RESUMEN
The results of the virological identification of the Chikungunya fever case in Moscow (September, 2013) in an Indonesian visitor are presented. The clinic, electron microscopy, and molecular genetic data are discussed. The Ghikungunya virus (CHIKV) strain CHIKVILEIV-Moscow/1/2013 belonging to the Asian genotype (ID GenBank KF872195) was deposited into the Russian State Collection of viruses (GKV 1239; 18.11.2013).
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Alphavirus/diagnóstico , Virus Chikungunya/genética , Infecciones por Alphavirus/patología , Infecciones por Alphavirus/virología , Secuencia de Bases , Fiebre Chikungunya , Virus Chikungunya/clasificación , Virus Chikungunya/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Indonesia , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Moscú , Filogenia , ViajeRESUMEN
The epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in the United Kingdom, its related occurrence of a new type of Creutzfeld-Jacob disease and proven cases of this type of the disease transmitted by blood transfusion initiated intensive studies to develop a inexpensive, prompt, and sensitive method for the early lifetime diagnosis of prion diseases. This would permit initiation of the timely treatment of the patients and prevention of contamination of foodstuffs. However, despite significant progress made in this direction, this objective has not yet been achieved. The present review highlights the currently available methods for the diagnosis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, as well as the latest developments in the ultrasensitive detection of these diseases, which is based on the misfolded prion protein complex.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades por Prión/diagnóstico , Priones/análisis , Animales , Biomarcadores/análisis , Biomarcadores/sangre , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/patología , Bovinos , Células Cultivadas , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/metabolismo , Síndrome de Creutzfeldt-Jakob/patología , Humanos , Immunoblotting , Microscopía Fluorescente , Enfermedades por Prión/metabolismo , Enfermedades por Prión/patología , Priones/sangre , Priones/metabolismoAsunto(s)
Amiloide/metabolismo , Priones/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Amiloide/química , Animales , Bovinos , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Priones/química , Estructura Secundaria de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The in situ RT-CPR technique has been first adapted in Russia to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the samples from patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HC). A total of 18 patients with CHC and HC were examined. Fourteen (78%) samples were ascertained to be positive. A positive reaction was found in 2 of 3 patients with HC. A label was revealed in individual hepatocytes without any regularity in the distribution along the tissue section. A reaction was negative in all samples from control groups. The label was observed in both the cytoplasm and the hepatocytic nuclei. There was no correlation between the degree of hepatic lesion, estimated after Knodelle, the results of the classical RT-CPR and the in situ RT-CPR techniques.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/virología , Hepacivirus/aislamiento & purificación , Hepatitis C Crónica/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/virología , Hígado/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Biopsia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Núcleo Celular/virología , Citoplasma/virología , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatitis C Crónica/patología , Hepatocitos/virología , Humanos , Hígado/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , ARN Viral/análisis , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
DNA packing of bacteriophage phikz (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) was studied by electron microscopy after gentle destruction of the capsid with powerful laser impulse in aqueous virus suspension in the presence organic dye. Suspension of destroyed phage heads contained complexes of genomic DNA with endogenous capsid proteins characterized by pronounced regular structure. The type of these structures corresponds to one the main model of phage DNA packing, the so-called coil packing.
