INTRODUCTION: Clinical guidelines recommend measurement of arterial (carotid and femoral) plaque burden by vascular ultrasound (VUS) as a risk modifier in individuals at low or moderate risk without known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). AIM: To evaluate the prevalence of carotid and femoral plaques by age and sex, the burden of subclinical atherosclerosis (SA), and its association with classic CVRF in subjects over 30 years of age without ASCVD. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 5775 consecutive subjects referred for cardiovascular evaluation and determined the prevalence and burden of SA using 2D-VUS in carotid and femoral arteries. RESULTS: Sixty-one percent were men with a mean age of 51.3 (SD 10.6) years. Overall, plaque prevalence was 51% in carotid arteries, 39.3% in femoral arteries, 62.4% in carotid or femoral arteries, and 37.6% in neither. The prevalence of plaques and SA burden showed an increasing trend with age, being higher in men than in women and starting before the age of 40, both in the carotid and femoral sites. There was also an increasing prevalence of plaques according to the number of CVRF, and interestingly we found a high prevalence of plaques in subjects with 0 or 1 classic CVRF. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increased prevalence and burden of carotid or femoral SA, higher in men, beginning before the fourth decade of life and increasing with age. Despite a significant association with classic CVRF, a significant number of subjects with low CVRF were diagnosed with SA.
Carotid Artery Diseases , Femoral Artery , Hospitals, Community , Peripheral Arterial Disease , Plaque, Atherosclerotic , Humans , Male , Female , Femoral Artery/diagnostic imaging , Prevalence , Middle Aged , Carotid Artery Diseases/epidemiology , Carotid Artery Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Prospective Studies , Adult , Plaque, Atherosclerotic/epidemiology , Peripheral Arterial Disease/epidemiology , Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnostic imaging , Peripheral Arterial Disease/diagnosis , Risk Assessment , Predictive Value of Tests , Aged , Asymptomatic Diseases , Sex Factors , Age Factors , Risk Factors , Ultrasonography , Age Distribution , Cross-Sectional Studies
Cardiovascular Diseases , Heart Disease Risk Factors , Leukocyte Count/standards , Lymphocytes , Neutrophils , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Argentina/epidemiology , Biomarkers/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/blood , Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology , Female , Humans , Leukocyte Count/statistics & numerical data , Male , Middle Aged , Prognosis , Reference Values , Retrospective Studies , Sex Factors , Young Adult
BACKGROUND: The accurate identification and diagnosis of secondary hypertension is critical, especially while atherosclerotic cardiovascular heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. Nevertheless, despite the existence of diagnostic tools, there are significant variations of the estimated prevalence of secondary hypertension, due to multiple etiologies and suboptimal recognition. This study demonstrates the results of using a systematic and protocolled approach to improve recognition of the presence of secondary hypertension. In the future, this questionnaire can be a quick and effective tool to unveil secondary hypertension in a broad array of clinical settings. METHODS: A total of 28,633 consecutive patients from January 1, 2007 to January 1, 2017 were diagnosed as having primary or secondary hypertension, utilizing the International Code of Diseases. Patients were located at the Center of Hypertension, Institute of Cardiology at Austral University Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina and were then further classified as having TRH, or non-resistant hypertension, to which a systematic protocol was employed in search for secondary hypertension. The confirmation of secondary hypertension was subsequently confirmed by diagnostic laboratory and imaging techniques in a hospital setting. RESULTS: A final population of 12,284 patients with treatment resistant hypertension (TRH) and non-treatment resistant hypertension (NTRH) were included in this study, where an etiology of secondary hypertension was identified in 50.9% and 36% of patients in each treatment group, respectively. Physicians used confirmatory laboratory testing and imaging of patients who were identified as having a cause for their secondary hypertension, with no significant differences in sex, age and body mass index (BMI) among study groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results illustrate the prevalence and distribution of the causes of secondary hypertension using a systematic, protocolled approach, which revealed a higher percentage of secondary hypertension than previously reported. This tool may be used by healthcare providers to ensure the appropriate recognition of secondary causes of hypertension in a wider range of patients with high blood pressure beyond resistant hypertension, changing the diagnostic paradigm of this condition.
