Association between the cardiothoracic ratio on chest X-rays and the respiratory function in patients with interstitial lung diseases: A cross-sectional study.

Objective Patients with advanced interstitial lung disease (ILD) struggle to undergo spirometry to evaluate the respiratory function. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) on chest radiography can potentially reflect the lung volume; however, this has not yet been fully established. This study aimed to clarify the relationship between the CTR and the respiratory function in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Patients and Methods We reviewed 120 consecutive patients with idiopathic interstitial lung disease who were admitted to our department between April 2018 and March 2023 and who underwent chest radiography, spirometry, and echocardiography. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to identify the factors associated with the CTR. Correlations between the CTR and the respiratory or cardiac function were assessed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. Results A multiple linear regression analysis showed the percent vital capacity (ß = -0.598, p <0.001), age (ß = 0.405, p <0.001), and female sex (ß = 0.177, p = 0.047) to be independently associated with the CTR, whereas no relationship was observed between the left ventricular ejection fraction, body mass index, and smoking habits. The CTR was significantly negatively correlated with the vital capacity (r = -0.490, p <0.001). Conclusions An increased CTR might reflect a decreased vital capacity, but not a decreased cardiac function, in patients with interstitial lung diseases. Measuring the CTR can thus be beneficial for predicting progression in patients with ILD.

Impact of Educational Films on Antibiotic Prescription among Physicians: A Web-Based Survey in Japan.

Although antibiotics are most frequently prescribed for respiratory tract infections, effective interventions for their proper use by physicians have not been fully established. We assessed the impact of educational films on the rates of antibiotic prescriptions for respiratory tract infections using fictitious scenarios. In this nationwide web-based survey prospective study, a total of 1100 physicians were included. The physicians were required to view educational short films and determine the need for prescribing antibiotics in 10 fictitious scenarios involving adults diagnosed with different acute respiratory tract infectious diseases. The antibiotic prescription rates for each scenario were compared before and after viewing the educational short film. The rates of antibiotic prescription significantly decreased after viewing the educational film, especially in cases with a narrowly defined common cold (from 51% to 15%), mild pharyngolaryngitis (from 71% to 25%), and acute bronchitis without chronic respiratory underlying diseases (from 63% to 23%). Alternatively, a slight decrease in rates was observed in cases with moderate or severe rhinosinusitis (from 94% to 79%), moderate or severe acute pharyngitis (from 88% to 69%), and acute bronchitis with chronic lung disease (from 70% to 58%), for which antibiotics are recommended. Educational short films may encourage the proper use of antibiotics for respiratory tract infections; however, the possibility of undertreatment in patients requiring antibiotics must be considered.

Validation of a computed tomography diagnostic model for differentiating fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (fHP) from other interstitial lung diseases, particularly idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), is often difficult. This study aimed to examine computed tomography (CT) findings that were useful for differentiating between fHP and IPF and to develop and validate a radiological diagnostic model. METHODS: In this study, 246 patients (fHP, n = 104; IPF, n = 142) from two institutions were included and randomly divided into the test (n = 164) and validation (n = 82) groups (at a 2:1 ratio). Three radiologists evaluated CT findings, such as pulmonary fibrosis, small airway disease, and predominant distribution, and compared them between fHP and IPF using binomial logistic regression and multivariate analysis. A prognostic model was developed from the test group and validated with the validation group. RESULTS: Ground-glass opacity (GGO) with traction bronchiectasis (TB), honeycombing, hypoattenuation area, three-density pattern, diffuse craniocaudal distribution, peribronchovascular opacities in the upper lung, and random distribution were more common in fHP than in IPF. In multivariate analysis, GGO with TB, peribronchovascular opacities in the upper lung, and random distribution were significant features. The area under the curve of the fHP diagnostic model with the three aforementioned CT features was 0.733 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.655-0.811, p < 0.001) in the test group and 0.630 (95% CI, 0.504-0.755, p < 0.047) in the validation group. CONCLUSION: GGO with TB, peribronchovascular opacities in the upper lung, and random distribution were important CT features for differentiating fHP from IPF.