Asunto(s)
ADN Viral/efectos de la radiación , Fagos Pseudomonas/fisiología , Ensamble de Virus/fisiología , ADN Viral/fisiología , ADN Viral/ultraestructura , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Fagos Pseudomonas/genética , Fagos Pseudomonas/efectos de la radiación , Fagos Pseudomonas/ultraestructura , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/virologíaRESUMEN
Certain specific features of the present epidemic situation with hepatitis B (HB) in Russia were established: significant growth of HB morbidity, starting from 1995; the prevalence of persons aged 15-29 years among HB patients, which was linked with the sharp activation of the sexual route of the transmission of HB virus in recent years; an essential increase in the number of patients having contacted this virus in the process of the intravenous use of drugs. The results of the use of vaccine "Engerix B" among persons belonging to different risk groups were considered (a decrease in HB morbidity among them by 8-19 times was noted), the study demonstrated high immunogenicity anti-HBs antibodies on protective titers were determined in 92.3-95.7% of the vaccinees) and low reactogenicity of the vaccine, as well as stable postvaccinal immunity (5 years after the course of vaccination was completed anti-HBs antibodies were retained in 70.6-74% of the vaccinees). The study showed that only the vaccination of adolescents in combination, in the presence of opportunity, with the immunization of newborn infants and young children in the first year of their life made it possible to produce an essential effect on the activity of the epidemic process. Already in 2 years such organization of work on the prophylaxis of HB in one of the cities of the Sverdlovsk region led to a decrease in HB morbidity by 2.9 times, and among adolescents 9 times.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Adulto , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Brotes de Enfermedades/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/transmisión , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Vacunación/estadística & datos numéricos , Vacunación/tendenciasAsunto(s)
Investigación , Virosis , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/análisis , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Humanos , Investigación/economía , Investigación/tendencias , Proyectos de Investigación , Federación de Rusia/epidemiología , Virosis/diagnóstico , Virosis/epidemiología , Virosis/terapia , Virus/inmunología , Virus/patogenicidadRESUMEN
In Uzbekistan and Moldova 542 children born of HBsAg carriers were immunized against hepatitis B (with vaccine Engerix B according to the immunization schedule of 4 injections). Anti-HBs antibodies in protective titers were detected by EIA and RIA techniques in 76.7% of children aged 4-5 months after the 3rd injection, in 95.7% of children aged 15-16 months and in 90.0% of children aged 2-2.5 years after the 4th (booster) injection. In the control group (117 nonimmunized children born of HBs carriers) observed during the same period anti-HBs antibodies were detected significantly less frequently (in 7.3%, 11.6% and 12.9% of these children respectively). 1-2 months after the course of immunization was completed 74.1% of the immunized children had high anti-HBs antibody titers (exceeding 1000 IU/ml) with their subsequent decrease by 2-2.5 years of age. In the control group these figures were 27.1% and 29.0% respectively. The index of immunization effectiveness obtained by the comparison of the hepatitis B morbidity rates in both groups was 7.8. No postvaccinal complications were registered.
Asunto(s)
Portador Sano/inmunología , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/inmunología , Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Vacunas Sintéticas/inmunología , Análisis de Varianza , Evaluación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Anticuerpos contra la Hepatitis B/sangre , Vacunas contra Hepatitis B/efectos adversos , Antígenos e de la Hepatitis B/sangre , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Moldavia , Embarazo , Uzbekistán , Vacunas Sintéticas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The synthesis of gag antigens of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by recombinant vaccinia virus strains containing the expressed genes gag and gag-pol and the capacity of these proteins to formation of virus-like particles during infection of various cell cultures were studied. The recombinant strain containing the truncated gag gene (p48gag) was shown to effectively synthesize gag polypeptides and to form immature virus-like particles during infection of all the cell cultures tested (CV-1, Hep-2, HT-29). The morphogenesis of mature virus-like particles was detected by electron microscopy only in infection of Hep-2 cells with a strain containing a complete gag-pol sequence of HIV.
Asunto(s)
Productos del Gen gag/genética , VIH-1/genética , Virus Vaccinia/genética , Virión , Animales , Línea Celular , Chlorocebus aethiops , Clonación Molecular , Proteínas de Fusión gag-pol/genética , VIH-1/inmunología , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica , Recombinación Genética , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Cell systems infected with 63 strains of types 1 and 2 HIV virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2) were examined under electron microscope. HIV virions were most frequently detected near the cell membrane or budding from it. In the cytoplasm HIV occurred only in vacuole-like formations. Accumulations of mature virions were seen in the cell-to-cell space. Mature particles of HIV-1 and HIV-2 differed by their morphology from oncoviral C particles and were similar rater to the Visna/Medi type Lentiviruses. Morphological analysis of HIV strains isolated in Russia demonstrated their similarity to be foreign HIV strains.