Introducción: La somatización en el paciente hipertenso afecta no solo su calidad de vida, sino también su adherencia al tratamiento y la relación médico-paciente, constituyéndose en un problema sanitario de alto costo, por lo que la posibilidad de determinar el riesgo de somatizar en estos pacientes podría favorecer un manejo individualizado de sus manifestaciones. Objetivos: Estratificar en una cohorte de hipertensos esenciales el riesgo de somatización y caracterizar las variables hemodinámicas asociadas. Material y métodos: Se analizaron de manera prospectiva 120 individuos que asistieron para la evaluación de su riesgo cardiovascular, que se clasificaron en: 1) grupo de hipertensos controlados (HTC) (57%, n = 68) y 2) grupo control de normotensos (NT) (43%, n = 52). El riesgo de somatización se evaluó con el inventario de síntomas SCL-90-R y las escalas de depresión y ansiedad. El perfil hemodinámico se determinó con un método oscilométrico validado. Resultados: El riesgo de somatización fue más elevado en el grupo HTC de manera independiente de la presencia de otras alteraciones emocionales. Los individuos con mayor riesgo de depresión y/o ansiedad presentaron mayor evidencia de somatización (p < 0,0001). En los HTC tratados (n = 38) se observó mayor riesgo de somatización y de trastornos del sueño respecto de los HTC sin tratamiento. El índice de masa corporal se asoció con el riesgo de somatización (p = 0,0227) y el género femenino mostró que es predictivo de somatización, ansiedad y depresión (p = 0,001). Se observó una relación directa entre el gasto cardíaco y depresión y somatización y entre el riesgo de somatización y el producto de la frecuencia cardíaca por la presión arterial sistólica en reposo. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la factibilidad de estimar el riesgo de somatización a través de una herramienta validada y reproducible. Los síntomas de consulta frecuente en esta condición podrían estar asociados con un riesgo incrementado de somatización, especialmente vinculado al género femenino, el índice de masa corporal, el tratamiento farmacológico, la presencia de alteraciones emocionales como depresión y ansiedad y el patrón hiperdinámico.
Background: Somatization in hypertensive patients affects not only their quality of life but also their adherence to treatment and the physician-patient relationship, constituting an expensive health care issue. The possibility of estimating the risk of somatization in these patients could promote an individualized management of their manifestations. Objectives: The goal of this study was to stratify the risk of somatization in a cohort of patients with essential hypertension and to characterize the hemodynamic variables associated with the risk of somatization in hypertensive patients. Methods: A total of 120 subjects undergoing cardiovascular risk assessment were prospectively analyzed and classified in: 1) controlled hypertensive group (CHT) (57%, n=68) and 2) normotensive group (NT) (43%, n=52). The risk of somatization was evaluated using the SCL-90-R symptom ckecklist, and the anxiety and depression scales. The hemodynamic profile was determined using a validated oscillometric method. Results: The risk of somatization was higher in the CHT group independently of the presence of other emotional disorders. In subjects with higher risk of depression or anxiety, the evidence of somatization was greater (p<0.0001). In the CHT group, those who received treatment (n=38) had greater risk of somatization and of sleep disorders compared to those without treatment in the same group. Body mass index was associated with the risk of somatization (p=0.0227) and female sex was a predictor of somatization, anxiety and depression (p=0.001). A direct relationship was observed between cardiac output and depression and somatization, and between the risk of somatization and the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure at rest. Conclusion: The estimation of the risk of somatization is feasible using a validated and reproducible tool. The frequently consulted symptoms in this condition could be associated with a higher risk of somatization, particularly linked with female sex, body mass index, drug therapy, presence of emotional abnormalities a depression and anxiety, and an hyperdynamic pattern.
