[Incorporation of glycoproteins of the Aujeszky's disease virus ( Suid herpesvirus 1) into artificial liposome membranes and their interaction with cells]. / Vstraivanie glikoproteinov virusa bolezni Aueski (Suid herpesvirus 1) v membrany iskusstvennykh liposom i ikh vzaimodeistvie s kletkami.

The purpose of the case study was to investigate the interplay between liposomes, containing the in-built glycoproteins of the Aujeszky disease virus (ADV, Suid herpesvirus 1) with plasmatic membranes of sensitive cells. The conditions of reconstructing the ADV glycoproteins into artificial-liposome membranes were optimized. The above liposomes (virosomes), 40 x 200 nm, were impermeable to univalent ions, which confirmed the virosome membranes were intact. The gE and gB glycoproteins (90-98% of them) were located, inside the liposome membrane with the outwards orientation of their ecto-domain fragments. Virosomes were binding with cells in the dose-dependent mode. The purified ADV virions, the ADV gB glycoproteins and heparin inhibited such binding process of virosomes with cells, which denoted the specificity of their interaction with cells. An effective internalization of cell-binding virosomes was observed at 37 degrees C. The conclusion is that the ADV glycoproteins, constructed into the liposome membranes, simulate adequately enough the viral receptor structures and that the thus obtained virosomes could be used to investigate the interplay between alpha-herpes viruses and cells.

[Contribution to the methods of formation of pancreatojejunal anastomosis during pancreatoduodenal resection]. / K metodike formirovaniia pankreatoeiunoanastomoza pri pankreatoduodenal'noi rezektsii.

A method preventing a contact of the intestinal content and bile with the wound surface of the stump and pancreatic juice in the pancreatic ducts was proposed in order to prevent reflux of the infected intestinal content in the ducts of the pancreas. The work was fulfilled in experiment and in clinic. The article is well illustrated and recommended for publication as having a scientific and practical value.

[Viscumin modulates neutrophil respiratory burst, caused by a chemotactic peptide]. / Viskumin moduliruet respiratornyi vzryv v neitrofilakh, vyzvannyi khemotaksicheskim peptidom.

The ability of viscum at different concentrations to modulate the respiratory burst in neutrophils, induced by the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine was studied. This does not exclude the possibility that viscum can interact with the receptor of this peptide. The analysis of the primary structure of viscum revealed elements structurally analogous to the chemotactic peptide. It is assumed that viscum can exhibit the properties an antagonist of the receptor of N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and the mechanism of action of viscum depends on its concentration.

Human recombinant laminin-binding protein: isolation, purification, and crystallization.

The mRNA of the precursor of laminin-binding protein (LBP) was isolated from a human embryo kidney cell line and cloned. The determined sequence of the LBP gene showed complete identity with the LBP genes isolated from human lung and large intestine cells. The human LBP was expressed by E. coli cells, and it was purified using Ni-NTA-Sepharose chromatography. The mobility of the homogeneous recombinant human laminin-binding protein on SDS-PAGE was 43 kD. A mixture of eight murine monoclonal antibodies, the MPLR Pool against LBP, reacted with the recombinant LBP in Western blot. The interaction of the antiidiotypical antibodies 10H10 and E6B provided evidence that the epitope binding to protein E of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus is also preserved on the human recombinant LBP. Enzyme immunoassay confirmed the ability of the recombinant LBP to interact with protein E of TBE virus. The biological activity of the recombinant LBP allowed us to perform X-ray analysis of the spatial arrangement of the LBP molecule using the recombinant protein. For this purpose, crystals of the human LBP were obtained by the standing drop version of the pore diffusion technique. The crystals appropriate for X-ray structural analysis were 0.3 x 0.1 x 0.05 mm in size. The X-ray diffraction field of the crystal extended to 2.5 A.

[Features of the modulating effect of complexes of ribosome-inactivating proteins type II with sugars on respiratory burst of neturophils, caused by a chemotactic peptide]. / Osobennosti moduliruiushchego deistviia kompleksov ribosom-inaktiviruiushchikh belkov II tipa s sakharami na respiratornyi vzryv neitrofilov, vyzvannyi khemotaksicheskim peptidom.

