[Functional and phenotypic properties macrophages in acute chronic inflammation. Macrophages of sentinel lymph nodes].

Macrophages are some of key constituents of innate immunity. They possess marked phenotypic and functional diversity. Several subpopulations of "classically" and "alternatively" activated macrophages have been recognized. Tissue heterogeneity of resident macrophages are characterized by great quantity populations of these cells in the lymphoid andnonlymphoid tissues. Macrophages actively take part in responses of acute and chronic inflammation. An imbalance on the activity of these cells leads to cytotoxicity/tissue injury if the balance is tipped toward M1 macrophages, and fibrosis/cancer if it is tipped toward M2 macrophages. Moreover, macrophages can immediately participate in reactions of innate immunity during chronic inflammation.

Polymorphism of promotor region of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene in patients with viral hepatitis C.

Study of the pathogenesis of viral hepatitis C is of primary importance because of persistence of this virus and high incidence of chronic course of this disease, and as a consequence, development of cirrhotic and neoplastic processes in the liver determining high mortality from this condition. Proinflammatory cytokines, in particular, tumor necrosis factor, play an important role in the development of these pathological processes. The content of tumor necrosis factor in the circulating blood plasma and hepatocytes increases in acute and chronic hepatitis C. It seems that the capacity of cells to produce proinflammatory IL in high or low levels spontaneously or after antigenic stimulation largely determines the outcome of infectious process in contact with the virus.

[Diagnosis and differentiated treatment of secondary immunodeficiencies]. / Diagnostika i differentsirovannoe lechenie vtorichnykh immunodefitsitov.

AIM: To evaluate alterations in the immune system (IS) in patients with different forms of secondary immunodeficiency and design of differentiated programs of reestablishment of defective functions depending on pathogenetically important type of deficiency of immunocompetent cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinicoimmunological examination was made in 678 patients with complicated course of infectious-inflammatory diseases. Immunotropic medicines and physicochemical impacts were used in accordance with types of disorders in the system of immune homeostasis. RESULTS: There was a pathogenetic heterogeneity of IS disorders in complicated course of infectious-inflammatory diseases: generalized forms of infection (bacterial shock, sepsis) are in 75% of cases associated with deficiency of effector functions of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the second-third degree, progressive fall in production of IgG immunoglobulins (42%), cellular-humoral immunodeficiency (92%). In lingering acute inflammatory diseases activation of phagocytosis occurred in 30%, IgG and/or IgM rise was in 50%, phagocytic function deficiency occurred in 48%, low production of immunoglobulins in 24%, humoral-cellular immunodeficiency in 62%. Purulent infection is associated with secondary cellular-humoral immunodeficiency, lowering of the immunoregulatory index (47%), phagocytic function deficiency (up to 35%), hyperproduction of IgM. Recurrent bacterial-viral diseases form in immunocompromised patients with T-lymphocytopenia (56%) and cellular-humoral immunodeficiency (30%). CONCLUSION: Protracted chronic inflammatory diseases are characterized by variability of changes in the immune systems. Combined types of disorders were found in 52% of the examinees. Pathogenetic heterogeneity of the disorders are determined by concomitant and previous diseases, occupational hazards and intoxication, environmental conditions, etc. CONCLUSION: Immunocorrective therapy in secondary immunodeficiency is conducted with allowances for pathogenetically essential types of disorders in the system of immune homeostasis, clinical variant of complication of inflammatory process under control of immunogram.

[The monitoring of immunological indices in odontogenic abscesses and phlegmons and their differential diagnostic meaning]. / Monitoring immunologicheskikh pokazatelei pri odontogennykh abstsessakh i flegmonakh i ikh differentsial'no-diagnosticheskaia znachimost.

The immune homeostasis parameters have been monitored in 31 patients with odontogenic abscesses and phlegmons. Immunological values possessing differential diagnostic significance have been detected. Activation of phagocytosis, spontaneous and stimulated activity of phagocytes in parallel with a moderate decrease in the cellular functional reserve, increased immunoregulatory index, and moderate shifts in the concentrations of IgG and IgM are characteristic of odontogenic abscesses, while odontogenic phlegmons are characterized by deep depression of the phagocyte function and failure of cellular and humoral immunity. The disorders in the immune functions of patients with odontogenic phlegmons normalized 2 weeks later than in those with odontogenic abscesses. Both diseases run a wave-like course and are characterized by phasic changes in immunological parameters, which is significant for determining pathogenesis and choosing appropriate immunocorrective therapy.

[The cellular immunity and cyclonucleotide level in the immunoregulatory cells of patients with bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis]. / Kletochnyi immunitet i uroven' tsiklonukleotidov v immunoreguliatornykh kletkakh bol'nykh bronkhial'noi astmoi i khronicheskim bronkhitom.

The paper presents the analysis of T-cell immunity in asthmatics and bronchitis chronics. Immunodeficiency in one-third of them was characterized by thymic failure. T-cell insufficiency was registered in 50% and 37% of atopic and bacterial asthma patients, respectively, in 40% and 25% of those with chronic obstructive bronchitis and nonobstructive one, respectively. Imbalance of immunoregulatory cells in atopic asthma in 87% of relevant patients and in 37% of chronics with obstructive bronchitis was indicated by enhanced suppressor activity. In patients with bacterial asthma and chronic nonobstructive bronchitis (in 40% and 25%, respectively) helper-cell activity rose. A cAMP concentration proved reduced in helper cells and helper + suppressor subpopulations in bacterial asthma and obstructive bronchitis chronics, respectively. Atopic bronchial asthma was associated with low suppressor subpopulation. Variants of immunocorrection in the above conditions are presented for discussion.

[Population genetics study of rheumatism in the Dolgans of the Taimyr]. / Populiatsionno-geneticheskoe izuchenie revmatizma u dolgan Taimyra.

The results of medical-genetic examination of population in five villages of Taimir have been presented. Among them 824 dolgans (aborigines) have been inspected. The prevalence of rheumatism is in average 3,23%. The frequency of rheumatism in the southern subpopulation was higher, than in the North. Analysis of pedigrees has shown family aggregation of rheumatism which correlated with theoretically expected according to recessive hypothesis. Investigations of genetic markers have shown important distinction of rheumatic patients from population on ABC and Hp.