OBJECTIVE: To assess whether a cold pressor test (CPT) could help identify patients at a high risk of cardiovascular events in a population without known coronary artery disease (CAD) with a normal myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS). METHODS: Our population consisted of 870 patients with a mean age of 59.3years with several CAD risk factors, having been referred for an MPS. The CPT was performed between the third day and fifth day after the MPS. RESULTS: The CPT was positive in 38.2% of the patients. After a mean 40-month follow-up, the patients were contacted to check for cardiac death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and myocardial revascularization procedures. The event-free survival rates were 98.1% and 90.4% after a negative or positive CPT, respectively (p=0.0001). The positive CPT group exhibited a fourfold increased risk of CV events. All CV events in the negative CPT group occurred after a 30-month follow-up. The risk of CV events was 4.5 times higher in diabetic patients. CONCLUSION: A positive CPT in patients with a negative MPS could help identify a subgroup of patients at a higher risk of developing symptomatic CAD. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that after a normal post-exercise MPS, patients should undergo a CPT.
Blood Pressure/physiology , Cold Temperature , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Myocardial Ischemia/physiopathology , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon , Aged , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Artery Disease/mortality , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Follow-Up Studies , Forecasting , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Myocardial Ischemia/mortality , Predictive Value of Tests , Prospective Studies , Survival Rate/trends , Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon/methods
El bloqueo de los efectos adversos del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) ha sido un foco importante en el desarrollo de drogas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular en los últimos 30 años. Los niveles plasmáticos de aldosterona disminuyen en forma transitoria luego del inicio del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) y se ha demostrado que la aldosterona ejerce efectos adversos sobre el sistema cardiovascular en forma independiente de la angiotensina II. En dos reuniones consecutivas 50 líderes de opinión se reunieron para discutir en forma crítica la evidencia actualmente disponible. El presente documento sintetiza las conclusiones que surgieron por consenso de la mesa: "Rol del bloqueo aldosterónico en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial refractaria y estados de hiperaldosteronismo". El interés clínico en el bloqueo aldosterónico en pacientes tratados con IECA o antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina (ARA) fue estimulado por el Estudio RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study), que demostró que el antagonista de los receptores mineralocorticoides (RMC), espironolactona, redujo el riesgo de mortalidad de toda causa así como de hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), en pacientes con IC severa (clase funcional III-IV, NYHA) y fracción de eyección disminuida. La hipertensión arterial refractaria (HTAR) es un problema médico común que afecta entre el 10% al 30% de los pacientes hipertensos, según la población evaluada. Los estudios en HTAR se ven limitados por el alto riesgo cardiovascular de estos pacientes. El rol de la aldosterona en perpetuar la refractariedad a través de su conocido efecto de retención de sodio y agua y la producción de disfunción endotelial han motivado el uso de bloqueantes de receptores mineralocorticoides, demostrándose una drástica reducción de la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, por lo que actualmente su empleo es recomendado como cuarta línea de tratamiento en pacientes con HTAR que no respondieron a una terapia adecuada previamente (Guía de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión/Sociedad Europea de Cardiología 2007).
Blocking the adverse effects of the rennin-angiotensin system has been a major focus of drug development for the treatment of cardiovascular disease over the last 30 years. Plasma aldosterone levels are only transiently decreased suppressed after the initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors treatment and has been shown that aldosterone causes adverse effects on the cardiovascular system independent of angiotensin II. In two consecutive meetings, 50 experts critically reviewed the available evidence. The present document reflects the consensus of the subject: "Role of aldosterone blockade in the treatment of refractory arterial hypertension and hyperaldosteronism". Clinical interest in blocking aldosterone in patients treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) was stimulated by the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), which demonstrated that the mineralocorticoid (MC) antagonist spironolactone reduced the risk of all-cause mortality as well as hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in patients with severe NYHA Class III-IV HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The refractory arterial hypertension (RAH) is a common medical problem that affects from 10% to 30% of hypertensive patients, according to the study population. Studies in RAH are limited by the high cardiovascular risk of these patients. The role of aldosterone perpetuate refractoriness through its known effect of sodium and water retention and production of endothelial dysfunction have motivated the use of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, demonstrating a dramatic reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by what use is currently recommended as a fourth-line treatment in patients with RAH who did not respond to appropriate therapy previously (Guide to the European Society of Hypertension / European Society of Cardiology 2007).