Pneumocystis Pneumonia Presenting With Peripheral Predominant Consolidation and Traction Bronchiectasis.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) typically presents as a predominant ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the upper lobes. We report a case of a patient with PCP that mimicked organizing pneumonia or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, showing peripheral predominant consolidation with traction bronchiectasis and peribronchovascular thickening in the lower lobes on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). Pneumocystis jirovecii was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and no other pathogens were isolated. After confirmation of a high plasma human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-RNA titer and a low CD4+ cell count, the patient was diagnosed with PCP associated with HIV infection. The peripheral predominant consolidation was successfully resolved after treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. To the best of our knowledge, no previous case of PCP presenting with peripheral predominant consolidation, traction bronchiectasis, or peribronchovascular thickening has been reported. Physicians should consider PCP as a differential diagnosis even in cases suspected as organizing pneumonia or nonspecific interstitial pneumonia on HRCT.

Factors associated with readmission for community-onset pneumonia among older people: A retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Although older individuals are prone to pneumonia relapse, little real-world evidence is available on the main factors contributing to pneumonia recurrence. This study assessed the impact of patients' lifestyles on hospital readmission due to pneumonia recurrence. METHODS: We retrospectively included consecutive patients (aged ≥65 years) who were admitted for community-onset pneumonia. A binary or multiple-choice postal questionnaire survey on lifestyles after hospitalization was conducted to identify the factors associated with readmission due to pneumonia recurrence. RESULTS: Of 117 patients who responded to the questionnaires, 89 were included in the analyses after excluding 28 patients who died within 1 year of discharge. Twenty-four of 89 (27%) patients were readmitted to the hospital for pneumonia within 1 year of discharge. Multivariate analysis revealed that cerebrovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 3.912; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.104-13.861; p = 0.035) and need of assistance at mealtime (OR, 2.225; 95% CI, 1.182-4.186; p = 0.013) were significantly associated with readmission due to pneumonia recurrence. Oral care and mealtime body position were not associated with readmission. CONCLUSIONS: Host factors, not patients' lifestyles such as oral care and body position, mainly contribute to the development of pneumonia among older people. These results should be considered risk factors for readmission by medical workers and family members.

Treatment strategy for older patients with pneumonia independent of the risk of drug resistance in the world's top country for longevity.

The number of older people with impaired swallowing function increases with aging population. Aspiration pneumonia is one of the most cases of pneumonia developing among older people. As aspiration pneumonia may develop as a result of age-related deterioration, it is crucial to consider it as an unavoidable event with aging. While pneumonia is diagnosed based on respiratory symptoms and radiological features, the lung involvement of aspiration pneumonia may be undetectable via a frontal chest radiograph in some cases. Bacterial profiles show the predominance of drug-resistant bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), but isolated bacteria from respiratory samples do not necessarily indicate causative pathogens. Furthermore, there is no evidence regarding treatment superiority using broad-spectrum antibiotics compared with narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Even if isolated pathogens are a causative factor for pneumonia among older patients, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics covering the bacteria may not improve their outcomes. Therefore, we propose a treatment strategy independent of the risk of drug resistance focusing on the discrimination of patients who are unlikely to respond to broad-spectrum antibiotics. An aspiration risk is associated with increased in-hospital mortality in patients with pneumonia, which could also lead to a greater risk of poor long-term outcomes with increased 1-year mortality. Advance care planning is now recognized as a process for communication and medical decision-making across the life course. This approach would be widely recommended for older people with aspiration risk.

In vitro effects of the new oral ß-lactamase inhibitor xeruborbactam in combination with oral ß-lactams against clinical Mycobacterium abscessus isolates.

Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM), particularly Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (M. abscessus), are increasingly being recognized as etiological agents of NTM pulmonary disease. However, treatment options for M. abscessus are limited owing to their natural resistance to most antibiotics, including ß-lactams. M. abscessus produces a class A ß-lactamase, whose activity is inhibited by cyclic boronic acid ß-lactamase inhibitors. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro effects of xeruborbactam, a cyclic boronic acid ß-lactamase inhibitor, against M. abscessus when combined with five ß-lactams (amoxicillin, tebipenem, cefdinir, cefuroxime, and cefoxitin). The drug susceptibilities of 43 M. abscessus clinical isolates obtained from 43 patients between August 2005 and May 2014 were tested. The MIC results for each ß-lactam with or without 4 µg/mL xeruborbactam were examined. Xeruborbactam lowered the MIC90 values of tebipenem, amoxicillin, cefuroxime, and cefdinir by 5, ≥4, 3, and 3 dilutions, respectively. The MIC90 values of cefoxitin without xeruborbactam were 32 µg/mL and did not change upon the addition of xeruborbactam. The lowest MIC90 value was obtained for tebipenem with xeruborbactam. Almost all isolates had an MIC of 4 µg/mL; one isolate had an MIC of 2 µg/mL. With respect to the susceptibility to the same family drug, the number of susceptible isolates increased from 1/43 (2%) to 43/43 (100%) for tebipenem with xeruborbactam. Combining tebipenem and xeruborbactam could be considered an effective all-oral regimen that benefits outpatient treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary disease. IMPORTANCE: Mycobacterium abscessus subsp. abscessus (M. abscessus) disease is treated in two phases; injectable drugs for initial followed by others for continuation. There is a need to develop all-oral treatment methods for M. abscessus infection, especially in the continuation phase. However, treatment options for M. abscessus are limited owing to their natural resistance to most antibiotics. This is the first report to evaluate the in vitro effects of xeruborbactam, a cyclic boronic acid ß-lactamase inhibitor capable of inhibiting the class A ß-lactamase produced by M. abscessus, against 43 M. abscessus clinical isolates when combined with five ß-lactam antibiotics. Xeruborbactam lowered the MIC90 values of tebipenem by five dilutions, and the number of susceptible isolates increased from 1/43 (2%) to 43/43 (100%). We showed that the tebipenem-xeruborbactam combination might be of interest to explore further as a potentially effective oral regimen for outpatient treatment of M. abscessus pulmonary disease.

Medical Causes of Hospitalisation among Patients with Bronchiectasis: A Nationwide Study in Japan.

PURPOSE: Although the international guidelines for managing bronchiectasis are centred on preventing the exacerbation of bronchiectasis, the medical causes of admissions to hospital among patients with bronchiectasis have not been fully investigated. METHODS: This study targeted patients with bronchiectasis who were admitted to hospitals between April 2018 and March 2020 using the national inpatient database in Japan. The causes of hospitalisation and types of antibiotics used for hospitalised patients were recorded. RESULTS: In total, 21,300 hospitalisations of 16,723 patients with bronchiectasis were analysed. The most common cause was respiratory diseases in 15,145 (71.1%) admissions, including bacterial pneumonia and the exacerbation of bronchiectasis in 6238 (41.2%) and 3151 (20.8%), respectively. Antipseudomonal antibiotics were used in approximately 60% of patients with bacterial pneumonia who were administered antibiotic treatments and in approximately 50% of patients with the exacerbation of bronchiectasis. CONCLUSIONS: Bacterial pneumonia was the most frequent cause of hospitalisation, followed by the exacerbation of bronchiectasis, among patients with bronchiectasis. Physicians need to focus on the prevention of bacterial pneumonia in addition to the exacerbation of bronchiectasis in patients with bronchiectasis.

Incidence and mortality of community-acquired and nosocomial infections in Japan: a nationwide medical claims database study.

BACKGROUND: It is important to determine the prevalence and prognosis of community-acquired infection (CAI) and nosocomial infection (NI) to develop treatment strategies and appropriate medical policies in aging society. METHODS: Patients hospitalized between January 2010 and December 2019, for whom culture tests were performed and antibiotics were administered, were selected using a national claims-based database. The annual trends in incidence and in-hospital mortality were calculated and evaluated by dividing the patients into four age groups. RESULTS: Of the 73,962,409 inpatients registered in the database, 9.7% and 4.7% had CAI and NI, respectively. These incidences tended to increase across the years in both the groups. Among the patients hospitalized with infectious diseases, there was a significant increase in patients aged ≥ 85 years (CAI: + 1.04%/year and NI: + 0.94%/year, P < 0.001), while there was a significant decrease in hospitalization of patients aged ≤ 64 years (CAI: -1.63%/year and NI: -0.94%/year, P < 0.001). In-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the NI than in the CAI group (CAI: 8.3%; NI: 14.5%, adjusted mean difference 4.7%). The NI group had higher organ support, medical cost per patient, and longer duration of hospital stay. A decreasing trend in mortality was observed in both the groups (CAI: -0.53%/year and NI: -0.72%/year, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The present analysis of a large Japanese claims database showed that NI is a significant burden on hospitalized patients in aging societies, emphasizing the need to address particularly on NI.