Asunto(s)
VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , VIH-2/aislamiento & purificación , Línea Celular/ultraestructura , Línea Celular/virología , Humanos , Microscopía Electrónica , Virión/ultraestructuraRESUMEN
Great differences in the activity of the epidemic process of hepatitis B (HB), the occurrence of HBsAg among the population of different regions of Russia (in the central and northwestern regions among 1.8-2.4% of the population, in Tuva among 9.8% of the population, in Yakutia among 11.6% of the population) and considerable differences in the occurrence of HBeAg among HBsAg carriers in these regions (antibodies to delta virus have been detected in 1.3-5.5% of carriers of this antigen in the European part of Russia and in 21.0% of carriers in Tuva) are shown. The structure of the transmission routes of HB virus, the proportion of the artificial and natural routes of its transmission are analyzed. The data on the frequency of cases of perinatal and intrafamily HB virus infection in regions with different activity of the epidemic process, as well as the data on effectiveness of measures for the prevention of posttransfusion HB and parenteral infection during therapeutic and diagnostic interventions, are given. The results of the use of Engerix B vaccine among 2,500 persons belonging to groups of risk are presented. The proportion of hepatitis C (HC) cases among patients with different kinds of acute and chronic viral hepatitis among the population of different regions and the occurrence of anti-HC antibodies among the population of different regions of Russia (in Moscow and St. Petersburg among 1.1-1.2% of the population, in North Caucasia among 4.5% of the population), as well as in high risk groups (3.1% among medical personnel, 19.4% among drug addicts, 25% among patients of hemodialysis wards, ets), are considered. The structure of transmission routes of HC virus is analyzed, the possible measures for the prophylaxis of HC virus infection are considered.
Asunto(s)
Hepatitis C/epidemiología , Hepatitis D/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Portador Sano/epidemiología , Portador Sano/prevención & control , Portador Sano/transmisión , Niño , Preescolar , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Hepatitis B/transmisión , Hepatitis C/prevención & control , Hepatitis C/transmisión , Hepatitis D/prevención & control , Hepatitis D/transmisión , Humanos , Incidencia , Prevalencia , Federación de Rusia/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Strains of virus belonging, according to the results of electron microscopic examinations, to the herpes virus family, were isolated in Vero cell culture from the organs and aphtha secretions in the buccal cavity of yaks developing the disease during an epizootic (more than 500 animals) in Khubsugul aimak (Mongolian village) in Mongolia, 1990. Virus-neutralizing antibodies were detected in the blood sera of the sick animals. The isolated strains differ from herpes viruses affecting man. No infection could be induced by materials of the sick animals in cows and oxen of different breeds in Mongolia. Seroepidemiological surveys are planned because of the mass character of the disease and its repeated occurrence.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinaria , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Células Cultivadas/microbiología , Células Cultivadas/ultraestructura , Efecto Citopatogénico Viral , Herpesviridae/inmunología , Herpesviridae/ultraestructura , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/microbiología , Microscopía Electrónica , Mongolia/epidemiología , Pruebas de Neutralización/veterinariaRESUMEN
Isolation of a virus agent from sick white cranes in National Oka Preserve is described. The results of virological and serological studies on specimens from the sick birds permitted a conclusion that the infection in the cranes could be induced by avian herpes virus.