O bloqueio dos efeitos adversos do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) tem sido o foco principal no desenvolvimento de drogas para o tratamento de doença cardiovascular nos últimos 30 anos. Os níveis plasmáticos da aldosterona temporariamente diminuem depois de início do tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e tem mostrado-se que a aldosterona ter efeitos adversos sobre o sistema cardiovascular independente da angiotensina II. Em duas reuniões consecutivas, 50 líderes de opinião se reuniram para discutir criticamente as evidências atuais. O presente documentoreflete o consensosobre o assunto: "Papel do bloqueio da aldosterona no tratamento da hipertensão arterial refratária e hiperaldosteronismo". Interesse clínico no bloqueio da aldosterona em pacientes tratados com IECA ou antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina (ARA) foi estimulado pelo estudo RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study), que demonstrou que o antagonista receptor mineralocorticóide (RMC), espironolactona, reduziu o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa e hospitalizações por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) em pacientes com IC severa (classe funcional III-IV, NYHA) e fração de ejeção diminuída. A hipertensão arterial refratária (HTAR) é um problema médico comum que afeta entre 10% a 30% dos pacientes hipertensos, de acordo com a população em estudo. Os estudos em HTAR são limitados pelo elevado risco cardiovascular desses pacientes. O papel da aldosterona em perpetuar a refratariedade através do seu efeito conhecido de retenção e produção de disfunção endotelial de sódio e água tem motivado o uso de bloqueadores dos receptores mineralocorticóides, demonstrando uma redução drástica na pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, por o uso é atualmente recomendada como quarta linha de tratamento em pacientes com HTAR, que não respondem à terapia apropriada anteriormente (Guia da Sociedade Europeia de Hipertensão/Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia 2007).
El bloqueo de los efectos adversos del sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) ha sido un foco importante en el desarrollo de drogas para el tratamiento de la enfermedad cardiovascular en los últimos 30 años. Los niveles plasmáticos de aldosterona disminuyen en forma transitoria luego del inicio del tratamiento con inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) y se ha demostrado que la aldosterona ejerce efectos adversos sobre el sistema cardiovascular en forma independiente de la angiotensina II. En dos reuniones consecutivas 50 líderes de opinión se reunieron para discutir en forma crítica la evidencia actualmente disponible. El presente documento sintetiza las conclusiones que surgieron por consenso de la mesa: "Rol del bloqueo aldosterónico en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial refractaria y estados de hiperaldosteronismo". El interés clínico en el bloqueo aldosterónico en pacientes tratados con IECA o antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina (ARA) fue estimulado por el Estudio RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study), que demostró que el antagonista de los receptores mineralocorticoides (RMC), espironolactona, redujo el riesgo de mortalidad de toda causa así como de hospitalizaciones por insuficiencia cardíaca (IC), en pacientes con IC severa (clase funcional III-IV, NYHA) y fracción de eyección disminuida. La hipertensión arterial refractaria (HTAR) es un problema médico común que afecta entre el 10% al 30% de los pacientes hipertensos, según la población evaluada. Los estudios en HTAR se ven limitados por el alto riesgo cardiovascular de estos pacientes. El rol de la aldosterona en perpetuar la refractariedad a través de su conocido efecto de retención de sodio y agua y la producción de disfunción endotelial han motivado el uso de bloqueantes de receptores mineralocorticoides, demostrándose una drástica reducción de la presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, por lo que actualmente su empleo es recomendado como cuarta línea de tratamiento en pacientes con HTAR que no respondieron a una terapia adecuada previamente (Guía de la Sociedad Europea de Hipertensión/Sociedad Europea de Cardiología 2007).(AU)