It was shown that agents inducing phagocytosis (zymosan, lectins) cause changes in the number of receptors responsible for fast neutrophil reaction (chemotaxis or respiratory burst) or inhibit the binding of the agonist to its receptor. Among lectins are ribosome-inactivating proteins of type II ricin and agglutinin ricin, which penetrate the cell by binding to mannose and galactose receptors. It was shown that ribosome-inactivating proteins of type II can exhibit the properties of the antagonist of the receptor N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine. Ricin is more effective in modulating the respiratory burst induced by the chemotactic peptide than agglutinin ricin. The modulating effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins of type II on neutrophils is likely to be mediated by their interaction with galactose rather than mannose receptors. Presumably, the affinity of ribosome-inactivating proteins to galactose receptors increases with increasing amount of saccharides bound to the protein molecule. The modulating effect of ribosome-inactivating proteins of type II on the respiratory burst of neutrophils induced the chemotactic peptide is due to the structural peculiarities of these proteins.

[The use of computer technology in pediatric neuropsychology]. / Ispol'zovanie vychislitel'noi tekhniki v detskoi neiropsikhologii.

The paper is dedicated to creating methods of computerized diagnostics adequate to the problems of children neuropsychology. An original battery, based on the principle of psychometric approach to diagnostics, was used. Z-scaling was utilized in processing the data. 39 children with spastic hemiparesis, aged 9-10 years, and 40 healthy children, aged 8-9 years, were examined. The results were compared to the age norms and were recalculated into Z-scales; thus it became feasible to discern reliable deviation of the parameters from the mean level, taking into account their variance. Further processing of the data obtained was carried out using a special procedure based on Bayes method. This procedure permitted not only to evaluate the mean group characteristics of the children with focal brain damages but also to obtain individual topic diagnoses. Validity of the method was tested. 85% coincidence of the clinical and test results was reached. A conclusion is drawn on the reliability of this method for diagnosing focal brain damages in children with residual encephalopathies. Using this computerized procedure is a promising direction in further advance of children neuropsychology methods.

[Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacterial viruses from electron microscopy data. Bacteriophage structure]. / Trekhmernaia rekonstruktsiia bakterial'nykh virusov po dannym élektronnoi mikroskopii. Stroenie bakteriofagov.

The structure of bacteriophages from different groups is presented based on the data obtained by the three-dimensional reconstruction, optical diffraction and filtration and electron microscopy techniques. The study made possible to suggest the scheme for the mechanism of sheath molecules rearrangement at contraction of bacteriophage tail sheath, the model of bacteriophage FI-1 connector. The structural elements for difference and relation of various bacteriophages are demonstrated.

[Three-dimensional reconstruction of bacterial viruses from electron microscopy data. Subjects and methods of study]. / Trekhmernaia rekonstruktsiia bakterial'nykh virusov po dannym élektronnoi mikroskopii. Ob''ekty i metody issledovaniia.

The review summarizes the results of the study of the spatial structure of bacterial viruses (phages) whose tails seem to be the most primitive contracting biological mechanism. Data on the spatial molecular rearrangement are important for understanding the processes of biological mobility. The computer and laser techniques used in order to obtain information on the three-dimensional structure of the object under study by its two-dimensional electron-microphotography are presented in the first part of the review. The second deals with application of the above mentioned techniques for the study of various bacterial viruses.

[Clusters in a liquid-crystalline lipid bilayer]. / Klastery v zhidkokristallicheskom lipidnom bisloe.

From analysis of the position and width of the diffuse maximum from X-ray scattering on hydrocarbon chains of phospholipid molecules, the average distance between neighbour chains in a bilayer and the values of interaction (correlation) radia were estimated. Comparison with the results of other methods applied shows that the cluster model of molecule packing in lipid bilayers explains the experimental data in the best way. The minimal dimensions of the clusters, average areas per molecule and approximate fraction of molecules in the clusters were estimated.

[X-ray diffraction study of the molecular nature of the dependence of rigor tension developed by skinned rabbit psoas muscle on the ionic strength of the solution]. / Rentgenograficheskoe izuchenie molekuliarnoi prirody zavisimosti rigornogo napriazheniia, razvivaemogo demembranizirovannymi puchkami volokon spinnoi myshtsy krolika, ot ionnoi sily rastvora.