Pulmonary function and chest CT abnormalities 3 months after discharge from COVID-19, 2020-2021: A nation-wide multicenter prospective cohort study from the Japanese respiratory society.

BACKGROUND: No comprehensive analysis of the pulmonary sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Japan based on respiratory function tests and chest computed tomography (CT) has been reported. We evaluated post-COVID-19 conditions, especially focusing on pulmonary sequelae assessed by pulmonary function tests and chest CT. METHODS: For this prospective cohort study, we enrolled 1069 patients who presented pneumonia at the time of admission in 55 hospitals from February 2020 to September 2021. Disease severity was classified as moderateⅠ, moderate II, and severe, defined primarily according to the degree of respiratory failure. The data on post-COVID-19 conditions over 12 months, pulmonary function, and chest CT findings at 3 months were evaluated in this study. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 severity on pulmonary sequelae, such as impaired diffusion capacity, restrictive pattern, and CT abnormalities, was also evaluated. RESULTS: The most frequently reported post-COVID-19 conditions at 3 months after COVID-19 were muscle weakness, dyspnea, and fatigue (48.4%, 29.0%, and 24.7%, respectively). The frequency of symptoms gradually decreased over subsequent months. In pulmonary function tests at 3 months, the incidence of impaired diffusion capacity and restrictive pattern increased depending on disease severity. There also were differences in the presence of chest CT abnormalities at the 3 months, which was markedly correlated with the severity. CONCLUSION: We reported a comprehensive analysis of post-COVID-19 condition, pulmonary function, and chest CT abnormalities in Japanese patients with COVID-19. The findings of this study will serve as valuable reference data for future post-COVID-19 condition research in Japan.

DHCR7 links cholesterol synthesis with neuronal development and axonal integrity.

The DHCR7 enzyme converts 7-DHC into cholesterol. Mutations in DHCR7 can block cholesterol production, leading to abnormal accumulation of 7-DHC and causing Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS). SLOS is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by multiple malformations, including microcephaly, intellectual disability, behavior reminiscent of autism, sleep disturbances, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like hyperactivity. Although 7-DHC affects neuronal differentiation in ex vivo experiments, the precise mechanism of SLOS remains unclear. We generated Dhcr7 deficient (dhcr7-/-) zebrafish that exhibited key features of SLOS, including microcephaly, decreased neural stem cell pools, and behavioral phenotypes similar to those of ADHD-like hyperactivity. These zebrafish demonstrated compromised myelination, synaptic anomalies, and neurotransmitter imbalances. The axons of the dhcr7-/- zebrafish showed increased lysosomes and attenuated autophagy, suggesting that autophagy-related neuronal homeostasis is disrupted.

Impact of Antibiotics Used for Acute Aspiration Bronchitis on the Prevention of Pneumonia.

BACKGROUNDS: It remains unclear if antibiotics should be used for the treatment of acute aspiration bronchitis to prevent the development of pneumonia. This study aimed to assess the associations between the use of antibiotics and the development of pneumonia among patients with acute aspiration bronchitis. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with acute aspiration bronchitis aged ≥75 years. Acute aspiration bronchitis was defined as a condition with aspiration risk, high fever (body temperature, ≥37.5 °C), respiratory symptoms, and the absence of evidence of pneumonia. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the incidence of pneumonia between patients treated with and without antibiotics for acute aspiration bronchitis (6/44, 14% vs. 31/143, 22%; p = 0.242). Lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (adjusted odds ratio, 0.956; 95% confidence interval, 0.920-0.993) was significantly associated with the development of pneumonia. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic administration should not be routinely recommended to prevent pneumonia following acute aspiration bronchitis, and patients with decreased renal function should be closely monitored. A randomized controlled trial is necessary to validate these results.

Bacterial profiles detected in ventilator-associated pneumonia in Japan: A systematic review.