Asunto(s)
Aves/microbiología , Herpesvirus Gallináceo 2/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Enfermedades de las Aves/microbiología , Embrión de Pollo , Herpesvirus Gallináceo 2/inmunología , Herpesvirus Gallináceo 2/patogenicidad , Inmunización , Enfermedad de Marek/microbiología , Ratones , Microscopía Electrónica , Conejos , Factores de Tiempo , Cultivo de VirusRESUMEN
Using several HIV-1-specific antibodies and the immunogold labelling technique, we have detected and localized distinct viral proteins on ultrathin sections of HIV-1 infected cells embedded in the Lowicryl K4M resin. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against p24, p17 and gp160/gp41 showed a preferential labelling on viral formations still attached to the cell membrane (budding process) or free in the extracellular space. The anti-p24 and the anti-p17 MAb yielded a gold labelling not only on mature but also on immature virions where the gold particles were associated with the ring-like electron-dense material. The three HIV-1-specific antibodies against p24, p17 and p55 yielded a cross-reaction with HIV-2 in agreement with the conservation of the internal antigenic determinants of both viruses. In all instances, there was no specific immunogold labelling over the cells, suggesting that once the virus structural proteins were synthesized, they were promptly utilized for virus assembly at the plasma membrane level.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , VIH-1/química , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Microscopía Inmunoelectrónica/métodos , Proteínas Estructurales Virales/aislamiento & purificación , Resinas Acrílicas , Anticuerpos Monoclonales , Oro , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH , VIH-1/inmunología , VIH-1/ultraestructura , Humanos , Microtomía , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Fifty-seven HIV-1 strains were isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 102 HIV-infected persons involved in epidemic outbreaks in different cities of the USSR. The effectiveness of isolation was 29.1% in asymptomatic infection, 51.7% in cases with generalized lymphadenopathy, and 82.6% in persons with severe clinical manifestations. Identification of the isolates by indirect immunofluorescence, ELISA, reverse transcriptase activity, Western blot, electron microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction showed them to belong to HIV-1 type. Reproduction of the isolates in cell cultures was accompanied by cytopathic effect and syncytium formation. The isolated strains can be divided into two groups: (1) the poorly growing isolates with low or negative RT and ELISA results and (2) the isolates with high infectivity, broad spectrum of cell tropism, and high levels of RT and ELISA. These data show the correlation of biological properties of HIV-1 strains isolated in the USSR with those of HIV strains previously isolated in Europe, USA, and Africa.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , VIH-1/aislamiento & purificación , Línea Celular , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Anticuerpos Anti-VIH/sangre , Transcriptasa Inversa del VIH , VIH-1/crecimiento & desarrollo , VIH-1/ultraestructura , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Linfocitos/microbiología , Microscopía Electrónica , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ADN Polimerasa Dirigida por ARN , U.R.S.S. , Cultivo de Virus/métodosRESUMEN
The results of immunohistochemical and electron microscopic examinations of liver biopsies from 47 patients with chronic delta hepatitis are presented. Delta antigen (HDAg) was detected by immunoperoxidase method in the liver of 35 (74.4%) patients. HDAg was demonstrated in hepatocyte nucleus alone in 22 (62.9%) patients, simultaneously in the nucleus and the cytoplasm in 9 (25.7%), in the cytoplasm alone in 4 (11.4%). In nuclear localization, delta antigen may fill the entire nucleoplasm or only the peripheral zone of the nucleus. When delta antigen fills the entire nucleus, hepatocytes undergo more marked pathological changes than those in which HDAg is localized in the nuclear periphery or those where no delta antigen was found.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos Virales/análisis , Hepatitis D/inmunología , Virus de la Hepatitis Delta/inmunología , Hígado/inmunología , Adulto , Biopsia , Núcleo Celular/inmunología , Núcleo Celular/ultraestructura , Niño , Enfermedad Crónica , Citoplasma/inmunología , Citoplasma/ultraestructura , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Hepatitis D/patología , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Inmunohistoquímica , Hígado/ultraestructura , Microscopía InmunoelectrónicaRESUMEN
A post-embedding technique for immunocytochemical analysis at the ultrastructural level was used to detect and localize HIV antigens on ultrathin sections of Lowicryl K4M-embedded HIV-infected cells. With serum from an AIDS patient, specific immunogold labelling was obtained exclusively on mature viral extracellular structures. The more intense reactivity was obtained with core antigens. The present immunoelectron microscopy method provides several advantages - high sensitivity of immunodetection, good preservation of cellular morphology, easy preparation procedure - which could lead to the use of this method for HIV-infected human tissues.