Blocking the adverse effects of the rennin-angiotensin system has been a major focus of drug development for the treatment of cardiovascular disease over the last 30 years. Plasma aldosterone levels are only transiently decreased suppressed after the initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors treatment and has been shown that aldosterone causes adverse effects on the cardiovascular system independent of angiotensin II. In two consecutive meetings, 50 experts critically reviewed the available evidence. The present document reflects the consensus of the subject: "Role of aldosterone blockade in the treatment of refractory arterial hypertension and hyperaldosteronism". Clinical interest in blocking aldosterone in patients treated with ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) was stimulated by the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study (RALES), which demonstrated that the mineralocorticoid (MC) antagonist spironolactone reduced the risk of all-cause mortality as well as hospitalizations for heart failure (HF) in patients with severe NYHA Class III-IV HF and a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The refractory arterial hypertension (RAH) is a common medical problem that affects from 10% to 30% of hypertensive patients, according to the study population. Studies in RAH are limited by the high cardiovascular risk of these patients. The role of aldosterone perpetuate refractoriness through its known effect of sodium and water retention and production of endothelial dysfunction have motivated the use of mineralocorticoid receptor blockers, demonstrating a dramatic reduction in the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, by what use is currently recommended as a fourth-line treatment in patients with RAH who did not respond to appropriate therapy previously (Guide to the European Society of Hypertension / European Society of Cardiology 2007).(AU)
O bloqueio dos efeitos adversos do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona (SRAA) tem sido o foco principal no desenvolvimento de drogas para o tratamento de doenþa cardiovascular nos últimos 30 anos. Os níveis plasmáticos da aldosterona temporariamente diminuem depois de início do tratamento com inibidores da enzima conversora da angiotensina (IECA) e tem mostrado-se que a aldosterona ter efeitos adversos sobre o sistema cardiovascular independente da angiotensina II. Em duas reuni§es consecutivas, 50 líderes de opiniÒo se reuniram para discutir criticamente as evidÛncias atuais. O presente documentoreflete o consensosobre o assunto: "Papel do bloqueio da aldosterona no tratamento da hipertensÒo arterial refratária e hiperaldosteronismo". Interesse clínico no bloqueio da aldosterona em pacientes tratados com IECA ou antagonistas do receptor de angiotensina (ARA) foi estimulado pelo estudo RALES (Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study), que demonstrou que o antagonista receptor mineralocorticóide (RMC), espironolactona, reduziu o risco de mortalidade por qualquer causa e hospitalizaþ§es por insuficiÛncia cardíaca (IC) em pacientes com IC severa (classe funcional III-IV, NYHA) e fraþÒo de ejeþÒo diminuída. A hipertensÒo arterial refratária (HTAR) é um problema médico comum que afeta entre 10% a 30% dos pacientes hipertensos, de acordo com a populaþÒo em estudo. Os estudos em HTAR sÒo limitados pelo elevado risco cardiovascular desses pacientes. O papel da aldosterona em perpetuar a refratariedade através do seu efeito conhecido de retenþÒo e produþÒo de disfunþÒo endotelial de sódio e á
La punción percutánea de la arteria radial para la realización de procedimientos por cateterismo ha ganado mayor aceptación en los últimos tiempos. Esto sucedió como consecuencia de haber alcanzado resultados similares a los obtenidos mediante el acceso femoral, con los beneficios de una menor tasa de complicaciones y mayor confort de los pacientes. Recientemente, su utilización tomó un impulso adicional, por estar asociada a mejor pronóstico en síndromes coronarios agudos. En el presente trabajo hemos evaluado si la factibilidad, resultados y ventajas relacionadas al acceso percutáneo de la arteria radial en procedimientos por cateterismo, se aplican también a quienes presentan disección previa de la arteria humeral. Sobre un total de 1 356 accesos radiales percutáneos, 53 fueron en pacientes con disección previa de la arteria humeral, obteniéndose éxito del acceso en el 96.2% (51/53) de las punciones. A través de estos accesos se realizaron 71 procedimientos por cateterismo, con 93.6% (44/47) de éxito del procedimiento en las intervenciones diagnósticas y 100% (24/24) en las terapéuticas. En este grupo no ocurrieron complicaciones mayores. Las complicaciones menores sucedieron en el 1.4% (1/71) de los casos y no se registraron nuevas complicaciones en el seguimiento a siete días. Si bien el grupo es pequeño, consideramos que resulta suficiente para mostrar que las punciones percutáneas de la arteria radial para la realización de procedimientos por cateterismo, en pacientes con disección previa de la arteria humeral, son factibles y permiten elevadas tasas de éxito con baja frecuencia de complicaciones.