The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant organisms associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in Japan. Studies on VAP conducted in Japan were systematically reviewed, and seven studies with a total of 374 cases were included. The detection rate of each bacterium and multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen was analyzed using the inverse variance method. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified as the predominant pathogen in 29.2 % of cases, followed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (12.0 %), and Klebsiella spp. (9.5 %). An integrated analysis revealed a detection rate of 57.8 % (95 % confidence interval: 48.7%-66.8 %) for MDR pathogens. This review highlights P. aeruginosa and MRSA as the predominant VAP-associated organisms in Japan, with a significant prevalence of MDR pathogens. This analysis provides valuable insights based on the regional distribution of bacteria detected in VAP, which is critical for selecting appropriate empirical therapy.

Pneumocystis jirovecii Pneumonia in a Patient With Localized Mycosis Fungoides Not Receiving Immunosuppressive Treatment.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is the most common opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but it may develop in patients without HIV, whose immune system is suppressed by anticancer or immunosuppressive agents even when indicating normal counts of CD4+ T cells. Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, which is believed not to cause immunosuppressive conditions unless it develops leukosis or metastasis or is treated with anticancer drugs or systemic immunosuppressants. Here, we report a case of PCP in a patient with localized MF not receiving immunosuppressive treatment. The patient, a woman in her 70s, presented with persistent dyspnea. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) showed diffuse ground-glass opacities in both lungs. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was positive for P. jirovecii. Moreover, the cytomegalovirus antigenemia test was positive, whereas tests for anti-HIV and antihuman T-cell lymphotropic virus antibodies were negative. The patient was treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, prednisolone, and ganciclovir, which gradually improved the symptoms and diminished diffuse ground-glass opacities on HRCT. This case exemplifies a rare presentation of PCP with mild MF that was not treated with chemotherapy or immunosuppressants. The possible mechanisms for the development of PCP are discussed.

Carbapenem vs. non-carbapenem antibiotics for ventilator-associated pneumonia: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Carbapenem is recommended as one of the first-line regimens for ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), but no recent systematic review has fully investigated its efficacy. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of carbapenem compared with non-carbapenem for VAP treatment. METHODS: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing the efficacy and the safety between carbapenem and non-carbapenem with activity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the treatment for VAP. The main outcome was mortality, and the additional outcomes were the clinical cure of pneumonia, length of intensive care unit stay, recurrence, adverse effects, and the development of resistant bacteria. This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. RESULTS: Of the initial 1,730 publications, 9 randomized control trials were enrolled. In the meta-analysis, no difference was observed between the carbapenem and non-carbapenem regimens in improving mortality (odds ratio, 0.83; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.67-1.02). While the carbapenem regimen was superior to the non-carbapenem regimen in studies reporting the resolution of pneumonia (odds ratio, 1.09; 95 % CI 1.01-1.17), the effectiveness of carbapenem treatment was not evident in studies assessing the other outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Carbapenem might have no superiority in survival when treating VAP. Moreover, non-carbapenem antibiotics with activities to P. aeruginosa have a potential option to avoid inducing carbapenem-resistant pathogens.

Factors associated with changes in activities of daily living from admission to discharge among older patients with pneumonia.

INTRODUCTION: It has not been fully elucidated that nutritional parameters affect the change of activities of daily living (ADL) during pneumonia treatment. This study assessed the impact of nutritional status, including erector spinae muscle (ESM) size on ADL changes from admission to discharge among older patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). METHODS: We retrospectively included patients (age: ≥65 years) who were admitted to the hospital for CAP and underwent chest computed tomography (CT) on admission. ADL was evaluated using the Barthel index, and patients were divided into the maintained or improved ADL group and the declined ADL group from admission through discharge. The ESM cross-sectional area was measured on a single-slice CT image. Logistic regression models were applied for assessing factors associated with changes in ADL. RESULTS: A total of 523 patients hospitalized for CAP (median age 86 years) were evaluated. The declined group had significantly higher ADL levels on admission, a greater frequency of smoking history and malignancy, and a lower frequency of cerebrovascular disease and dementia. No significant difference in ESM size was observed between the groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that higher ADL levels on admission (odds ratio 1.034, interquartile range 1.026-1.043) and malignancy (3.002, 1.150-7.836) were associated with a decline in ADL, whereas cerebrovascular disease (0.579, 0.373-0.900) was related to improvement or maintenance of ADL. CONCLUSIONS: Although nutritional status might not affect the change of ADL among older patients hospitalized with pneumonia, a cerebrovascular disease history may be a good predictor for ADL improvement.