Molecular origin of the dependence of rigor tension developed by skinned rabbit psoas muscle on the value of ionic strength in rigorizing solution was studied by means of X-ray diffraction technique. It is shown that a deviation of the ionic strength from "normal" value (= 0.125) either to high (= 0.34) or to low (= 0.04) values is accompanied by the changes in the relative intensities of some meridional reflections while their axial positions remained unchanged. This may be explained as the result of the detachment of myosin subfragments-2 from the surfaces of thick filaments. The data obtained indicate that there is a correlation between the structure and localization of myosin subfragments-2 and the value of force generated by the muscle.

[X-ray diffraction study of the rabbit psoas muscle with extracted H-zone]. / Rentgenograficheskoe issledovanie spinnoi myshtsy krolika s ékstragirovannoi H-zonoi.

Fibre bundles of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle about 0.5-1.0 mm thick were incubated in 5 mM tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (Tris), pH 8.0 for 5-20 hours at 4 degrees C. This treatment leads to selective removal of some proteins in the M-bands and H-zones of sarcomeres. Effects of extraction were analyzed on the basis of electron micrographs of longitudinal sections of muscle specimens, gel electrophoresis patterns of myofibrils and of the extracts, and measurements of the creatine kinase activity of myofibrils. In the X-ray diffraction patterns of the fibre bundles subjected to prolonged extraction a drastic decrease in the intensity of "442 A" and "223 A" meridional reflections and a considerably smaller decrease in the intensity of "212 A" meridional reflections were observed. The "147 A" meridional reflection remains practically unchanged. It was concluded that: (1) The reflections "442 A" and "223 A" were contributed mainly by diffraction on the minor proteins located in the central part of the thick filaments in between the C-zones. This is contrary to the widely accepted viewpoint according to which the appearance of "442 A" reflection is caused only by the C-protein component of the thick filaments. (2) The "147 A" meridional reflection is contributed mainly by C-protein and light meromyosin of the thick filaments.

[X-ray study of the effect of pyrophosphate on thick filament structure in skinned fiber bundles of the rabbit psoas muscle]. / Rentgenograficheskoe issledovanie vliianiia pirofosfata na strukturu tolstykh nitei v demembranizirovannykh puchkakh volokon spinnoi myshtsy krolika.

Structure of thick filaments in the chemically skinned fibre bundles of rabbit psoas muscle in a state of pseudorelaxation induced by adding 2 mM pyrophosphate (PP) and of PP-mixture with 40% ethyleneglycol to the bathing rigor solution was studied with the help of X-ray diffraction technique. Reduction in the isometric rigor tension by about 50-70% in a state of pseudorelaxation is accompanied by significant changes in the relative intensities of a number of meridional reflections, indicating that in situ the structure and location of S-2 segment may be regulated by the structural changes in the acto S-1-complex during its cyclic interaction with ATP.

[X-ray study of pH-dependence of thick filament structure in stripped fiber bundles of vertebrate skeletal muscles]. / Rentgenograficheskoe izuchenie zavisimosti ot pH struktury tolstykh nitei v demembranizirovannykh puchkakh volokon skeletnykh myshts pozvonochnykh.

Molecular origin of pH-dependence of rigor tension in chemically skinned fibre bundles of rabbit psoas muscle was studied with the help of X-ray diffraction technique. It was found that a shift of pH from the neutral value of about 7.0 either to basic or to acidic regions by one unit is accompanied by changes of relative intensities in a number of meridional reflections. These effects are explained as the result of pH-induced detachment of subfragments-2 of myosin molecules from the thick filament surface. The data obtained indicate that force generation in muscle may be caused by the structural changes of subfragments-2 of myosin molecules.

[Interpretation of the pictures of meridional diffraction on X-rays of membrane-free rabbit spinal muscles in a state of rigor and their dependence on physico-chemical parameters of rigorising solution]. / Interpretatsiia kartin meridional'noi difraktsii na rentgenogrammakh demembranizirovannoi spinnoi myshtsy krolika v sostoianii rigora i ikh zavisimosti ot fiziko-khimicheskikh parametrov rigorizuiushchego rastvora.