The percutaneous punction of the radial artery for catheterization procedures has gained acceptance lately. This was a consequence of achieving results similar to the femoral approach, with the benefits of a lower rate of complications and increased comfort for the patients post procedure. Recently it has gained an additional impulse with the better prognosis obtained in acute coronary syndromes. In this trial we have evaluated if the feasibility, results and advantages related with the use of the radial artery percutaneous approach to perform catheterization procedures, continues when used in patients who have had a previous brachial artery cutdown. Out of a total of 1356 percutaneous radial accesses, 53 were in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown. Through this access 71 catheterization procedures were performed, achieving access success in 96.2% (51/53) of the punctions. Once the access success was obtained, 93.6% (44/47) of the diagnostic procedures and 100% (24/24) of the therapeutics procedures were successful. During hospitalization, in this group of patients, no major adverse cardiac events occurred and there was a 1.4% (1/71) rate of minor events. At seven days follow up, no new complications were recorded. Although this is a small group, we believe that it is enough to show that percutaneous punctions of the radial artery to perform catheterization procedures, in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown, are feasible, allowing high access and procedure success rates, with a low frequency of complications.
Humans , Brachial Artery/surgery , Cardiac Catheterization/methods , Radial Artery , Vascular Diseases/surgery , Feasibility Studies , Punctures
La punción percutánea de la arteria radial para la realización de procedimientos por cateterismo ha ganado mayor aceptación en los últimos tiempos. Esto sucedió como consecuencia de haber alcanzado resultados similares a los obtenidos mediante el acceso femoral, con los beneficios de una menor tasa de complicaciones y mayor confort de los pacientes. Recientemente, su utilización tomó un impulso adicional, por estar asociada a mejor pronóstico en síndromes coronarios agudos. En el presente trabajo hemos evaluado si la factibilidad, resultados y ventajas relacionadas al acceso percutáneo de la arteria radial en procedimientos por cateterismo, se aplican también a quienes presentan disección previa de la arteria humeral. Sobre un total de 1 356 accesos radiales percutáneos, 53 fueron en pacientes con disección previa de la arteria humeral, obteniéndose éxito del acceso en el 96.2% (51/53) de las punciones. A través de estos accesos se realizaron 71 procedimientos por cateterismo, con 93.6% (44/47) de éxito del procedimiento en las intervenciones diagnósticas y 100% (24/24) en las terapéuticas. En este grupo no ocurrieron complicaciones mayores. Las complicaciones menores sucedieron en el 1.4% (1/71) de los casos y no se registraron nuevas complicaciones en el seguimiento a siete días. Si bien el grupo es pequeño, consideramos que resulta suficiente para mostrar que las punciones percutáneas de la arteria radial para la realización de procedimientos por cateterismo, en pacientes con disección previa de la arteria humeral, son factibles y permiten elevadas tasas de éxito con baja frecuencia de complicaciones.(AU)
The percutaneous punction of the radial artery for catheterization procedures has gained acceptance lately. This was a consequence of achieving results similar to the femoral approach, with the benefits of a lower rate of complications and increased comfort for the patients post procedure. Recently it has gained an additional impulse with the better prognosis obtained in acute coronary syndromes. In this trial we have evaluated if the feasibility, results and advantages related with the use of the radial artery percutaneous approach to perform catheterization procedures, continues when used in patients who have had a previous brachial artery cutdown. Out of a total of 1356 percutaneous radial accesses, 53 were in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown. Through this access 71 catheterization procedures were