of Cr(VI) onto PACB was endothermic and non-spontaneous. Additionally, analysis of the PACB after Cr(VI) adsorption at an initial pH of 2 using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that the interaction between the surface oxygenic functional groups on the PACB and Cr(VI) was primarily responsible for Cr(VI) sorption via surface complexation and electrostatic interactions. Based on the result of XPS analysis, the presence of trivalent chromium on the PACB surfaces indicated that some synergistic redox reactions involving Cr(VI) could have occurred during the sorption process. Although a commercially available powdered activated carbon outperformed the PACB adsorbent with respect to Cr(VI) removal from wastewater, complete Cr(VI) adsorption could be achieved using relatively large quantities of the PACB. These findings indicate that the PACB adsorbent could be used as a cheap and efficient material for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewater.

IR microspectroscopic identification of microplastics in municipal wastewater treatment plants.

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as a key source of microplastics (MPs) release into rivers and oceans. Varied extents of MPs pollution have been observed at different WWTPs with limited information in Thailand. This research aimed to study the occurrence of MPs in municipal WWTPs in Thailand by measuring MPs of three WWTPs which employ different treatment process. The WWTPs were selected to represent MP pollution from urbanized and suburbanized areas with different treatment set-ups, i.e., sequence batch reactor (WWTP-A), oxidation ditch (WWTP-B), and conventional activated sludge (WWTP-C). Water and sludge sampling was performed at the inlet and outlet of primary and secondary treatment units. The results indicate that the average MPs removal efficiency of the WWTPs was ca. 84%, with the aeration tank as the main removal unit by transferring MPs from the water phase to sludge. Primary treatment comprising of screening and grit chambers could not remove MPs effectively. Most of the MPs observed in the WWTPs were fibers (32-57%), mostly made of polyester, polyethylene, polyacrylate, and polypropylene. From these results, it is suggested to implement tertiary treatment options to improve MPs removal efficiency in WWTPs, and to apply post-treatment to the WWTPs' raw sludge to prevent the MPs' release into the environment when the sludge is applied to agricultural land.

Simultaneous biosurfactant-assisted remediation and corn cultivation on cadmium-contaminated soil.

Phytoremediation using economic crops is an alternative treatment option for contaminated areas that are being utilized by people. In this study, phytoextraction with a local economic crop (corn) that allows simultaneous Cd contamination reduction and corn biomass utilization is proposed. Biosurfactants, rhamnolipid (RL) and saponin (SP), were introduced to enhance Cd phytoextraction. The optimum RL and SP dose was 4 mmol kg-1. Cd uptake and corn biomass were higher with biosurfactant addition than in the control (without biosurfactants addition), by 2.7 and 2.3-fold, respectively, on the 30th day of corn plantation. The optimum biosurfactant doses were applied to phytoextraction experiments with corn at different corn growth stages (7th, 45th, and 80th day). The highest Cd uptake levels were recorded on day 45, and the maximum uptake was achieved with RL addition (39.06 mg Cd kg-1). These results were confirmed by bioaccumulation factors, which indicated that RL enhanced soil Cd uptake by corn plants to the highest extent. However, Cd concentration in corn kernels from RL-assisted phytoextraction exceeded the standards for animal feed. On the other hand, although Cd uptake by corn plants in the presence of SP was lower, Cd content in the resulting corn kernels were within the allowable standard limit for animal feedstock. Moreover, compared to RL and control treatments, SP treatment resulted in higher Cd levels in the shoot than in the root, as confirmed by translocation factors. Meanwhile, SP could significantly promote soil Cd removal efficiency; Cd removal efficiencies on day 80 were in the order of SP (18.80%) > RL (11.33%) > control (4.59%). In addition, Cd leaching after addition of RL and SP was investigated. The two surfactants caused much lower Cd leaching from soil than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The results of this study indicate that SP-assisted Cd phytoextraction using corn is applicable for the remediation of Cd-contaminated areas in Mae Sot District.