Results of the studies of structural and mechanical properties of rabbit psoas muscle by means of X-ray diffraction and physiological technique are summarised along the following lines: localisation of minor proteins in the thick filaments and the origin of meridional reflections in the X-ray diffraction patterns of rigorised rabbit psoas muscle; molecular basis of the effects of pH, ionic strength, pyrophosphate, ethyleneglycol and pyrophosphate-ethyleneglycol mixture on the value of rigor tension and their dependence on the sarcomerès length and concentration of Mg2+; effect of selective extraction of minor proteins from M- and P-zones of the thick filaments on meridional reflections; structure of the thick filaments in the state of "Ca2+-free rigor"; attachment of cross-bridges to actin filaments in relaxing solution (is the model of "sterick brocking" correct?); role of structural transitions in S-2-segments of myosin in force generation.

[Direct proof of the existence of Ca2+-induced structural changes in miosin-containing thick filaments of vertebrate skeletal muscles]. / Dokazatel'stvo sushchestvovaniia Ca2+-indutsiruemogo strukturnogo perekhoda v stvolakh miozinsoderzhashchikh nitei skeletnykh myshts pozvonochnykh.

Frog sartorius muscles were skinned with the help of detergent Triton X-100 in relaxing solution and then rigorized in the solution free of ATP and calcium (Ca2+-free rigor). Some of the X-ray diffraction patterns obtained from such muscles differed drastically from the patterns of usual "calcium" rigor state of the muscle. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction patterns of Ca2+-free rigor state of the muscle allows the following conclusions to be made. (1) It is proved that the so-called forbidden meridional reflections localised in groups at the successive orders of the repeat period of about 430 A are due to diffraction on the lattice formed by minor proteins of the thick filaments. This must be taken into account while interpreting the intensity changes of the meridional 143 and 215 A reflections in the contracting muscle. (2) The shafts of the myosin-containing filaments may exist in two different structural states; the transition between these states takes place on the change of calcium concentration. (3) The deflection of myosin cross-bridges from the shafts of the filaments is possible at either of two conformations of the myosin shafts. (4) The formation of actomyosin rigor-complexes does not necessarily leads to a structural change in the myosin filament. (5) Existence of Ca2+-induced structural changes in the thick filaments indicates possible myosin-linked regulations in the vertebrate skeletal muscle alongside with the actin-linked ones.

[Localization of minor proteins and structural changes in the myosin filaments of vertebrate striated muscle]. / Lokalizatsiia minornykh belkov i strukturnye izmeneniia v miozinovykh poperechno-polosatykh myshts pozvonochnykh.

The origin of meridional reflections in the X-ray diffraction patterns of vertebrate skeletal muscles in resting and rigor states was studied. The main results may be summarized as follows. 1. Most of the meridional reflections localized in groups at the positions of successive orders of the repeat period of about 430 A are contributed mainly by the C-protein component of thick filaments. 2. The meridional reflections at about 143 and 72 A in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the resting muscle are contributed mainly by the cross-bridge axial repeat period, while in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the rigorized muscle the reflections at approximately the same positions are contributed mainly by C-protein. The change in the positions of these particular reflections accompanying the transition of the muscle from rest to rigor and from rest to contraction cannot be considered as an indication of a change in the axial repeat period of the cross-bridges, as it was earlier suggested by some authors. 3. The transition of the muscle from resting to rigor state is accompanied by substantial changes in the positions of the meridional reflections contributed my minor proteins, which is indicative of the structural transition in the thick filaments. The observed changes may be interpreted as the result of the thick filaments elongation by about 1.5% or, alternatively, as a consequence of the redistribution of electron density of the meridional reflections 215 and 143 A during a single twitch of the muscle (Huxley et al., Nature, 1980 284, 140) may be interpreted as a natural consequence of the structural change in the thick filaments. It is concluded therefore that on stimulation of the vertebrate skeletal muscle the thickness filaments undergo a reversible structural change which may reflect the existence of myosin-linked regulation in that type of muscle.

[State of short-term memory in dyslexic children]. / O sostoianii kratkovremennoi pamiati u detei, stradaiushchikh dizleksiei.

Thirty children from 7--8 years who were not able to master the technique of reading and 18 normal children from 5--6 year were studied. As a method special tasks were used, characterizing a short-time acoustico-speech and visual-space memory. In 86% of the children with dyslexia there was a drop in the range of acoustico-speech memory, in 63%--of the visual spacial, and in 57%--a combination of both. The author discusses the role of disturbed short-time memory in the pathogenesis of dyslexia.