performed, achieving access success in 96.2% (51/53) of the punctions. Once the access success was obtained, 93.6% (44/47) of the diagnostic procedures and 100% (24/24) of the therapeutics procedures were successful. During hospitalization, in this group of patients, no major adverse cardiac events occurred and there was a 1.4% (1/71) rate of minor events. At seven days follow up, no new complications were recorded. Although this is a small group, we believe that it is enough to show that percutaneous punctions of the radial artery to perform catheterization procedures, in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown, are feasible, allowing high access and procedure success rates, with a low frequency of complications.(AU)
Humans , Brachial Artery/surgery , Cardiac Catheterization/methods , Radial Artery , Vascular Diseases/surgery , Feasibility Studies , Punctures
The percutaneous punction of the radial artery for catheterization procedures has gained acceptance lately. This was a consequence of achieving results similar to the femoral approach, with the benefits of a lower rate of complications and increased comfort for the patients post procedure. Recently it has gained an additional impulse with the better prognosis obtained in acute coronary syndromes. In this trial we have evaluated if the feasibility, results and advantages related with the use of the radial artery percutaneous approach to perform catheterization procedures, continues when used in patients who have had a previous brachial artery cutdown. Out of a total of 1356 percutaneous radial accesses, 53 were in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown. Through this access 71 catheterization procedures were performed, achieving access success in 96.2% (51/53) of the punctions. Once the access success was obtained, 93.6% (44/47) of the diagnostic procedures and 100% (24/24) of the therapeutics procedures were successful. During hospitalization, in this group of patients, no major adverse cardiac events occurred and there was a 1.4% (1/71) rate of minor events. At seven days follow up, no new complications were recorded. Although this is a small group, we believe that it is enough to show that percutaneous punctions of the radial artery to perform catheterization procedures, in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown, are feasible, allowing high access and procedure success rates, with a low frequency of complications.
Brachial Artery/surgery , Cardiac Catheterization/methods , Radial Artery , Vascular Diseases/surgery , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Punctures
The percutaneous punction of the radial artery for catheterization procedures has gained acceptance lately. This was a consequence of achieving results similar to the femoral approach, with the benefits of a lower rate of complications and increased comfort for the patients post procedure. Recently it has gained an additional impulse with the better prognosis obtained in acute coronary syndromes. In this trial we have evaluated if the feasibility, results and advantages related with the use of the radial artery percutaneous approach to perform catheterization procedures, continues when used in patients who have had a previous brachial artery cutdown. Out of a total of 1356 percutaneous radial accesses, 53 were in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown. Through this access 71 catheterization procedures were performed, achieving access success in 96.2
(51/53) of the punctions. Once the access success was obtained, 93.6
(44/47) of the diagnostic procedures and 100
(24/24) of the therapeutics procedures were successful. During hospitalization, in this group of patients, no major adverse cardiac events occurred and there was a 1.4
(1/71) rate of minor events. At seven days follow up, no new complications were recorded. Although this is a small group, we believe that it is enough to show that percutaneous punctions of the radial artery to perform catheterization procedures, in patients with previous brachial artery cutdown, are feasible, allowing high access and procedure success rates, with a low frequency of complications.