Delayed iliopsoas abscess following COVID-19 pneumonia.

Bacterial co-infection has been reported to contribute to a poor prognosis in patients with COVID-19. However, iliopsoas abscess (IPA) has not been previously reported as a comorbidity during the course of COVID-19. We report two cases of IPA in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Both patients required prolonged immunosuppressive therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia and developed bacteremia due to Serratia marcescens in one and Staphylococcus aureus in the other. Although immunosuppressive therapy is commonly used for COVID-19 pneumonia with hypoxemia, the comorbidity of IPA may have been underestimated in these cases.

A prospective cohort study of periostin as a serum biomarker in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with nintedanib.

This study investigated the utility of periostin, a matricellular protein, as a prognostic biomarker in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who received nintedanib. Monomeric and total periostin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 87 eligible patients who participated in a multicenter prospective study. Forty-three antifibrotic drug-naive patients with IPF described in previous studies were set as historical controls. Monomeric and total periostin levels were not significantly associated with the change in forced vital capacity (FVC) or diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO) during any follow-up period. Higher monomeric and total periostin levels were independent risk factors for overall survival in the Cox proportional hazard model. In the analysis of nintedanib effectiveness, higher binarized monomeric periostin levels were associated with more favorable suppressive effects on decreased vital capacity (VC) and DLCO in the treatment group compared with historical controls. Higher binarized levels of total periostin were associated with more favorable suppressive effects on decreased DLCO but not VC. In conclusion, higher periostin levels were independently associated with survival and better therapeutic effectiveness in patients with IPF treated with nintedanib. Periostin assessments may contribute to determining therapeutic strategies for patients with IPF.

Periostin Is a Biomarker of Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease.

Periostin was investigated as a biomarker for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). This prospective study measured serum monomeric and total periostin, Klebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6), surfactant protein D (SP-D), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in 19 patients with RA-ILD, 20 RA without ILD, and 137 healthy controls (HC). All biomarkers were higher in RA-ILD than HC or RA without ILD. KL-6 accurately detected ILD in RA patients (area under curve [AUC] = 0.939) and moderately detected SP-D and monomeric and total periostin (AUC = 0.803, =0.767, =0.767, respectively). Monomeric and total periostin were negatively correlated with normal lung area and positively correlated with honeycombing, reticulation, fibrosis score, and the traction bronchiectasis grade but not inflammatory areas. Serum levels of SP-D, KL-6, and LDH did not correlate with the extent of those fibrotic areas on high-resolution CT. Serum monomeric and total periostin were higher in patients with RA-ILD with definite usual interstitial pneumonia pattern compared with other ILD patterns. Immunohistochemical analyses of biopsy or autopsy lung tissues from RA-ILD during the chronic phase and acute exacerbation showed that periostin was expressed in fibroblastic foci but not inflammatory or dense fibrosis lesions. Periostin is a potential biomarker for diagnosis, evaluating fibrosis, and deciding therapeutic strategies for patients with RA-ILD.

A Systematic Review of Factors Associated with Mortality among Patients with Mycobacterium avium Complex Lung Disease.

PURPOSE: As the number of patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease is significantly increasing worldwide, several studies have focused on the prognostic factors associated with the disease. This systematic review investigated the factors associated with mortality among patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease. METHODS: Two investigators independently identified studies that were designed to determine risk factors for mortality in patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease from PubMed, the Cochrane Register of Control Trial database, and EMBASE (accessed on 25 November 2022). RESULTS: Of the 1133 titles and abstracts screened, 54 full texts were selected for review, and 15 studies were finally included in this systematic review. The most commonly studied risk factors were advanced age and low body mass index (11 studies for each), followed by male sex (8 studies), hypoalbuminemia (5 studies), and cavity (5 studies). In each study, these factors were mostly associated with increased all-cause mortality among patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease as confirmed via multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Advanced age, male sex, low body mass index, hypoalbuminemia, and cavity are likely to be the common risk factors for all-cause mortality among patients with Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease, suggesting that patients with these factors need to be carefully monitored.