Brachial Artery/surgery , Cardiac Catheterization/methods , Radial Artery , Vascular Diseases/surgery , Feasibility Studies , Humans , Punctures
Introducción La disfunción endotelial es la primera alteración conocida que interviene en el desarrollo de la cardiopatía isquémica. La falta de metodologías adecuadamente desarrolladas que permitan reconocer en la etapa preclínica de la enfermedad a los pacientes en riesgo de padecer un evento cardiovascular alertan sobre la necesidad de adoptar métodos adicionales de diagnóstico para su identificación precoz. La función endotelial en las arterias coronarias fue evaluada con perfusión miocárdica SPECT y la prueba del frío. Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia de la prueba del frío en 511 pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica demostrada, como también de los factores de riesgo coronario asociados en aquellos con resultado positivo y analizar la incidencia de eventos cardiovasculares en un seguimiento de cincuenta meses. Material y métodos En un servicio de medicina nuclear se realizó en 511 pacientes un estudio tomográfico de perfusión miocárdica (SPECT), cuyo resultado ante el ejercicio reveló una captación uniforme del radiotrazador. Ningún paciente tenía antecedentes de revascularización miocárdica ni de infarto previo. Entre los dos y los cinco días posteriores al ingreso en el protocolo se efectuó la prueba del frío. Se considera que ésta es positiva cuando se observa hipocaptación del radioisótopo en algún segmento que no existía en el estudio del esfuerzo y negativo cuando no hay cambios en la captación entre ambos estudios. El seguimiento promedio fue de 24 ± 13 meses, el cual pudo completarse en el 95% de los participantes. Se analizaron los eventos mortalidad cardíaca, infarto de miocardio, accidente cerebrovascular y procedimientos de revascularización. Resultados La edad media fue de 58,7 años con una prevalencia del sexo masculino del 52,6%. Prevalencia de factores de riesgo: diabetes 10,3%, dislipidemia 69,3%, hipertensión arterial 63,4%, obesidad 25,2% y tabaquismo 22,3%. En el 32,4% de los pacientes la prueba fue positiva. El 3,9% no toleró el frío y el 5,3% tuvo reacción vagal. Durante cincuenta meses, la sobrevida libre de eventos fue del 95,6% y del 86,6% en los grupos con prueba del frío negativa y positiva, respectivamente (p < 0,01). Conclusiones La prevalencia de la prueba del frío positiva en pacientes sin cardiopatía isquémica demostrada fue del 32,4%. El sexo masculino y el índice de masa corporal elevado se asociaron con un resultado positivo de la prueba. La prueba del frío positiva identificaría a pacientes que podrían padecer eventos cardiovasculares.
Background Endothelial dysfunction is recognized as the initial step in the development of ischemic heart disease. Yet, the lack of appropriate methods to recognize in the preclinical stage of the disease the patients at risk of cardiovascular events emphasizes the necessity of developing additional diagnostic tools for its early identification. Endothelial function in coronary arteries was evaluated with myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging and cold pressor test. Objective To determine the prevalence of positive cold pressor test in 511 patients with not documented ischemic heart disease, of associated coronary risk factors in those with a positive test, and to analyze the incidence of cardiovascular events after 50-month follow-up. Material and Methods The study was conducted at a department of nuclear medicine. A total of 511 patients underwent myocardial perfusion SPECT imaging; exercise images showed uniform tracer uptake. There were no patients with a history of myocardial revascularization or previous myocardial infarction. Cold pressor test was performed between two and five days after. A positive test was defined by the presence of decreased tracer uptake in any segment that was not present in rest or exercise images; the absence of tracer uptake changes defined a negative test. Mean follow-up was 24±13 months and was achieved in 95% of patients. The incidence of cardiac mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke and revascularization procedures was analyzed. Results Mean age was 58.7 years; 52.6% were men. Prevalence of risk factors: diabetes 10.3%, dyslipemia 69.3%, hypertension 63.4%, obesity 25.2%, and smoking habits 22.3%. The test was positive in 32.4% of patients; 3.9% of patients did not tolerate cold stimulus and 5.3% presented vagal symptoms. Event-free survival at 50 months was 95.6% and 86.6% in patients with negative and positive test, respectively (p<0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of positive cold pressure test in patients with not demonstrated ischemic heart disease was 32.4%. Male gender and body mass index were associated with a positive test. Cold pressure test might identify patients at risk of cardiovascular events.
